Vaccines adjuvants

Bibliography

• POWELL MF, NEWMAN MJ: Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach. Plenum Press, New York & London (1995).
   Google Scholar
• STEWART-TULL DES: The theory and practical application ofadjuvants. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA (1995).
   Google Scholar
• COX JC, COULTER AR: Advances in adjuvant technology and application. In: Animal Parasites Control Utilizing Biotechnology. CRC Press, New York, USA (1995):49–112.
   Google Scholar
• TANAKA A, NAGAO S, NAGAO R, KOTANI S, SHIBA T,KUSUMOTO S: Stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system of mice by muramyl dipeptide. Infect. Immun. (1976) 24:302–310.
   Google Scholar
• DAMAIS C, PARANT M, CHEDID L, LEFRANCIER P, CHOAYJ: In vitro spleen cell responsiveness to various analogs of MDP (N-acetylmuramyl-L-isoglutamine), a synthetic immunoadjuvant, in MDP high-responder mice. Cell. Immunol (1978) 35:173–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AUDIBERT F, CHEDID L, LEFRANCIER P, CHOAY J:Distinctive adjuvanticity of synthetic analogs of mycobacterial water-soluble components. Cell. Immunol. (1976) 21:243–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AREND WP, MASSONI RJ: Characteristics of bacterial lipopolysaccharide induction of interleukin 1 synthesis and secretion by human monocytes. Clin. Exp. Immunol. (1986) 64:656–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOHNSON AG, TOMAI MA: A study of the cellular and molecular mediators of the adjuvant action of a nontoxic monophosphoryl lipid A. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. (1990) 256:567–579.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TOMAI MA, JOHNSON AG: T cell and interferon-gamma involvement in the adjuvant action of detoxified endotoxin. J. Biol. Res. Modifiers (1989) 8:625–635.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GERY I, KRUGER J, SPIESEL SZ: Stimulation ofB-lymphocytes by endotoxin. Reactions of thymus-deprived mice and karyotypic analysis of dividing cell in mice bearing T6T6 thymus grafts. J. Immunol (1972) 108:1088–1094.
   Google Scholar
• FLEBBE LM, BRALEY-MULLEN H: Immunopotentiating effects of the adjuvants SGP and Quil A. I. Antibody responses to T dependent and T independent antigens. Cell. Immunol (1986) 99:119–127.
   Google Scholar
• FLEBBE LM, BRALEY-MULLEN H: Immunopotentiation by SGP and Quil A. II. Identification of responding cell populations. Cell. Immunol (1986) 99:128–139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KENSIL CR, PATEL U, LENNICK M, MARCIANI D: Separa-tion and characterization of saponins with adjuvant activity from Quillaja saponaria molina cortex. J. Immunol. (1991) 146:431–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WU J-Y, GARDNER BH, MURPHY CI et al.: Saponin adjuvant enhancement of antigen-specific immune responses to an experimental HIV-1 vaccine. J. Immunol. (1992) 148:1519–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEATH AW, PLAYFAIR JHL: Cytokines as immuno-logical adjuvants. Vaccine (1992) 10:427–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAGLIABUE A, GHIARA P, BORASCHI D: Non-inflammatory peptide fragments of IL1 as safe new-generation adjuvants. Res. Immunol. (1992) 143:563–568.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NASH AD, LOFTHOUSE SA, BARCHAM GJ et al.: Recombi-nant cytokines as immunological adjuvants. Immunol Cell Biol. (1993) 71:367–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALFONSO LCC, SCHARTON TM, VIEIRA LQ, WYSOCKA M, TRINCHIERI G, SCOTT P: The adjuvant effect of interleukin-12 in a vaccine against Leishmania major. Science (1994) 263:235–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOHRIA A, RUBIN RH: Cytokines as potential vaccine adjuvants. Biotherapy (1994) 7:261–269.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCHIJNS VECJ, CLAASSEN IJTM, VERMEULEN AA, HORZINEK MC, OSTERHAUS ADME: Modulation of antiviral immune responses by exogenous cytokines: effects of tumour necrosis factor-a, interleukin-la, interleukin - 2 and interferon-gamma on the immuno-genicity of an inactivated rabies vaccine. J. Gen. Vim]. (1994) 75:55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUPTA RK, ROST BE, RELYVELD E, SIBER GR: Adjuvant properties of aluminum and calcium compounds. In: Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach. Powell MF, Newman MJ (Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, USA (1995):229–248.
   Google Scholar
• HILLEMAN MR: Critical appraisal of emulsified oil adjuvants applied to viral vaccines. Prog. Med. Vim]. (1966) 8:131–151.
   Google Scholar
• HILLEMAN MR, WOOHOUR A, FRIEDMAN A, WEIBEL RE, STOKES J: The clinical application of adjuvant 65. Ann. Allergy (1972) 30:152–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WOODARD LF, JASMAN RL: Stable oil-in-water emulsions: preparation and use as vaccine vehicles for lipophilic adjuvants. Vaccine (1985) 3:137–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCKERCHER PD: Oil adjuvants: their use in veterinary biologics. In: Advances in Carriers and Adjuvants of Veteri-nary Biologics. Nervig RM, Gough PM, Kaeberle ML, Whetstone CA (Eds.), Iowa State University Press, Ames, USA (1986):115–135.
   Google Scholar
• OTT G, BARCHFELD GL, VAN NEST G: Enhancement of humoral response against human influenza vaccine with the simple submicron oil/water emulsion adjuvant MP59. Vaccine (1995) 13:1557–1562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OTT G, BARCHFELD GL, CHERNOFF D, RADHAKRISHNAN R, VAN HOOGEVEST P, VAN NEST G: MF59: Design and evaluation of a safe and potent adjuvant for human vaccines. In Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach. Powell MF, Newman MJ (Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, USA (1995):277–296.
   Google Scholar
• KREUTER J, SPEISER P: New adjuvants on a polymethyl methacrylate base. Infect. Immun. (1976) 13:204–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'HAGAN DT, RAHMAN D, MCGEE JP et al: Biodegrad-able microparticles as controlled release antigen delivery systems. Immunology (1991) 73:239–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'HAGAN DT, JEFFERY H, DAVIS SS: Long-term antibody responses in mice following subcutaneous immuniza-tion with ovalbumin entrapped in biodegradable microparticles. Vaccine (1993) 11:965–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELDRIDGE JH, STAAS JK, MEULBROEK JA, TICE TR, GILLEY RM: Biodegradable and biocompatible poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres as an adjuvant for staphylococcal enterotoxin B toxoid which enhances the level of toxin-neutralizing antibodies. Infect. Immun. (1991) 59:2978–2986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREGORIADIS G: Liposomes as immunological adjuvants: approaches to immunopotentiation including ligand-mediated targeting to macrophages. Res. Immunol (1992) 143:178–185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ALLISON AC, BYARS NE: Syntex adjuvant formulation. Res. Immunol (1992) 143:519–525.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ALLISON AC, GREGORIADIS G: Liposomes as immuno-logical adjuvants. Nature (1974) 252:252–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GLUCK R: Liposomal presentation of antigens for human vaccines. In: Vaccine Design: The Subunit and AdjuvantApproach. Powell MF, Newman MJ (Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, USA (1995):325–345.
   Google Scholar
• MILGATE J, ROBERTS DCK: The nutritional andbiological significance of saponins. Nutr. Res. (1995) 15:1185–1191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APPLEBAUM SW, MARCO S, BIRK W: Saponins as possible factors of resistance of legume seeds to attack of insects. J. Agr. Food Chem. (1986) 37:1185–1191.
   Google Scholar
• DALSGAARD K, HILGERS.L., TROUVE G: Classical andnew approaches to adjuvant use in domestic food animals. Adv.Vet. ScL Compar. Merl. (1990) 35:121–160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NEWMAN MJ, WU J-Y, GARDNER BH, MUNROE KJ, LEOMBRUNO D, RECCHIA J, KENSIL CR, COUGHLIN RT: Saponin adjuvant induction of ovalbumin-specific CDS+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J. Immunol. (1992) 148:2357–2362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIVINGSTON PO, ADLURI S, HELLING F et al.: Phase 1 trial of immunological adjuvant QS-21 with a GM2 ganglioside-keyhole limpet haemocyanin conjugate vaccine in patients with malignant melanoma. Vaccine (1994) 12:1275–1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOREIN B, SUNDQUIST B, HOGLUND S, DALSGAARD K, OSTERHAUS A: ISCOM, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses. Nature (1984) 308:457–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARR IG, SJOLANDER A, COX JC: ISCOMs and other saponin based adjuvants. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. (1998) 32:247–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIMMELZWAAN GF, OSTERHAUS ADME: A novel genera-tion of viral vaccines based on ISCOM matrix. In: Vaccine Design. Powell MF, Newman MJ (Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, USA (1995):543–558.
   Google Scholar
• TOMASI M, HEARN TL: ISCOMs, liposomes, and oilbased vaccine delivery systems. In: Mucosa] vaccines. Kiyono H, Ogra PL, McGhee JR (Eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, USA (1996):175–186.
   Google Scholar
• OZEL M, HOGLUND S, GELDERBLOM HR, MOREIN B: Quaternary structure of the immunostimulating complex (ISCOM). J. Ultrastruc. Mol. Struct. Res. (1989) 102:240–248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KERSTEN GFA, SPIEKSTRA A, BEUVERY EC, CROMMELINDJA: On the structure of immune-stimulating saponin-lipid complexes (ISCOMS). Biochem. Biophys. Acta (1991) 1062:165–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BATES J, ACKLAND J, COULTER A et al.: ISCOMadjuvant-a promising adjuvant for influenza virus vaccines. In: Options for the Control of Influenza III. Brown LE, Hampson AW, Webster RG (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam (1996) :661–667.
   Google Scholar
• ULRICH JT, MYERS KR: Monophosphoryl lipid A as anadjuvant. In: Vaccine Design: the Subunit and Adjuvant Approach. Powell MF, Newman MJ (Eds.), Plenum Press (1995):495–524.
   Google Scholar
• WRIGHT SD, TOBIAS PS, ULEVITCH RJ, RAMOS RA: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein opsonizes LPS-bearing particles for recognition by a novel receptor on macrophages. J. Exp. Med. (1989) 170:1231–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHUMANN RR, LEONG SR, FLAGGS GW et al.: Structureand function of lipopolysaccharide binding protein. Science (1990) 249:1429–1433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIBI E, PARKER R, STRAIN SM et al.: Peptides as require-ment for immunotherapy of the guinea-pig line 10 tumor with endotoxins. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (1979) 7:43–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUPTA RK, CHANG AC, GRIFFIN P, RIVERA R, SIBER GR:In vivo distribution of radio activity in mice after injection of biodegradable polymer microspheres containing 14C-labeled tetanus toxoid. Vaccine (1996) 14:1412–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MYERS KR, TRUCHOT AT, WARD J, HUDSON Y, ULRICHJT: A critical determinant of lipid A endotoxic activity. In: Cellular and molecular aspects of endotoxin reactions. Nowotny A, Spitzer JJ, Ziegler EJ (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam (1990145–156.
   Google Scholar
• RIBI E, CANTRELL J, TAKAYAMA K, RIBI HO, MYERS KR,QURESHI N: Modulation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by a structurally established nontoxic lipid A. In: Immunobiology and immunophar-macology of bacterial endotoxins. Szentivanyi A, Friedman H (Eds.) Plenum Press, New York, USA (1986):407–420.
   Google Scholar
• GARG M, SUBBARAO B: Immune responses of systemicand mucosal lymphoid organs to pnu-imune vaccine as a function of age and the efficacy of monophos-phoryl lipid A as an adjuvant. Infect. Immun. (1992) 60:2329–2336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHOU F, HUANG L: Monophosphoryl lipid A enhances specific CTL induction by a soluble protein antigen entrapped in liposomes. Vaccine (1993) 11:1139–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THOELEN S, VAN DAMME P, MATHEI C, LEROUX-ROELS G, DESOMBERE I, SAFARY A, VANDEPAPELIERE P, SLAOUI M, MEHEUS A: Safety and immunogenicity of a hepatitis B vaccine formulated with a novel adjuvant system. Vaccine (1998) 16:708–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MITCHELL MS: Active specific immunotherapy of melanoma. Br. Med. Bull. (1995) 51:631–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MITCHELL MS, HAREL W, KEMPF RA et al: Active-specific immunotherapy for melanoma. J. Clin.Oncol. (1990) 8:856–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACLEAN GD, REDDISH MA, BOWEN-YACYSHYN MB, POPPEMA S, LONGENECKER BM: Active specific immunotherapy against adenocarcinomas. Cancer Invest. (1994) 12:46–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACLEAN GD, REDDISH M, KOGANTY RR et al.: Immuni-zation of breast cancer patients using a synthetic sialyl-Tn glycoconjugate plus Detox adjuvant. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (1993) 36:215–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RICKMAN LS, GORDON DM, WISTAR R, KRZYCH U, GROSS M: Use of adjuvant containing mycobacterial cell-wall skeleton, monophosphoryl lipid A, and squalane in malaria cirumsporozoite protein vaccine. Lancet (1991) 3 3 7:998–1001.
   Google Scholar
• FRIES LF, GORDON DM, RICHARDS RL et al.: Liposomal malaria vaccine in humans: a safe and potent adjuvant strategy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:358–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOUTE JA, SLAOUI M, HEPPNER DG et al.: A preliminary evaluation of a recombinant circumsporozoite protein vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl. J. Med. (1997) 336:86–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEWMAN MJ, BALUSUBRAMANIAN M, TODD CW: Development of adjuvant-active nonionic block copolymers. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. (1998) 32:199–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUNTER RL, OLSEN MR, BENNETT B: Copolymer adjuvants and Titermax. In: The Theory and Practice Application of Adjuvants. Stewart-Tull DES (Ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA (1995):51–94.
   Google Scholar
• HUNTER RL, STRICKLAND F, KEZDY F: Studies on the adjuvant activity of nonionic block polymer surfac-tants. I. The role of hydrophile-lipophile balance. J. Immunol. (1981) 127:1244–1250.
   Google Scholar
• HUNTER RL, BENNETT B: The adjuvant activity of nonionic block polymer surfactants. III. Characteriza-tion of selected biologically active surfaces. Scand. Immunol. (1986) 23:287–300.
   Google Scholar
• NEWMAN MJ, TODD CW, LEE EM, BALUSUBRAMANIAN M, DIDIER PJ, KATZ JM: Increasing the immunogenicity of a trivalent influenza virus vaccine with adjuvant-active nonionic block copolymers for potential use in the elderly. Mech. Ageing Develop. (1997) 93:189–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TODD CW, POZZI LAM, GUARNACCIA JR et al: Develop-ment of an adjuvant active nonionic block copolymer for use in oil-free subunit vaccines formulations. Vaccine (1997) 15:564–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TRIOZZI PL, STEVENS VC, ALDRICH W, POWELL J, TODDCW, NEWMAN MJ: Effects of a 6-human chorionic gonadotropin subunit immunogen administered in aqueous solution with a novel nonionic block copolymer adjuvant in patients with advanced cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (1997) 3:2355–2362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TRIOZZI PL, GOCHNOUR D, MARTIN EW et al.: Clinicaland immunologic effects of a synthetic 6-human chorionic gonadotropin vaccine. Int. J. Cancer (1994) 5:1447–1453.
   Google Scholar
• FRAZZA EJ, SCHMITT EE: A new absorbable suture. J.Biomed. Mater. Res. (1971) 1:43–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRADY JM, CUTRIGHT DE, MILLER RA, BATTESTONE GC: Biomed. Mater. Res. (1973) 7:155–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BREKKE JH, BRENSER M, EILMAN MJ: Polylactic acid surgical dressing material post-operative therapy for dental extraction wounds. Can. Dent. Assoc. (1986) 52:599–606.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HOLLAND SJ, TIGHE BJ, GOULD PL: Polymers for biodegradable medical devices I: the polyesters as controlled macromolecular release systems. J. Contr. Rel. (1986) 4:155–166.
   Google Scholar
• MAULDING HV, TICE TR, COWSAR DR, FONG JW, PEARSON JE, NAZARENE JR: Biodegradable microcap-sules: acceleration of polymeric excipient hydrolytic rate by incorporation of a basic medicament. J. Contr. Rel. (1986) 3:103–111.
   Google Scholar
• PITT CG, GRATZEL MM, KIMMEL GL, SURLES J, SCHINDLER A: Aliphatic polyester 2: the degradation of (D,L-lactide), poly(L-caprolactone) and their co-polymers in vivo. Biomaterials (1981) 28:193–200.
   Google Scholar
• ELDRIDGE JH, STAAS JK, CHEN D, MARX PA, TICE TR, GILLEY RM: New advances in vaccine delivery systems. Semin. Hematol. (1993) 30 (Suppl. 4):16–25.
   Google Scholar
• ELDRIDGE JH, STAAS JK, MEULBROEK JA, MCGHEE JR, TICE TR, GILLER RM: Biodegradable microspheres as a vaccine delivery system. Mol. Immunol. (19 9 1) 28:287–294.
   Google Scholar
• CLELAND JL, BARRON L, BERMAN PW et al.: Develop-ment of a single-shot subunit vaccine for HIV-1.2. Defining optimal autoboost characteristics to maximize the humoral immune response. J. Pharm. Sci. (1996) 85:1346–1349.
   Google Scholar
• O'HAGAN DT, SINGH M, GUPTA RK: Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles for the development of single-dose controlled-release vaccines. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. (1998) 32:225–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SALK JE, CONTAKOS AB, LAURENT AM: Use of adjuvants in studies on influenza immunization: III. Degree of persistence of antibody in human subjects two years after vaccination. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (1 9 5 3) 151:1169-1175.
   Google Scholar
• SALK JE, LAURENT AM: Use of adjuvants in studies onimmunization: measurements in monkeys of dimensions of antigenicity of virus-mineral oil emulsions. J. Exp. Med. (1952) 95:429–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SALK JE, LAURENT AM, BAILEY ML: Am. J. Pub. Health(1951) 41:669–677.
   Google Scholar
• DAVENPORT FM, HENNESSY AV, HOUSER HB, CRYNS WF: Evaluation of adjuvant influenza virus vaccine tested against influenza B, 1954-1955. Am. J Hygiene (1956) 63:304–313.
   Google Scholar
• DAVENPORT FM: Seventeen years experience with mineral oil adjuvant influenza virus vaccines. Ann. Allergy (1968) 26:288–292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BELL JA, PHILIP RN, DAVIS DJ: Epidemiologic studies oninfluenza in familial and general population groups, 1951-1956: IV. Vaccine reactions. Am. J. Hygiene (1961) 73:148–163.
   Google Scholar
• LEVINE AM, GROSHEN S, ALLEN J et al.: Initial studies onactive immunization of HIV-infected subjects using a gp120-depleted HIV-1 Immunogen: long-term follow-up. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses (1996) 11:351–364.
   Google Scholar
• TRAUGER RJ, FERRE F, DAIGLE AE et al.: Effect ofimmunization with inactivated gp120-depleted human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (11IV-1) immunogen on 11IV-1 immunity, viral DNA, and percentage of CD4 cells. J. Infect. Dis. (1994) 169:1256–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOSS RB, TRAUGER RJ, GIERMAKOWSKA WK eta].: Effectof immunization with an inactivated gp120-depleted 11IV-1 immunogen on O-chemokine and cytokine production in subsects with 11IV-1 infection. J. Acquit-. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. (1997) 14:343–350.
   Google Scholar
• MORELAND LW, HECK LW, JR., KOOPMAN WJ et al.: V017T cell receptor peptide vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis: results of Phase I dose escalation study. J. Rheumatol. (1996) 23:1353–1362.
   Google Scholar
• WILSON DB, GOLDING AB, SMITH RA et al: Results of aPhase I clinical trial of a T-cell receptor peptide vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis.l. Analysis of T- cell receptor utilization in CSF cell populations. J. Neuroimmunol. 1997, 76:15–28.
   Google Scholar
• LAWRENCE GW, SAUL A, GIDDY AJ, KEMP R, PYE D: Phase I trial in humans of an oil-based adjuvant SEPPIC MONTANIDE ISA 720. Vaccine (1997) 15:176–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLAASSEN E, DE LEEUVV W, DE GREEVE P, HENDRIKSEN C, BOERSMA W: Freund's complete adjuvant: an effective but disagreeable formula. Res. Immunol (1992) 143:478–483.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LANIER JG, NEWMAN MJ, LEE EM, SETTE A, AHMED R:Peptide vaccination using nonionic block copolymers induces protective anti-viral CTL responses. Vaccine (1999) 18:549–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIDGATE DM, BYARS NE: Development of an emulsion-based muramyl dipeptide adjuvant formulation for vaccines. In: Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach. Powell MF, Newman MJ (Eds.) Plenum Press, New York, USA (1995):313–324.
   Google Scholar
• RAYCHAUDHURI S, TONKS M, CARBONE F, RYSKAMP T,MORROW WJW, HANNA N: Induction of antigen-specific class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells by soluble proteins in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:8308–8312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARIHARAN K, HANNA N: Development and applica-tion of PROVAXTm adjuvant formulation for subunit cancer vaccines. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. (1998) 32:187–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLISON AC, BYARS NE: An adjuvant formulation that selectively elicits the formation of antibodies of protective isotypes and of cell mediated immunity. J. Immunol. Meth. (1986) 95:157–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BYARS NE, FRASER-SMITH EB, PECYK RA et al.: Vaccinating guinea pigs with recombinant glycopro-tein D of herpes simplex virus in an efficacious adjuvant formulation elicits protection against vaginal infection. Vaccine (1994) 12:200–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISSEL CJ, HOROHOV DW, LEA DF et al.: Efficacy of inacti-vated whole-virus and subunit vaccines in preventing infection and disease caused by equine infectious anemia virus. J. Virol. (1992) 66:3398–3408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURPHEY-CORB M, MARTIN LN, DAVISON-FAIRBURN B, et al.: A formalin-inactivated whole SW vaccine confers protection in macaques. Science (1989) 246:1293–1297.
   Google Scholar
• QUAN WDY, JR., DEAN GE, SPEARS L et al.: Active specific immunotherapy of metastatic melanoma with an anti-idiotype vaccine: a Phase I/II trial of I-Mel-2 plus SAF-m.j Clin. Oncol. (1997) 15:2103–2110.
   Google Scholar
• PRIDE MW, SHUEY S, GRILLO-LOPEZ A et al: Enhance-ment of cell-mediated immunity in melanoma patients immunized with murine anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies (MELIMMUNE) that mimic the high molecular weight proteoglycan antigen. Clin. Cancer Res. (1998) 4:2363–2370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SALEH MN, LALISAN DY, PRIDE MW et al.: Immunologic response to the dual murine anti-id vaccine melimmune-1 and melimmune-2 in patients with high-risk melanoma without evidence of system disease. J. Immunother. (1998) 21:379–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STRAUS SE, WALD A, KOST RG et al.: Immunotherapy of recurrent genital herpes with recombinant herpes simplex virus Type 2 glycoproteins D and B: results of a placebo-controlled vaccine trial. J. Infect. Dis. (1997) 176:1129–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRAHAM BS, KEEFER MC, MCELRATH MJ eta].: Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate 11IV-1 vaccine in healthy adults: recombinant glycoprotein (rgp) 120 - a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann. Intern. Med. (1996) 125:270–279.
   Google Scholar
• KEEFER MC, WOLFF M, GORSE GJ eta].: Safety profile of Phase land II preventive HIV Type 1 envelope vaccina-tion: experience of the NIAID AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses (1997) 13:1163–1177.
   Google Scholar
• MINUTELLO M, SENATORE F, CECCHINELLI G et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated subunit influenza virus vaccine combined with MF59 adjuvant emulsion in elderly subjects, immunized for three consecutive influenza seasons. Vaccine (1999) 17:99–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUPTA RK: Aluminum compounds as vaccine adjuvants. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. (1998) 32:155–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOULD-FOGERITE S, KHEIRI M et al.: Targeting immune response induction with cochleate and liposome-based vaccines. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. (1998) 32:273–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALEXANDER J, SIDNEY J, SOUTHWOOD S et al.: Develop-ment of high potency universal dr-restricted helper epitopes by modification of high affinity dr-blocking peptides. Immunity (1994) 1:751–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEL GUERCIO M-F, ALEXANDER J, KUBO RT et al.: Potent immunogenic short linear peptide constructs composed of B cell epitopes and Pan DR T Helper Epitopes (PADRE) for antibody responses in vivo. Vaccine (1997) 15:441–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALEXANDER J, DEL GUERCIO M-F, MAEWAL A et al.: Linear PADRE T helper epitope and carbohydrate B cell epitope conjugaes induce specific high titer IgG antibody responses. J. Immunol. (2000) 164:1625–1633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLINMAN DM, YI AK, BEAUCAGE SL, CONOVER J, KRIEG AM: CpG motifs present in bacterial DNA rapidly induce lymphocytes to secrete interleukin 6, interleukin 12, and interferon gamma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1996) 93:2879–2883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROMAN M, MARTIN-OROZCO E, GOODMAN S et al.: Immunostimulatory DNA sequences function as T helper-l-promoting adjuvants. Nature Med. (1997) 3:849–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTIN-OROZCO E, KOBAYASHI H, VAN UDEN J, NGUYEN MD, KORNBLUTH RS, RAZ E: Enhancement of antigen-presenting cell surface molecules involved in cognate interactions by immunostimulatory DNA sequences. Int. Immunol. (1999) 11:1111–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALKER PS, SCHARTON-KERSTEN T, KRIEG AM et al.: Immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides promote protective immunity and provide systemic therapy for leishmaniasis via IL-12- and INF-gamma-dependent mechanisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:9670–9675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLAN CLB, WEERATNA R, KRIEG AM, SIEGRIST C-A, DAVIS HL: CpG DNA can induce strong Thl humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against hepatitis B surface antigen in young mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1998) 95:15553–15558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PROBST P, SKEIKY YA, STEEVES M, GERVASSI A, GRABSTEIN KH, REED SG: A Leishmania protein that modulates interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and expression of B7-1 in human monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells. Eur. j Immunol. (1997) 27:2634–2642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SKEIKY YA, KENNEDY M, KAUFMAN D et al.: LeIF: a recombinant Leishmania protein that induces an IL-12-mediated Thl cytokine profile. J. Immunol. (1998) 161:6171–6179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar