39
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Paper

A Review of 3He Resources and Acquisition for Use as Fusion Fuel

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 2230-2253 | Published online: 09 May 2017

References

  • Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(91/03), U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (Mar. 1991).
  • D. R. CRISWELL and R. D. WALDRON, “Lunar System to Supply Solar Electric Power to Earth,” Proc. 25th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conf., Reno, Nevada, August 1–2, 17, Vol. 1, p. 61, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (1990).
  • L. J. WITTENBERG, J. F. SANTARIUS, and G. L. KULCINSKI, “Lunar Source of 3He for Commercial Fusion Power,” Fusion Technol., 10, 167 (1986).
  • G. L. KULCINSKI, G. A. EMMERT et al., “Apollo-L3, An Advanced Fuel Fusion Power Reactor Utilizing Direct and Thermal Energy Conversion,” Fusion Technol., 19, 791 (1991).
  • F. NAJMABADI et al. „ “The ARIES-III D-3He Tokamak Reactor Study,” Proc. 14th Symp. Fusion Engineering, San Diego, California, September 30–October 3, 1991, p. 213, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1992).
  • A. VIDAL-MADJAR and C. GRY, “Deuterium, Helium, and the Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis,” Astron. Astrophys., 138, 285 (1984).
  • W. A. FOWLER, “The Case of the Missing Neutrino,” AIP Conf. No. 96, p. 80, American Institute of Physics (1983).
  • K. W. OGILVIE, M. A. COPLAN, P. BOCHSLER, and J. GEISS, “Abundance Ratios of 4He++/3He++ in the Solar Wind,” J. Geophys. Res., 85, 6021 (1980).
  • D. G. JACOBS, “Sources of Tritium and Its Behavior upon Release to the Environment,” USAEC-TID-24635, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (Mar. 1971).
  • L. J. WITTENBERG, “Terrestrial Sources of 3He Fusion Fuel —A Trip to the Center of the Earth,” Fusion Technol., 15, 1108 (1989).
  • M. OZIMA and F. A. PODOSEK, Noble Gas Geochemistry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1983).
  • B. A. MAMYRIN and I. N. TOLSTIKHIN, Helium Isotopes in Nature, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1984).
  • J. H. REYNOLDS, U. FRICK, J. M. NEIL, and D. L. PHINNEY, “Rare-Gas-Rich Separates from Carbonaceous Condrites,” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 42, 1775 (1978).
  • G. DREIBUS and H. WÄNKE, “Accretion of the Earth and Lunar Planets,” Proc. 27th Int. Geological Congress, Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Vol. 11, p. 1, VNU Science Press (1984).
  • H. CRAIG, W. B. CLARKE, and M. A. BEG, “Excess 3He in Deep Water on the East Pacific Rise,” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 26, 125 (1975).
  • M. D. KURZ, M. O. GARCIA, F. A. FREY, and P. A. O’BRIEN, “Temporal Helium Isotope Variations Within Hawaiian Volcanoes: Basalts from Mauna Loa and Haleck-ala,” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 2903 (1987).
  • I. N. TOLSTIKHIN, “Helium Isotopes in the Earth’s Interior and in the Atmosphere, A Degassing Model of the Earth,” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 26, 88 (1975).
  • J. W. VALLEY, S. C. KOMOR, K. BAKER, A. W. A. JEFFREY, and I. R. KAPLAN, “Calcite Crack Cement in Granite from the Silijan Ring,” Deep Drilling in Crystalline Bedrock, Vol. 2, p. 156, E. BODEN and K. G. ERIKSSON, Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1988).
  • A. W. A. JEFFREY, “Detection/Differentiation System Development for Deep Source Gas, Completion of Phase I,” DOE/MC 21131-2350, U.S. Department of Energy (Feb. 1987).
  • Helium: A Public Policy Problem, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C. (1978).
  • R. D. MILLER and J. E. HAMAK, “Helium Resources in the United States, 1989,” Information Circular 9267, Bureau of Mines (1990).
  • P. W. HOLLAND and D. E. EMERSON, “A Determination of the 4He Content in Near-Surface Atmospheric Air Within the Continental USA,” J. Geophys. Res., 92B, 12557 (1987).
  • H. CRAIG and J. E. LUPTON, “Helium-3 and Mantle Volatiles in the Ocean and the Ocean Crust,” The Sea, Vol. 7, p. 391, C. EMILIANI, Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York (1981).
  • M. CRAWFORD, “Dismantling the Helium Empire,” Sci., 237, 238 (1987).
  • W. R. WILKES, EG&G Mound Applied Technologies, Private Communication (May 1991).
  • J. W. RICHMAN, Canadian Fusion Fuels Technology Project, Private Communication (Jan. 1986).
  • Nuclear Weapon Databook, U.S. Nuclear Forces and Capabilities, Vol. 2, p. 180, T. N. COCKRAN, W. M. ARKIN, and M. W. HOENIG, Eds., Ballinger Publishers, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1984).
  • M. CRAWFORD, “DOE Pushes Case for New Defense Reactors,” Sci., 241, 526 (1988).
  • W. B. HUBBARD and J. J. MacFARLANE, “Structure and Evolution of Uranus and Neptune,” J. Geophys. Res., 85, 235 (1980).
  • J. M. DAWSON and W. LIVESEY, “3He on Venus and Mercury,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 31, 1393 (1986).
  • R. E. HARTLE, S. A. CURTIS, and G. E. THOMAS, “Mercury’s Helium Exosphere,” J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3689 (1975).
  • J. GEISS, “Elemental and Isotopic Abundances of the Solar Wind,” Proc. Solar Wind Conf., Pacific Grove, California, March 22–26, 1971, NASA Report SP-308, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1971).
  • G. HEIKEN, D. VANIMAN, and B. M. FRENCH, Lunar Sourcebook—A User’s Guide to the Moon, p. 87, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1991).
  • T. GOLD, “Erosion Transportation and the Nature of Maria,” Proc. Int. Astronomical Union Symp., Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K., March 22–26, 1971, p. 55, Reidel Publishing Company (1972).
  • D. L. REASONER and W. J. BURKE, “Measurement of the Lunar Photoelection Layer in the Geomagnetic Tail,” Photon and Particle Interactions with Surfaces in Space, p. 369, R. J. R. GRAND, Ed., Reidel Publishing Company (1973).
  • G. HEIKEN, Lunar Sourcebook—A User’s Guide to the Moon, p. 285, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1991).
  • H. HINTENBERGER, H. W. WEBER, H. VOSHAGE, H. WÄNKE, F. BEGEMANN, and F. WLOTZKA, “Concentrations and Isotopic Abundance of the Rare Gases, Hydrogen and Nitrogen in Lunar Matter,” Proc. 1st Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conf, Houston, Texas, January 5–8, 1970, Vol. 2, p. 1269, Pergamon Press (1970).
  • D. R. CRISWELL and R. D. WALDRON, “Lunar Utilization,” Space Utilization, Vol. 2, p. 1, B. O’LEARY, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (1982).
  • E. N. CAMERON, “Mining for Helium—Site Selection and Evaluation,” Proc. 2nd Symp. Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century, Houston, Texas, April 5–7, 1988 (in press).
  • P. EBERHARDT, J. GEISS, H. GRAF, N. GROGLER, M. D. MENDIA, M. MORGELI, H. SCHWALLER, and A. STETTLER, “Trapped Solar-Winds in Apollo 12 Lunar Fines (12001) and Apollo 11 Breccia (10046), Proc. 3rd Lunar Science Conf., Houston, Texas, January 13–14, 1972, Vol. 2, p. 1821, MIT Press (1972).
  • G. H. HEIKEN and D. T. VANIMAN, “Characterization of Lunar Ilmenite Resources,” Proc. 20th Lunar and Planetary Science Conf, Houston, Texas, March 1989, p. 239, Lunar and Planetary Institute (1990).
  • L. A. TAYLOR and R. R. ODER, “Magnetic Beneficiation of Highland and Hi-Ti Mare Soils: Rock, Mineral, and Glassy Components,” Proc. Space ’90, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 22–26, 1990, p. 143, American Society of Civil Engineers (1990).
  • M. WARHAUT, J. KIKO, and T. KIRSTEN, “Microdistribution Patterns of Implanted Rare Gases in a Large Number of Individual Lunar Soil Particles,” Proc. 10th Lunar and Planetary Science Conf., Houston, Texas, March 19–23, 1979, Vol. 2, p. 1531, Pergamon Press (1979).
  • E. K. GIBSON, Jr., and S. M. JOHNSON, “Thermal Analysis —Inorganic Gas Release Studies of Lunar Samples,” Proc. 2nd Lunar Science Conf., Houston, Texas, January 11–14, 1971, Vol. 2, p. 1351, MIT Press (1971).
  • E. K. GIBSON, Jr., Johnson Space Center, Personal Communication (Aug. 1987).
  • J. ORÓ, D. A. FLORY, J. M. GIBERT, J. McREY-NOLDS, H. A. LICHTENSTEIN, and S. WIKSTROM, “Abundance and Distribution of Organogenic Elements and Compounds in Apollo 12 Lunar Samples,” Proc. 2nd Lunar Science Conf., Houston, Texas, January 11–14, 1971, Vol. 2, p. 1913, MIT Press (1971).
  • J. L. CARTER, “Lunar Regolith Fines: A Source of Hydrogen,” Proc. Lunar Bases and Space Activities for the 21st Century, p. 571, Washington, D.C., October 29–31, 1984, Lunar Planetary Institute (1985).
  • R. O. PEPIN, L. E. NYQUIST, D. PHINNEY, and D. C. BLACK, “Rare Gasses in Apollo 11 Lunar Material,” Proc. 1st Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conf, Houston, Texas, January 5–8, 1970, Vol. 2, p. 1435, Pergamon Press (1970).
  • M. A. GIBSON, C. W. KNUDSEN, and A. ROEGER III, “Development of the Carbotek Process for Lunar Oxygen Production,” Proc. Space ’90, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 22–26, 1990, p. 357, American Society Civil Engineers (1990).
  • R. J. BULA, L. J. WITTENBERG, T. W. TIBBITTS, and G. L. KULCINSKI, “Potential of Derived Lunar Volatiles for Life Support,” Proc. Lunar Bases and Space Activities for the 21st Century, Houston, Texas, April 5–7, 1988, Vol. 2 (in press).
  • L. A. TAYLOR, “Hydrogen, Helium and Other Solar-Wind Components in Lunar Soils: Abundances and Prediction,” Proc. Space ’90, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 22–26, 1990, p. 68, American Society Civil Engineers (1990).
  • M. L. JORDAN, “Predictions of He Distribution at the Lunar Surface,” Proc. Symp. Space Mining and Manufacturing, Tucson, Arizona, October 24–26, 1989, p. VII–38, University of Arizona (1989).
  • A. E. METZGER and R. E. PARKER, “The Distribution of Titanium on the Lunar Surface,” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 45, 155 (1980).
  • BASALTIC VOLCANISM STUDY PROJECT, “Lunar Mare Basalts,” Basaltic Volcanism of the Terrestrial Planets, p. 236, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1981).
  • E. N. CAMERON and G. L. KULCINSKI, “Helium-3 from the Moon —An Alternative Source of Energy,” Proc. Int. Conf. Environmental Issues and Waste Management in Energy and Minerals Production, Secaucus, New Jersey, August 27–29, 1990, Battelle Press (1992).
  • E. A. WHITAKER, “The Surface of the Moon,” The Nature of the Moon, p. 79, W. N. NESS, D. H. MENZEL, and J. A. O’KEEFE, Eds., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland (1965).
  • T. V. JOHNSON, R. S. SAUNDERS, D. L. MATSON, and J. L. MOSHER, “A TiO2 Abundance Map for the Northern Maria,” Proc. 8th Lunar Sci. Conf, Houston, Texas, March 14–18, 1977, Vol. 1, p. 1029, Pergamon Press (1977).
  • G. HEIKEN, Lunar Sourcebook—A User’s Guide to the Moon, p. 321, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1991).
  • Y. T. LI and L. J. WITTENBERG, “Lunar Surface Mining for Automated Acquisition of 3He: Methods, Processes and Equipment,” Proc. Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century, Houston, Texas, April 5–7, 1988, Vol. 2.
  • M. G. LANGSETH, S. J. KEIHM, and K. PETERS, “Revised Lunar Heat-Flow Values,” Proc. 7th Lunar Sci. Conf, Houston, Texas, March 15–18, 1976, Vol. 3, p. 3143, Pergamon Press (1976).
  • T. T. MEEK, D. T. VANIMAN, F. H. COCKS, and R. A. WRIGHT, “Microwave Processing of Lunar Materials: Potential Applications,” Proc. Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century, Washington, D.C., October 29–31, 1984, p. 479, Lunar Planetary Institute (1985).
  • D. W. STRANGEWAY, W. B. CHAPMAN, G. R. OL-HOEFT, and J. CARNES, “Electrical Properties of Lunar Soil Dependence upon Frequency, Temperature and Moisture,” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 16, 275 (1972).
  • I. N. SVIATOSLAVSKY and M. K. JACOBS, “Mobile 3 He Mining System and Its Benefits Toward Lunar Base Self-Sufficiency,” Proc. Space ’88, Eng. Construction and Operation in Space, Albuquerque, New Mexico, August 29–31, 1988, p. 310, American Society Civil Engineers (1988).
  • G. L. KULCINSKI, I. N. SVIATOSLAVSKY, J. F. SANTARIUS, L. J. WITTENBERG, E. N. CAMERON, T. N. CRABB, and M. K. JACOBS, “Energy Requirements for 3He Mining Operations on the Moon,” Space Nuclear Power Systems, Vol. 8, p. 77, Orbit Book Company, Malabar, Florida (1989).
  • D. T. SPRENG, Net Energy Analysis and the Energy Requirements of Energy Systems, p. 187, Praeger Publishing, New York (1988).
  • H. E. THOMPSON, S. OTT, and G. L. KULCINSKI, “Economic Analysis of the Use of Lunar 3He as a Fuel in the USA,” Working Paper No. 3-90-5, Graduate School of Business, University of Wisconsin-Madison (1990).
  • G. A. EMMERT, G. L. KULCINSKI et al., “Apollo-L2—An Advanced Fuel Tokamak Utilizing Direct Conversion,” Proc. 13th Symp. Fusion Eng., Knoxville, Tennessee, October 2–5, 1989, IEEE-89CH2820-9, Vol. 2, p. 1043, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1989).
  • S. OTT, “Financial Factors Governing the Profitability of Lunar 3He,” Annual Report, Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics (1990).
  • R. B. BILDER, E. N. CAMERON, G. L. KULCINSKI, and H. H. SCHMITT, “Legal Regimes for the Mining of Helium-3 from the Moon,” WCSAR-TR-AR3-8901-1, Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics (1989).
  • C. C. JOYNER and H. H. SCHMITT, “Extraterrestrial Law and Lunar Bases: General Legal Principles and a Particular Regime Proposal (INTERLUNE),” Proc. Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century, Washington, D.C., October 29–31, 1984, p. 741, Lunar Planetary Institute (1985).
  • G. L. KULCINSKI, E. N. CAMERON, W. D. CARRIER, and H. H. SCHMITT, “Environmental Aspects of Lunar Helium-3 Mining,” WCSAR-TR-AR3-9201-5, Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics (Jan. 1992).
  • R. W. CONN, V. A. CHUYANOV, N. INOUE, and D. R. SWEETMAN, “The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor,” Sci. Am., 266, 4, 103 (1992).
  • Pioneering the Space Frontier: The Report of the National Commission on Space, Bantam Books, New York (1986).
  • M. CRAWFORD, “U.S. Fusion Program: Struggling to Stay in the Game,” Sci., 250, 1501 (1990).
  • T. F. ANSTETT, U. H. KRAUSS, J. A. OBER, and H. W. SCHMIDT, “International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report —Lithium,” Circular 930-1, U.S. Geological Survey (1990).
  • G. BUSH, “Remarks on the 20th Anniversary of the Apollo Landing, July 20, 1989,” Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 25, 29 (July 24, 1989).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.