Immunosuppressive strategies for prevention of transplant rejection

Bibliography

• GINNS LC, COSIMI AB, MORRIS PJ: Transplantation. Blackwell Science, Boston (1999).
   Google Scholar
• HIROSE R, VINCENTI F: Review of transplantation 1999. Clin. Transplants (1999) 15:295–315.
   Google Scholar
• ROSENBERG L: Pancreatic and islet transplantation. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. (2000) 2:165–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HONG JC, KAHAN BD: bumunosuppressive agents in organ transplantation: past, present and future. Semin. Nephrol. (2000) 20:108–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Good overview of currently used immunosuppressants and potential future strategies for prevention of transplant rejection.
   Google Scholar
• HALL BM: Cells mediating allograft rejection. Transplantation (1991) 51:1141–1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUMONT FJ: FK506, an immunosuppressant targeting calcineurin function. Curr. Med. Chem. (2000)7:731–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAIN A, REYES J, KASHYAP R et al.: long-term survival after liver transplantation in 4,000 consecutive patients at a single center. Ann. Surg. (2000) 232:490–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excerpts from the United States Renal Data System1999 annual data report. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1999) 34:51–5176.
   Google Scholar
• VAZQUEZ MA: Chronic rejection of renal transplants: new clinical insights. Am. J. Med. Sci. (2000) 320:43–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAAGA AM, GASSER M, LASKOWSKI I, TILNEY NL: Mechanisms of chronic rejection. Curr. Opin. Immunol (2000) 12:517–521.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IKONEN TS, GUMMERT JF, HAYASE M et al.: Sirolimus (rapamycin) halts and reverses progression of allograft vascular disease in non-human primates. Transplantation (2000) 70:969–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRENSKY AM: Molecular biology of transplantation. Nephron (2000) 86:260–265.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCHWARTZ RH: T cell clonal anergy. Curr. Opin. Immunol. (1997) 9:351–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIRK AD: Transplantation tolerance: a look at the nonhuman primate literature in the light of modern tolerance theories. Grit. Rev. Immunol (1999) 19:349–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HALL BM: Mechanisms of induction of tolerance toorgan allografts. Grit. Rev. Immunol. (2000) 20:267–324.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LOGAN JS: Prospects for xenotransplantation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. (2000) 12:563–568.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KANE LP, UN J, WEISS A: Signal transduction by the TCR for antigen. Curr. Opin. Immunol (2000) 12:242–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUSTIN ML, COOPER JA: The immunological synapse and the actin cytoskeleton: molecular hardware for T cell signaling. Nature Immunol. (2000) 1:23-29. Experimental description of the immunological synapse and its role in T-cell activation.
   Google Scholar
• CRABTREE GR: Generic signals and specific outcomes: signaling through Ca2+, calcineurin and NF-AT. Cell (1999) 96:611–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUN L, YOUN HD, LOH C, STOLOW M, HE W, LIU JO:Cabin 1, a negative regulator for calcineurin signaling in T lymphocytes. Immunity (1998) 8:703–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KASHISHIAN A, HOWARD M, LOH C, GALLATIN WM, HOEKSTRA MF, LAI Y: AKAP79 inhibits calcineurin through a site distinct from the immunophilin-binding region. J Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:27412–27419.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KIANI A, RAO A, ARAMBURU J: Manipulating immune responses with immunosuppressive agents that target NFAT. Immunity (2000) 12:359–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••An excellent discussion of the role of NFAT family transcrip-tion factors in T-cell activation and of how their selective targeting might provide relatively safe immunosuppression.
   Google Scholar
• DJURIC SW, BAMAUNG NY, BASHA A et al.: 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) pyrazoles: a novel class of NFAT transcription factor regulator. J. Med. Chem. (2000) 43:2975–2981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Novel class of IL-2 synthesis inhibitors which may affect NFAT-dependent signalling.
   Google Scholar
• GHANSHANI S, WULFF H, MILLER MJ et al.: Up-regulation of the IKCa1 potassium channel during T-cell activa-tion. Molecular mechanism and functional consequences. j Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:37137–37149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIN CS, BOLTZ RC, BLAKE JT et al: Voltage-gated potassium channels regulate calcium-dependent pathways involved in human Tlymphocyte activation. J. Exp. Med. (1993) 177:637–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First demonstration of the importance of Kv1.3 channels in T-cell activation.
   Google Scholar
• KOO GC, BLAKE JT, TALENTO A et al: Blockade of thevoltage-gated potassium channel Kv1 .3 inhibits immune responses in vivo. J. IMMUn01. (1997) 158:5120–5128.
   Google Scholar
• DUMONT FJ: Blockade of the lymphocyte voltage-gatedpotassium channel Kv1.3 as a potential strategy for immunosuppression. Curr. Res. Rheum. Arthritis (1998) 2:269–279.
   Google Scholar
• FELIX JP, BUGIANESI RM, SCHMALHOFER WA et al: Identification and biochemical characterization of a novel nortriterpene inhibitor of the human lympho-cyte voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3. Biochem-istry (1999) 38:4922–4930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOO GC, BLAKE JT, SHAH K et al.: Correolide and deriva-tives are novel immunosuppressants blocking the lymphocyte Kv1.3 potassium channels. Cell. Immunol (1999) 197:99–107.
   Google Scholar
• ••Evidence that blockade of Kv1.3 with a non-peptidicantagonist exerts immunosuppression in vivo.
   Google Scholar
• JENSEN BS, ODUM N, JORGENSEN NK, CHRISTOPHERSENP, OLESEN SP: Inhibition of T cell proliferation by selective block of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:10917–10921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WULFF H, MILLER MJ, HANSEL W, GRISSMER S, CAHALANMD, CHANDY KG: Design of a potent and selective inhibitor of the intermediate-conductance Ca2±-activated K+ channel, IKCa1: a potential immuno-suppressant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2 0 0 0) 97:8151-8156.
   Google Scholar
• ARNOLD LD, CALDERWOOD DJ, DIXON RW et al.: Pyrrolo [2,3-d]pyrimidines containing an extended 5-substituent as potent and selective inhibitors of lck I. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (2000) 10:2167–2170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURCHAT AF, CALDERWOOD DJ, HIRST GC et al.: Pyrrolo [2,3-d]pyrimidines containing an extended 5-substituent as potent and selective inhibitors of lck II. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (2000) 10:2171–2174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Describes lck inhibitors with in vivo immunosuppressive activity.
   Google Scholar
• BEAULIEU PL, CAMERON DR, FERLAND JM et al.: Iigands for the tyrosine kinase p561ck 51-12 domain: discovery of potent dipeptide derivatives with monocharged, nonhydrolyzable phosphate replacements. J Med. Chem. (1999) 42:1757–1766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANGE RU, ISAKOV N, BURKE TR Jr et al.: F2 (Pmp)2-TAM zeta 3, a novel competitive inhibitor of the binding of ZAP-70 to the T cell antigen receptor, blocks early T cell signaling. J Biol. Chem. (1995) 270:944–948.
   Google Scholar
• VU CB: Recent advances in the design and synthesis of 51-12 inhibitors of Src, Grb2 and ZAP-70. Curr. Med. Chem. (2000) 7:1081–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VU CB, CORPUZ EG, MERRY TJ etal.: Discovery of potent and selective 51–12 inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70. J. Med. Chem. (1999) 42:4088–4098.
   Google Scholar
• ALTMAN A, ISAKOV N, BAIER G: Protein kinase C-theta: a new essential superstar on the T-cell stage. Immunol Today (2000) 21:567–573.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WEI X, SI MS, IMAGAWA DK, JI P, TROMBERG BJ, CAHALAN MD: Perillyl alcohol inhibits TCR-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) signaling, alters cell shape and motility and induces apoptosis in T lymphocytes. Cell. Immunol (2000) 201 :6–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HUDES GR, SZARKA CE, ADAMS A et al: Phase I pharma-cokinetic trial of perillyl alcohol (N5C641066) in patients with refractory solid malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6:3071–3080.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DUMONT FJ, STARUCH MJ, FISCHER P, DASILVA D,CAMACHO R: Inhibition of Tcell activation by pharma-cologic disruption of the MEK1/ERK MAP kinase or calcineurin signaling pathways results in differential modulation of cytokine production. J IMMUn01. (1998) 160:2579-2589.© Ashley Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents (2001) 11(3)
   Google Scholar
• STEPKOWSKI SM, QU X, WANG ME et al: Inhibition of C-raf expression by antisense oligonucleotides extends heart allograft survival in rats. Transplantation (2000) 70:656–661.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SEBOLT-LEOPOLD JS, DUDLEY DT, HERRERA R et al.: Blockade of the MAP kinase pathway suppresses growth of colon tumors in viva Nature Med. (1999) 5:810–816.
   Google Scholar
• QIU D, ZHAO G, AOKI Y, SHI L et al.: Irnmunosuppres- sant PG490 (triptolide) inhibits T-cell interleukin-2 expression at the level of purine-box /nuclear factor of activated T-cells and NF-kappaB transcriptional activa-tion. j Biol. Chem (1999) 274:13443–13450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Provides insight into the mechanism of immunosuppressive action of triptolide.
   Google Scholar
• LEE KY, CHANG W, QIU D et al.: PG490 (triptolide) cooperates with tumor necrosis factor-alpha to induce apoptosis in tumor Cells. J. Biol. Chem. (1999) 274:13451–13455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG J, XU R, JIN R et al.: Irnmunosuppressive activity of the Chinese medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii. I. Prolongation of rat cardiac and renal allograft survival by the PG27 extract and immunosup-pressive synergy in combination therapy with cyclosporine. Transplantation (2000) 70:447–455.
   Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates the efficacy of triptolide in preventing transplant rejection.
   Google Scholar
• WANG J, XU R, JIN R, CHEN Z et al.: Irnmunosuppressive activity of the Chinese medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii. II. Prolongation of hamster-to-rat cardiac xenograft survival by combination therapy with the PG27 extract and cyclosporine. Transplantation (2000) 70:456–464.
   Google Scholar
• CHEN BJ, LIU C, CUT X, FIDLER JM, CHAO NJ: Prevention of graft-versus-host disease by a novel immunosup-pressant, PG490-88, through inhibition of alloreactive T cell expansion. Transplantation (2000) 70:1442–1447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GU WZ, BRANDWEIN SR: Inhibition of Type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats by triptolide. Intl Immuno-pharmacol. (1998) 20:389–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HACHIDA M, LU H, ZHANG X et al.: Inhibitory effect of triptolide on platelet derived growth factor-A and coronary arteriosclerosis after heart transplantation. Transplant Proc. (1999) 31:2719–2723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOMAKI H, NEMOTO A, TANAKA Y et al.: Br asilicar din A, anew terpenoid antibiotic from pathogenic Nocardia brasiliensis: fermentation, isolation and biological activity. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 1999 52:13–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TANAKA Y, KOMAKI H, YAZAWA K etal.: Brasilinolide A, a new macrolide antibiotic produced by Nocardia brasiliensis: producing strain, isolation and biological activity. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) (1997) 50:1036–1041.
   Google Scholar
• CHOU TC, DEPEW KM, ZHENG YH et al.: Reversal of anticancer multidrug resistance by the ardeemins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:8369–8374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANGLIER JJ, QUESNIAUX V, FEHR T et al.: Sanglifehrins A, B, C and D, novel cyclophilin-binding compounds isolated from Streptomyres sp. A92-3 0 8 1 1 O. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activity. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 1999 52:466–473.
   Google Scholar
• •Describes a novel family of macrolide compounds with immunosuppressive activity.
   Google Scholar
• DUMONT FJ, SU Q: Mechanism of action of the immunosuppressant rapamycin. Life Sci. (1996) 58:373–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHMELZLE T, HALL MN: TOR, a central controller of cell growth. Cell (2000) 103:253–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAHAN BD: Efficacy of sirolimus compared with azathioprine for reduction of acute renal allograft rejection: a randomised multicentre study. The Rap am un e US Study Group. Lancet (2000) 356:194–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAUSEN B, IKONEN T, BRIFFA N: Combined immuno-suppression with cyclosporine (neoral) and SDZ RAD in non-human primate lung transplantation: system-atic pharmacokinetic-based trials to improve efficacy and tolerability. Transplantation (2000) 69:76–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NELSON BH, WILLERFORD DM: Biology of the interleukin-2 receptor. Adv. Immunol. (1998) 70:1–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAN SB, KIM HM, KIM YH et al.: T-cell specific immuno-suppression by prodigiosin isolated from Serratia marcescens. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. (1998) 20:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'ALESSIO R, BARGIOTTI A, CARLINI 0 et al.: Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of novel prodigiosin derivatives. J. Med. Chem. (2000) 43:2557–2565.
   Google Scholar
• MORTELLARO A, SONGIA S, GNOCCHI P et al.: New immunosuppressive drug PNU156804 blocks IL-2-dependent proliferation and NF-kappa B and AP-1 activation. J. Immunol. (1999) 162:7102–7109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Shows that PNU156804 acts as an inhibitor of IL-2 signalling.
   Google Scholar
• WANG ME, KIRKEN RA, BEHBOD F, ERWIN-COHEN R, STEPKOWSKI SM, KAHAN BD: Inhibition of Jak3 tyrosine kinase by PNU1 5 6 8 0 4 blocks rat heart allograft rejection. Transplantation (2000) 69:S397.
   Google Scholar
• ••Shows that PNU156804 can suppress allograft rejection.
   Google Scholar
• SUDBECK EA, LIU XP, NARLA RK et al.: Structure-based design of specific inhibitors of Janus kinase 3 as apoptosis-inducing antileukemic agents. Clin. Cancer Res. (1999) 6:1569–1582.
   Google Scholar
• MALAVIYA R, ZHU D, DIBIRDIK I, UCKUN FM: Targeting Janus kinase 3 in mast cells prevents immediate hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis. j Biol. Chem. (1999) 274:27028–27038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CETKOVIC-CVRLJE M, UCKUN FM: Prevention of islet allograft rejection in diabetic mice by targeting Janus kinase 3 with 4-(4'-hydroxypheny1)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (WH1-P131). Transplantation (2000) 69:S411.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••Shows that WHI-P131 can suppress allograft rejection.
   Google Scholar
• UCKUN FM, EK 0, LIU XP, CHEN CL: In vivo toxicity andpharmacokinetic features of the janus kinase 3 inhibitor WHI-P131[4-(4'hydroxypheny1)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline]. Clin. Cancer Res. (1999) 5:2954–2962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARGREITER R, FISCHER M, ROBERTS K et al.: Gemcita-bine -a novel immunosuppressive agent- prevents© Ashley Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents (2001) 11(3) rejection in a rat cardiac transplantation model. Transplantation (1999) 68:1051–1053.
   Google Scholar
• ALLISON AC, EUGUI EM: Mycophenolate mofetil and its mechanisms of action. Immunopharmacology (2000) 47:85–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINTCHAK MD, NIMMESGERN E: The structure of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase and the design of novel inhibitors. Immunopharmacology (2000) 47:163–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Good review on IMPDH as a target for immunosuppression.
   Google Scholar
• PANKIEWICZ KW, LESIAK-WATANABE K, WATANABE KA, MALINOWSKI K: Novel mycophenolic adenine bis(phosphonate)s as potential immunosuppressants. Curr. Med. Chem. (1999) 6:629–634.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NESSE N, CHIN T, OBERLEY T, HULLETT D, SOLLINGER H: Prolongation of canine kidney allograft survival with VX-497. Transplantation (2000) 69:S124.
   Google Scholar
• •Shows that VX-497 can prevent allograft rejection.
   Google Scholar
• BARNES BJ, EAKIN AE, IZYDORE RA, HALL IH: Selective inhibition of human Molt-4 leukemia Type II inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase by the 1,5- diazabi-cyclo [3.1.0]hexane-2,4-diones. Biochemistry (2000) 39:13641–13650.
   Google Scholar
• MARKERT ML: Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Immunodefic. Rev. (1991) 3:45–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ARPAIA E, BENVENISTE P, DI CRISTOFANO A et al.: Mitochondrial basis for immune deficiency. Evidence from purine nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. (2000) 191:2197–2208.
   Google Scholar
• LIN CY, YEN CY: In vivo immunosuppressive effect of purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor-8-amino-9-benzyl-guanine in canine renal allograft rejection. Transplant Proc. (1994) 2 6 :3126–3127.
   Google Scholar
• MORRIS PE Jr, OMURA GA: Inhibitors of the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase as potential therapy for psoriasis. Curr. Pharm. Des. (2000) 6:943–959.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LIU S, NEIDHARDT EA, GROSSMAN TH et al.: Structures of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in complex with antiproliferative agents. Structure Fold Des. (2000) 8:25–33.
   Google Scholar
• BREEDVELD FC, DAYER JM: Leflunomide: mode of action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. (2000) 59:841–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QI Z, EKBERG H: Malononitrilamides 715 and 279 prolong rat cardiac allograft survival, reverse ongoing rejection, inhibit allospecific antibody production and interact positively with cyclosporin. Scand.J. Immunol. (1998) 48:379–388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HAUSEN B, BOEKE K, BERRY GJ et al.: Potentiation of immunosuppressive efficacy by combining the novel leflunomide analog, HAIR 279, with microemulsion cyclosporine in a rat lung transplant model. Transplan-tation (1999) 67:354–359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Leflunomide analogue synergises with CsA and may prove useful for prevention of transplant rejection.
   Google Scholar
• NADLER SG, EVERSOLE AC, TEPPER MA, CLEAVELAND JS:Elucidating the mechanism of action of the immunosuppressant 15-deoxysperg-ualin. Ther. Drug Monit. (1995) 17:700–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NADLER SG, DISCHINO DD, MALACKO AR, CLEAVELANDJS, FUJIHARA SM, MARQUARDT H: Identification of a binding site on Hsc70 for the immunosuppressant 15-deoxyspergualin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1998) 253:176–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEBRETON L, ANNAT J, DERREPAS P, DUTARTRE P, RENAUT P: Structure-immunosuppressive activity relationships of new analogues of 15-deoxy sperg-ualin. 1. Structural modifications of the hydroxy-glycine moiety. J Med. Chem. (1999) 42:277–290.
   Google Scholar
• LEBRETON L, JOST E, CARBONI B et al.: Structure-immunosuppressive activity relationships of new analogues of 15 -deoxysperg-ualin. 2. Structural modifi-cations of the spermidine moiety. J Med. Chem. (1999) 42:4749–4763.
   Google Scholar
• ANDOINS C, DE FORNEL D, ANNAT J, DUTARTRE P: Tolerance in a rat cardiac allograft model after short-term treatment with IF 08-0299. Absence of clonal deletion and evidence of CD4+ suppressor cells. Transplantation (1996) 62:1543–1549.
   Google Scholar
• KOMESLI S, DUMAS C, DUTARTRE P: Analysis of in vivoimmunosuppressive and in vitro interaction with constitutive heat shock protein 70 activity of EF08-0299 (Tr esp erimus) and analogues. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. (1999) 21:349–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Interesting analysis of the immunosuppressive activity of DSG analogues and the role of interaction with Hsc70 in this activity.
   Google Scholar
• LEMIRE J: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 -a hormone withimmunomodulatory properties. Z. Rheumatol. (2000) 59:24–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PENNA G, ADORINI L: 1 Alpha,25-dihydr oxyvitamin D3inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreac-tive T cell activation. J Immunol (2000) 164:2405–2411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates that dendritic cells represent a potential target for the immunosuppressive action of vitamin 1,25- (OH)2D3.
   Google Scholar
• CANTORNA MT, HULLETT DA, REDAELLI C et al.: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 prolongs graft survival without compromising host resistance to infection or bone mineral density. Transplantation (1998) 66:828–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN ETTEN E, BRANISTEANU DD, VERSTUYF A, WAER M,BOUILLON R, MATHIEU C: Analogs of 1,25-di- hydroxy-vitamin D3 as dose-reducing agents for classical immunosuppressants. Transplantation (2000) 69: 1932-1942.
   Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates that vitamin D analogues potentiate the activity of conventional immunosuppressants in preventing allograft rejection.
   Google Scholar
• MURPHY KM, OUYANG W, FARRAR JD et al.: Signalingand transcription in T helper development. Ann. Rev. Immunol. (2000) 18:451–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CONTRERAS JL, WANG PX, ECKHOFF DE: Peritransplanttolerance induction with anti-CD3-immunotoxin: a matter of proinflammatory cytokine control. Transplantation (1998) 65:1159–1169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LI XC, ZAND MS, LI Y, ZHENG XX, STROM TB: On histocompatibility barriers, Th1 to Th2 immune deviation and the nature of the allograft responses. J Immunol. (1998) 161:2241–2247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAKKACH A, COTTREZ F, GROUX H: Can interleukin-10 be used as a true immunoreg-ulatory cytokine? Eur. Cytokine Netw. (2000) 11:153–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MULLIGAN MS, WARNER RL, MCDUFFIE JE, BOLLING SF, SARMA JV, WARD PA: Regulatory role of Th-2 cytokines, IL-10 and IL-4, in cardiac allograft rejection. Exp. Mol. Pathol. (2000) 69:1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FRIEND PJ, HALE G, CHATENOUD L etal: Phase I study of an engineered aglycosylated humanized CD3 antibody in renal transplant rejection. Transplantation (1999) 68: 1632-1637.
   Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates that anti-CD3 mAbs can be engineered to lose their toxicity while retaining their potency as immunosuppressants.
   Google Scholar
• COLE MS, STELLRECHT KE, SHI JD et al.: HuM291, a humanized anti-CD3 antibody, is immunosuppressive to T cells while exhibiting reduced mitogenicity in vitro. Transplantation (1999) 68:563–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORMAN DJ, VINCENTI F, DE MATTOS AM et al.: Phase I trial of HuM291, a humanized anti-CD3 antibody, in patients receiving renal allografts from living donors. Transplantation (2000) 70:1707–1712.
   Google Scholar
• CARPENTER PA, PAVLOVIC S, TSO JY et al.: Non -Fc receptor-binding humanized anti-CD3 antibodies induce apoptosis of activated human T cells. J. Immunol. (2000) 165:6205–6213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THOMAS JM, ECKHOFF DE, CONTRERAS JL et al.: Durable donor-specific T and B cell tolerance in rhesus macaques induced with peritransplantation anti-CD3 immunotoxin and deoxyspergualin: absence of chronic allogr aft nephropathy. Transplantation (2000) 69:2497–2503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Macaques rendered tolerant to renal allograft by anti-CD3immunotoxin and DSG treatment, developed neither acute nor chronic rejection for up to 3.4 years post-transplantation.
   Google Scholar
• DUMONT FJ: Alemtuzumab. Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs (2001) 2:139–160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CALNE R, MOFFATT SD, FRIEND PJ et al.: CAM:PATH-1H allows low-dose cyclosporine monotherapy in 31 cadaveric renal allograft recipients. Transplantation (1999) 68: 1613-1616.
   Google Scholar
• ••Short peritransplant treatment with the lymphocyte-depleting CAMPATH-1 mAb induced a state of 'near-tolerance' to renal allograft.
   Google Scholar
• NIZET Y, CHENTOUFI AA, DE LA PARRA B et al.: The experimental (in vitro) and clinical (in vivo) immuno-suppressive effects of a rat IgG2b anti-human CD2 mAb, LO-CD2a/BT1-322. Transplantation (2000) 69:1420–1428.
   Google Scholar
• LERUT J, TALPE S, ROGGEN F et al.: One year results of tacrolimus (TAC) and anti-CD2 antibody (BTI-322) in adult liver transplantation. International Congress of the Transplantation Society. Rome (2000):Abstract 295.
   Google Scholar
• BRANCO L, BARREN P, MAO SY et al: Selective deletion of antigen-specific, activated T cells by a humanized MAB to CD2 (MEDI-507) is mediated by NK cells. Transplantation (1999) 68:1588–1596.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GLENNIE MJ, JOHNSON PW. Clinical trials of antibody therapy. Immunol Today (2000) 21:403–410.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KAPLON RJ, HOCHMAN PS, MICHLER RE et al.: Short course single agent therapy with an LFA-3-IgG1 fusion protein prolongs primate cardiac allograft survival. Transplantation (1996) 61:356–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HONEY K, COBBOLD SP, WALDMANN H: Dominant regulation: a common mechanism of monoclonal antibody induced tolerance? Immunol. Res. (1999) 20:1–14.
   Google Scholar
• BERARD JL, VELEZ RL, FREEMAN RB, TSUNODA SM: A review of interleukin-2 receptor antagonists in solid organ transplantation. Pharmacotherapy (1999) 19:1127–1137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LI XC, IMA A, LI Y, ZHENG XX, MALEK TR, STROM TB: Blocking the common gamma-chain of cytokine receptors induces T cell apoptosis and long-term islet allograft survival. J Immunol. (2000) 164:1193–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH XG, BOLTON EM, RUCHATZ H et al.: Selective blockade of IL-15 by soluble IL-15 receptor-alpha chain enhances cardiac allograft survival. J. Immunol (2000) 165: 3444–3450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKAHASHI H, OKAZAKI H, TERASAKI PI et al: Reversal of transplant rejection by monoclonal antiblast antibody. Lancet (1983) 2:1155–1158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HESLOP HE, DEEG HJ, RIFKIN R et al.: ABX-CBL monoclonal antibody in patients with steroid resistant graft versus host disease. American Society of Haematology Meeting (2000):Abstract 2049.
   Google Scholar
• WAGNER CR, CORNELL KA, LOOMIS CB, HINRICHS DJ: Targeted immunosuppression of alloreactivity with OX-40 immunotoxins. Transplantation (2000) 69:S197.
   Google Scholar
• ZHONG RZ, LAZAROVITS Al: Monoclonal antibody against CD45RB for the therapy of rejection and autoimmune diseases. J. Mol. Med. (1998) 76:572–580.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LAZAROVITS Al, VISSER L, ASFAR S et al.: Mechanisms of induction of renal allograft tolerance in CD45RB-treated mice. Kidney Int. (1999) 55:1303–1310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Explore the mode of immunosuppressive action of anti-CD45RB mAb in allotransplantation.
   Google Scholar
• FECTEAU S, BASADONNA GP, FREITAS A, ARIYAN C, SAYEGH MH, ROTHSTEIN DM: CTIA-4 up-regulation plays a role in tolerance mediated by CD45. Nature Immunol. (2001) 2:58–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••Shows that induction of transplant tolerance byanti-CD45RB mAb may involve CTLA–4.
   Google Scholar
• KISHIMOTO K, DONG VM, SAYEGH MH: The role of costimulatory molecules as targets for new immuno-suppr essives in transplantation. CUIT. Opin. U1'01. (2000) 10:57–62.
   Google Scholar
• SLAVIK JM, HUTCHCROFT JE, BIERER BE: CD28/CTLA-4 d CD80 /CD86 families: signaling and function. Immunol Res. (1999) 19:1–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUMONT FJ: BMS-188667. Curr. Opin. Andiflam. Immunomod. Invest. Drugs (1999) 1:367–383.
   Google Scholar
• VAN KOOTEN C, BANCHEREAU J: CD4O-CD40 ligand. J. Leukoc. Biol. (2000) 67:2–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUCHROO VK, DAS MP, BROWN JA et al: B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1 /Th2 developmental pathways: application to autoimmune disease therapy. Cell (1995) 80:707–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JUDGE TA, WU Z, ZHENG X et al.: The role of CD80,CD86 and CTLA4 in alloimmune responses and the induction of long-term allograft survival. j Immunol. (1999) 162:1947–1951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSSEVOORT MA, RINGERS J, KUHN EM et al.: Prevention of renal allograft rejection in primates by blocking the B7 /CD28 pathway. Transplantation (1999) 68:1010–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG Z, LI W, CHEN Z et al.: Administration of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides against mRNA of CD80 or CD86 prolongs survival of cardiac allografts by inhibition of T cell activation. Transplantation (2000) 69:S195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KIRK AD, BURKLY LC, BATTY DS et al.: Treatment with humanized monoclonal antibody against CD154 prevents acute renal allograft rejection in nonhuman primates. Nat Med. (1999) 5:686–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Demonstrates that CD154 blockade has the potential toinduce long-term acceptance of allograft in a model relevant to human clinical setting.
   Google Scholar
• KENYON NS, CHATZIPETROU M, MASETTI M et al.: Long-term survival and function of intrahepatic islet allografts in rhesus monkeys treated with humanized anti-CD154. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (19 9 9) 96:8132-8137.
   Google Scholar
• ROTHSTEIN DM, LIVAK MF, KISHIMOTO K et al.: Targeting signal 1 through CD45RB synergizes with CD40 ligand blockade and promotes long term engraftment and tolerance in stringent transplant models. J. Immunol. (2001) 1 6 6:322–329.
   Google Scholar
• •Shows that combined treatment anti-CD45RB and anti-CD154 mAbs produces transplant tolerance in a murine model with low susceptibility to tolerance induction.
   Google Scholar
• KAWAI T, ANDREWS D, COLVIN RB, SACHS DH, COSIMI AB: Thromboembolic complications after treatment with monoclonal antibody against CD40 ligand. Nature Med. (2000) 6:114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIRK AD, HARLAN DM, ARMSTRONG NN et al.: CTIA4-Ig and anti-CD40 ligand prevent renal allograft rejection in primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (19 9 7) 94:8789-8794.
   Google Scholar
• WATTS TH, DEBENEDETTE MA: T cell co-stimulatory molecules other than CD28. Curr. Opin. Immunol (1999) 11:286–293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HOURMANT M, DANTAL J: Adhesion molecules in rejection and tolerance of allografts. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant (1996) 11:1661–1666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAHMBERG CG: leukocyte adhesion: CD11/CD18 integrins and intercellular adhesion molecules. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. (1997) 9:643–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISOBE M, YAGITA H, OKUMURA K, IHARA A: Specific acceptance of cardiac allograft after treatment with antibodies to ICAM-1 and LFA-1. Science (1992) 255:1125–1127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TALENTO A, NGUYEN M, BLAKE T et al.: A single admini-stration of LFA-1 antibody confers prolonged allograft survival. Transplantation (1993) 55:418–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOURMANT M, BEDROSSIAN J, DURAND D et al. A randomized multicenter trial comparing leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 monoclonal antibody with rabbit antithymocyte globulin as induction treatment in first kidney transplants. Transplantation (1996) 62:1565–1570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KELLY TA, JEANFAVRE DD, MCNEIL DW et al.: A small molecule antagonist of LFA-1-mediated cell adhesion. Immunol. (1999) 163:5173–5177.
   Google Scholar
• •First described non-peptidic LFA-1 antagonist with in vivo efficacy.
   Google Scholar
• LIU G, LINK JT, PEI Z et al: Discovery of novel p-arylthio cinnamides as antagonists of leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 /intracellular adhesion molecule-1 interaction. 1. Identification of an additional binding pocket based on an anilino diaryl sulfide lead. J. Med. Chem. (2000) 43:4025–4040.
   Google Scholar
• HUTH JR, OLEJNICZAK ET, MENDOZA R et al.: NMR and mutagenesis evidence for an I domain allosteric site that regulates lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 ligand binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:5231–5236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALLATIN WM: Molecular regulation of integrin function. Block symposium 134. American Association of Immunologists Meeting. Seattle (12–16 May 2000).
   Google Scholar
• STEPKOWSKI SM, WANG ME, CONDON TP et al: Protec-tion against allograft rejection with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleo-tides. Transplantation (1998) 66:699–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANCOCK WW, GAO W, FAIA KL, CSIZMADIA V: Chemokines and their receptors in allograft rejection. Curr. Opin. Immunol. (2000) 12:511–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CASCIERI MA, SPRINGER MS. The chemokine/ chemokine-receptor family: potential and progress for therapeutic intervention. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. (2000) 4:420–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Reviews the therapeutic potential of chemokine receptor antagonists.
   Google Scholar
• GAO W, TOPHAM PS, KING JA et al.: Targeting of the chemokine receptor CCR1 suppresses development of acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection. J Clin. Invest. (2000) 105:35–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HORUK R, CLAYBERGER C, KRENSKY AM et al.: A non-peptide functional antagonist of the CCR1 chemokine receptor is effective in rat heart transplant rejection. J Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:4199–4204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Provides the first evidence that blockade of chemokinereceptor with a non-peptidic antagonist has efficacy against transplant rejection.
   Google Scholar
• GRONE HJ, WEBER C, WEBER KS et al.: Me t-RANTFS reduces vascular and tubular damage during acute renal transplant rejection: blocking monocyte arrest and recruitment. FASEB J (1999) 13:1371–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAO W, GAIA K, KING J, SMILEY S, HANCOCK W: Targeting of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5 prolongs murine cardiac allograft survival. Transplan-tation (2000) 69:S125.
   Google Scholar
• HANCOCK WW, LU B, GAO W et al.: Requirement of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 for acute allograft rejection. J. Exp. Med. (2000) 192:1515–1520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates the value of CXCR3 as a potential pharma-cologic target for prevention of transplant rejection.
   Google Scholar
• BRINKMANN V, PINSCHEWER D, CHIBA K, FENG L: F1Y720: a novel transplantation drug that modulates lymphocyte traffic rather than activation. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2000) 21:49–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Excellent review suggesting a role for G-protein coupled receptors in FTY720 mechanism of action.
   Google Scholar
• DUMONT FJ: FTY-7 2 O. Curr. Opin. Antiiflam. Immunomod. Invest. Drugs (2000) 2:314–331.
   Google Scholar
• Samstein B, Platt JL: Physiologic and immunologic hurdles to xenotransplantation. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2001) 12:182–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOGAN JS, SHARMA A: Potential use of genetically modified pigs as organ donors for transplantation into humans. Clin Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. (1999) 26:1020–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAUGHAN AN, MALDE P, ROGERS NJ, JACKSON IM, LECHLER RI, DORLING A: Porcine CTLA4-Ig lacks a MYPPPY Motif, binds inefficiently to human B7 and specifically suppresses human CD4+ T cell responses costimulated by pig but not human B7.1. J. immunoi. (2000) 165:3175–3181.
   Google Scholar
• ROGERS NJ, MIRENDA V, JACKSON I, DORLING A, LECHLER RI: Costimulatory blockade by the induction of an endogenous xenospecific antibody response. Nature Immunol. (2000) 2:163–168.
   Google Scholar
• HONEY CR, OBOCHI MO, SHEN H, MARGARON P, YIP S, LEVY JG: Reduced xenograft rejection in rat striatum after pretransplant photodynamic therapy of murine neural xenografts. j Neurosurg. (2000) 92:127–131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DORLING A, LECHLER RI: T cell-mediated xenograft rejection: specific tolerance is probably required for long term xenograft survival. Xenotransplantation (1998) 5:234–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAER M: Mixed bone marrow chimerism across discordant xenogeneic barriers: the solution for inducing xenotransplant tolerance? Transplantation (2000) 69:2482–2483.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LI Y, LI XC, ZHENG XX, WELLS AD, TURKA LA, STROM TB: Blocking both signal 1 and signal 2 of T-cell activation prevents apoptosis of alloreactive T cells and induction of peripheral allograft tolerance. Nat. Med. (1999) 5:1298–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHWARTZ RS: The new immunology - the end of immunosuppressive drug therapy? N Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:1754–1756.
   Google Scholar