23
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Miscellaneous

Hypoxia-directed cancer therapy

Pages 777-788 | Published online: 25 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • MOULDER JE, ROCKWELL S: Hypoxic fractions of solid tumours: experimental techniques, methods of analysis and a survey of existing data. Int. I Radiat. Oncol Biol. Phys. (1984) 10:695–712.
  • VAUPEL E SCHLENGER K, KNOOP C, HOCKEL M: Oxygenation of human tumours: evaluation of tissue oxygen distribution in breast cancers by computerized 02 tension measurements. Cancer Res. (1991) 51:3316–3322.
  • KOH WJ, RASEY JS, EVANS ML et al: Imaging of hypoxia in human tumours with [F-181 fluoromisonidazole. Int. j Radiat. Oncol Biol. Phys. (1992) 22:199–212.
  • EVANS SM, HAHN SM, MAGARELLI DE KOCH CJ: Hypoxic heterogeneity in human tumours: EF5 binding, vasculature, necrosis and proliferation. Am. Oncol (2001) 24:467–472.
  • BROWN JM: Exploiting the hypoxic cancer cell: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Ma Med. Today (2000) 6:157–162.
  • MASON RP, ANTICH PE BABCOCK EE, CONSTANTINESCU A, PESCHKE E HAHN EW: Noninvasive determination of tumour oxygen tension and local variation with growth. Int. I Radiat. Oncol Biol. Phys. (1994) 29:95–103.
  • HELMLINGER G, YUAN E DELLIAN M, JAIN RK: Interstitial pH and p02 gradients in solid tumours in vivo: high-resolution measurements reveal a lack of correlation. Nat. Med. (1997) 3:177–182.
  • LE D, MASON RE HUNJAN S, CONSTANTINESCU A, BARKER BR, ANTICH PP: Regional tumour oxygen dynamics: 19F PBSR EPI of hexafluorobenzene. Magn. Reson. Imaging (1997) 15:971–981.
  • BRIZEL DM, SIBLEY GS, PROSNITZ LR, SCHER RL, DEWHIRST MW: Tumour hypoxia adversely affects the prognosis of carcinoma of the head and neck. Int. j Radiat. Oncol Biol. Phys. (1997) 38:285–289.
  • FYLES AW, MILOSEVIC M, WONG R et al.: Oxygenation predicts radiation response and survival in patients with cervix cancer. Radiother. Oncol (1998) 48:149–156.
  • NORDSMARK M, OVERGAARD M, OVERGAARD J: Pretreatment oxygenation predicts radiation response in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Radiother. Oncol (1996) 41:31–39.
  • VAUPEL EKELLEHER DK, HOCKEL M: Oxygen status of malignant tumours: pathogenesis of hypoxia and significance for tumour therapy. Semin. Oncol (2001) 28:29–35.
  • FOLKMAN J: Tumour angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl. j Med. (1971) 285:1182–1186.
  • •Introduction of the concept of tumour angiogenesis.
  • ZETTER BR: Angiogenesis and tumour metastasis. Ann. Rev. Med. (1998) 49:407–424.
  • FERRARA N, DAVIS-SMYTH T: The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr. Rev (1997) 18:4–25.
  • CARMELIET P, FERREIRA V, BREIER G et al: Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele. Nature (1996) 380:435–439.
  • SHWEIKI D, ITIN A, SOFFER D, KESHET E: Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature (1992) 359:843–845.
  • •Demonstration of that hypoxia is a potent inducer of VEGF expression.
  • PLATE KH, BREIER G, MILLAUER B, ULLRICH A, RISAU W: Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and its cognate receptors in a rat glioma model of tumour angiogenesis. Cancer Res. (1993) 53:5822–5827.
  • MINCHENKO A, SALCEDA S, BAUER T, CARO J: Hypoxia regulatory elements of the human vascular endothelial growth factor gene. Cell Ma Biol. Res. (1994) 40:35–39.
  • MINCHENKO A, BAUER T, SALCEDA S, CARO J: Hypoxic stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vitro and in vivo. Lab. Invest. (1994) 71:374–379.
  • LIU Y, COX SR, MORITA T, KOUREMBANAS S: Hypoxia regulates vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in endothelial cells. Identification of a 5' enhancer. Circ. Res. (1995) 77:638–643.
  • SALCEDA S, BECK I, CARO J: Absolute requirement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein for gene activation by hypoxia. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1996) 334:389–394.
  • FORSYTHE JA, JIANG BH, IYER NV et al.: Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Mol Cell. Biol. (1996) 16:4604–4613.
  • MAZURE NM, CHEN EY, LADEROUTE KR, GIACCIA AJ: Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by hypoxia is modulated by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signalling pathway in Ha-ras-transformed cells through a hypoxia inducible factor-I transcriptional element. Blood (1997) 90:3322–3331.
  • DANG CV, SEMENZA GL: Oncogenic alterations of metabolism. Trends Biochem. Sci. (1999) 24:68–72.
  • •A review discussing the connection of the Warburg effect with transcription factors c-myc and HIF-1.
  • SEMENZA GL, ARTEMOV D, BEDI A et al.: The metabolism of tumours': 70 years later. Novartis Found. Symp. (2001) 240:251–260.
  • WATERHOUSE C: Lactate metabolism inpatients with cancer. Cancer (1974) 33:66–71.
  • SCHWICKERT G, WALENTA S, SUNDFOR K, ROFSTAD EK, MUELLER-KLIESER W: Correlation of high lactate levels in human cervical cancer with incidence of metastasis. Cancer Res. (1995) 55:4757–4759.
  • WALENTA S, SALAMEH A, LYNG H et al.: Correlation of high lactate levels in head and neck tumours with incidence of metastasis. Am. J. Pathol (1997) 150:409–415.
  • GUMINSKA M, IGNACAK J, KEDRYNA T, STACHURSKA MB: Tumour-specific pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 involved in biochemical strategy of energy generation in neoplastic cells. Acta Biochim. Poi (1997) 44:711–724.
  • MATHUPALA SP, HEESE C, PEDERSENPL: Glucose catabolism in cancer cells. The Type II hexokinase promoter contains functionally active response elements for the tumour suppressor p53. j Biol. Chem. (1997) 272:22776–22780.
  • MATHUPALA SP, REMPEL A, PEDERSEN PL: Aberrant glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells: a remarkable coordination of genetic, transcriptional, post-translational and mutational events that lead to a critical role for Type II hexokinase. j Bioerierg. Biomembr. (1997) 29:339–343.
  • SMITH TA: FDG uptake, tumour characteristics and response to therapy: a review. Nucl. Med. Commun. (1998) 19:97–105.
  • SMITH TA: Mammalian hexokinases and their abnormal expression in cancer. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. (2000) 57:170–178.
  • CHESNEY J, MITCHELL R, BENIGNI F et al: An inducible gene product for 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase with an AU-rich instability element: role in tumour cell glycolysis and the Warburg effect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:3047–3052.
  • SEMENZA GL: Involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in human cancer. Intern. Med. (2002) 41:79–83.
  • SEMENZA GL: HIF-1 and tumour progression: pathophysiology and therapeutics. Trends Mol Med. (2002) 8:S62–67.
  • MAXWELL PH, PUGH CW, RATCLIFFE PJ: Activation of the HIF pathway in cancer. Cum: Opin. Genet. Dev. (2001) 11:293–299.
  • HARRIS AL: Hypoxia-a key regulatory factor in tumour growth. Nat. Rev Cancer (2002) 2:38–47.
  • MAXWELL PH, DACHS GU, GLEADLE JM et al.: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 modulates gene expression in solid tumours and influences both angiogenesis and tumour growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Li. USA (1997) 94:8104–8109.
  • ••The findings in this study show that HIF-1activation occurs in hypoxic regions of solid tumours and demonstrate a major influence on gene expression, tumour angiogenesis and growth.
  • JIANG BH, AGANI F, PASSANITI A, SEMENZA GL: V-SRC induces expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and transcription of genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor and enolase 1: involvement of HIF-1 in tumour progression. Cancer Res. (1997) 57:5328–5335.
  • RYAN HE, LO J, JOHNSON RS: HIF-ia required for solid tumour formation and embryonic vascularization. EMBO J. (1998) 17:3005–3015.
  • RYAN HE, POLONI M, MCNULTY W eta].: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a is a positive factor in solid tumour growth. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:4010–4015.
  • HOCKEL M, VAUPEL P: Biological consequences of tumour hypoxia. Semirr. arca (2001) 28:36–41.
  • CADE IS, MCEWEN JB, DISCHE S eta].: Hyperbaric oxygen and radiotherapy: a Medical Research Council trial in carcinoma of the bladder. Br J. Radial (1978) 51:876–878.
  • LEE DJ, COSMATOS D, MARCIAL VA eta].: Results of an RTOG Phase III trial (RTOG 85–27) comparing radiotherapy plus etanidazole with radiotherapy alone for locally advanced head and neck carcinomas. Int. I Radiat. arca Biol. Phys. (1995) 32:567–576.
  • KASAI S, NAGASAWA H, YAMASHITA M et al.: New antimetastatic hypoxic cell radiosensitizers: design, synthesis and biological activities of 2-nitroimidazole-acetamide, TX-1877 and its analogues. Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2001) 9:453–464.
  • KUNO Y, SHINOMIYA N: PR-000350, a novel hypoxic radiosensitizer, enhances tumour cell killing by promoting apoptosis preferentially in the S-phase fraction. Apoptosis (2000) 5:69–77.
  • MATSUOKA H, SHIBAMOTO Y, KUBOTA T, TSUJITANI M, MAJIMA T: In vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics of a new hypoxic cell radiosensitizer doranidazole in SUIT-2 human pancreatic cancer xenografted in mouse pancreas. arca Rep. (2000) 7:23–26.
  • WOUTERS BG, WANG LH, BROWN JM: Tirapazamine: a new drug producing tumour specific enhancement of platinum-based chemotherapy in nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Ann. arca (1999) 10:S29–33.
  • JAFFAR M, WILLIAMS KJ, STRATFORD IJ: Bioreductive and gene therapy approaches to hypoxic diseases. Adv. Drug Deify. Rev (2001) 53:217–228.
  • VON PAWEL J, VON ROEMELING R, GATZEMEIER U et al.: Tirapazamine plus cisplatin versus cisplatin in advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer: A report of the international CATAPULT I study group. Cisplatin and Tirapazamine in Subjects with Advanced Previously Untreated nonSmall-Cell Lung Tumours. J. Clin. Oricol. (2000) 18:1351–1359.
  • RISCHIN D, PETERS L, HICKS R etal.:Phase I trial of concurrent tirapazamine, cisplatin and radiotherapy in patients with advanced head and neck cancer. J. Clin. Oricol. (2001) 19:535–542.
  • PATTERSON LH, MCKEOWN SR, RUPARELIA K et al.: Enhancement of chemotherapy and radiotherapy of murine tumours by AQ4N, a bioreductively activated antitumour agent. Br J. Cancer (2000) 82:1984–1990.
  • GALLAGHER R, HUGHES CM, MURRAY MM et al.: The chemopotentiation of cisplatin by the novel bioreductive drug AQ4N. Br. J. Cancer (2001) 85:625–629.
  • LOADMAN PM, SWAINE DJ, BIBBY MC, WELHAM KJ, PATTERSON LH: A preclinical pharmacokinetic study of the bioreductive drug AQ4N. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2001) 29:422–426.
  • PATTERSON LH, MCKEOWN SR: AQ4N: a new approach to hypoxia-activated cancer chemotherapy. Br J. Cancer (2000) 83:1589–1593.
  • GALI-MUHTASIB HU, HADDADIN MJ, RAHHAL DN, YOUNES IH: Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides as anticancer and hypoxia-selective drugs. Oricol. Rep. (2001) 8:679–684.
  • TAKADA S, NAGATO Y, YAMAMURA M: Effect of cyclic polylactates on tumour cells and tumour bearing mice. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. (1997) 43:9–17.
  • WANG GL, JIANG BH, RUE EA, SEMENZA GL: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular 02 tension. Proc. Nati Acad. Sd. USA (1995) 92:5510–5514.
  • ••Identification of HIF-la as a member ofthe bHLH-PAS family and regulated by 02 tension.
  • SEMENZA GL: HIF-1 and mechanisms ofhypoxia sensing. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. (2001) 13:167–171.
  • JIANG BH, RUE E,WANG GL, ROE R, SEMENZA GL: Dimerization, DNA binding and transactivation properties ofhypoxia- inducible factor 1. J. Biol. Chem. (1996) 271:17771–17778.
  • CARRERO P, OKAMOTO K, COUMAILLEAU P, O'BRIEN S, TANAKA H, POELLINGER L: Redox-regulated recruitment of the transcriptional co-activators CREB- binding protein and SRC-1 to hypoxia-inducible factor la. Mol. Cell Biol. (2000) 20:402–415.
  • EMA M, HIROTA K, MIMURA J et al.: Molecular mechanisms of transcription activation by HLF and HIFla in response to hypoxia: their stabilization and redox signal-induced interaction with CBP/p300. EMBO J. (1999) 18:1905–1914.
  • SEMENZA GL: HIF-1, 0(2) and the 3 PHDs: how animal cells signal hypoxia to the nucleus. Cell (2001) 107:1–3.
  • JAAKKOLA P, MOLE DR, TIAN YM etal.: Targeting of HIF-a to the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitylation complex by 02-regulated prolyl hydroxylation. Science (2001) 292:468–472.
  • ••One of the first reports to describe themechanism of post-translational regulation of HIF-la by proline hydroxylation.
  • IVAN M, KONDO K, YANG H et al.: HIFa targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: implications for 02 sensing. Science (2001) 292:464–468.
  • ••One of the first reports to describe themechanism of post-translational regulation of HIF-la by proline hydroxylation.
  • EPSTEIN AC, GLEADLE JM, MCNEILL LA et al.: C. elegans EGL-9 and mammalian homologs define a family of dioxygenases that regulate HIF by prolyl hydroxylation. Cell (2001) 107:43–54.
  • ••The first report to identify the mammalianPHDs that hydroxylates human HIF-la.
  • LANDO D, PEET DJ, WHELAN DA, GORMAN JJ, WHITELAW ML: Asparagine hydroxylation of the HIF transactivation domain a hypoxic switch. Science (2002) 295:858–861.
  • ZHONG H, DE MARZO AM, LAUGHNER E et al.: Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor la in common human cancers and their metastases. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:5830–5835.
  • TALKS KL, TURLEY H, GATTER KC etal.: The expression and distribution of the hypoxia-inducible factors HIF- la and HIF-2a in normal human tissues, cancers and tumour- associated macrophages. Am. J.Pathol. (2000) 157:411–421.
  • ZHONG H, CHILES K, FELDSER D et al.: Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor la expression by the epidermal growth factoriphosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/PTENAKT/FRAP pathway in human prostate cancer cells: implications for tumour angiogenesis and therapeutics. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:1541–1545.
  • KUNG AL, WANG S, KLCO JM, KAELIN WG, LIVINGSTON DM: Suppression of tumour growth through disruption of hypoxia-inducible transcription. Nat. Med. (2000) 6:1335–1340.
  • •Disrupting the interaction of HIF-1 with its co-activators leads to attenuation of hypoxia-inducible gene expression and diminution of tumour growth.
  • RICHTER K, BUCHNER J: Hsp90: chaperoning signal transduction. J. Cell Physiol. (2001) 188:281–290.
  • GRADIN K, MCGUIRE J, WENGER RH et al.: Functional interference between hypoxia and dioxin signal transduction pathways: competition for recruitment of the Arnt transcription factor. Mol. Cell Biol. (1996) 16:5221–5231.
  • MINET E, MOTTET D, MICHEL G et al.: Hypoxia-induced activation of HIF-1: role of HIF-la-Hsp90 interaction. FEBS Lett. (1999) 460:251–256.
  • KATSCHINSKI DM, LE L, HEINRICH D etal.: Heat induction of the unphosphorylated form of hypoxia-inducible factor- la is dependent on heat-shock protein-90 activity. J. Biol. Chem. (2002) 4:4.
  • MABJEESH NJ, POST DE, WILLARD MT et al.: Geldanamycin induces degradation of HIF-la protein via the proteosome pathway in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. (2002) 62: 2478–2482.
  • SUZUKI H, TOMIDA A, TSURUOT: Dephosphorylated hypoxia-inducible factor la as a mediator of p53-dependent apoptosis during hypoxia. Oncogene (2001) 20:5779–5788.
  • KUREBAYASHI J, OTSUKI T, KUROSUMI M, SOGA S, AKINAGA S, SON00 H: A radicicol derivative, KF58333, inhibits expression of hypoxia-inducible Factor-la and Vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenesis and growth of human breast cancer xenografts. Jim J. Cancer Res. (2001) 92:1342–1351.
  • SUN X, KANWAR JR, LEUNG E, LEHNERT K, WANG D, KRISSANSEN GW: Gene transfer of antisense hypoxia inducible factor-la enhances the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Gene Ther. (2001) 8:638–645.
  • •Additional evidence to show that targeting HIF-1 stops tumour growth.
  • ACHILLES EG, FERNANDEZ A, ALLRED EN et al.: Heterogeneity of angiogenic activity in a human liposarcoma: a proposed mechanism for no take' of human tumours in mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (2001) 93:1075–1081.
  • JIANG BH, JIANG G, ZHENG JZ, LU Z,HUNTER T, VOGT PK: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signalling controls levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Cell Growth Differ. (2001) 12:363–369.
  • LAUGHNER E, TAGHAVI P, CHILES K, MAHON PC, SEMENZA GL: HER2 (neu) signalling increases the rate of hypoxia-inducible factor la (HIF-1a) synthesis: novel mechanism for HIF-1-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Mol. Cell Biol. (2001) 21:3995–4004.
  • SODHI A, MONTANER S, MIYAZAKI H, GUTKIND JS: MAPK and Akt act cooperatively but independently on hypoxia inducible factor-la in rasV12 upregulation of VEGE Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2001) 287:292–300.
  • STIEHL DE JELKMANN W, WENGER RH, HELLWIG-BU-RGEL T: Normoxic induction of the hypoxia-inducible factor la by insulin and interleukin-i3 involves the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. FEBS Lett. (2002) 512:157–162.
  • TACCHINI L, DANSI E MATTEUCCI E, DESIDERIO MA: Hepatocyte growth factor signalling stimulates hypoxia inducible factor- 1 (HIF-1) activity in HepG2 hepatoma cells. Carcirrogerresis (2001) 22:1363–1371.
  • ALBINA JE, MASTROFRANCESCO B, VESSELLA JA etal.: HIF-1 expression in healing wounds: HIF-la induction in primary inflammatory cells by TNF-a. Am. J. Physiol Cell PhysioL (2001) 281:C1971–1977.
  • HADDAD JJ, LAND SC: A nonhypoxic, ROS-sensitive pathway mediates TNF-a-dependent regulation of HIF- la. FEBS Lett. (2001) 505:269–274.
  • HELLWIG-BURGEL T, RUTKOWSKI K, METZEN E, FANDREY J, JELKMANN W: Interleukin-lp and tumour necrosis factor-a stimulate DNA binding of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Blood (1999) 94:1561–1567.
  • BLANCHER C, MOORE JW, ROBERTSON N, HARRIS AL: Effects of ras and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene mutations on hypoxia- inducible factor (HIF)-1a, HIF-2a and vascular endothelial growth factor expression and their regulation by the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt signalling pathway. Cancer Res. (2001) 61:7349–7355.
  • YEN L, YOU XL, AL MOUSTAFA AE et al.: Heregulin selectively upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in cancer cells and stimulates angiogenesis. Oncogerre (2000) 19:3460–3469.
  • PETIT AM, RAK J, HUNG MC et al.: Neutralizing antibodies against epidermal growth factor and ErbB-2/neu receptor tyrosine kinases downregulate vascular endothelial growth factor production by tumour cells in vitro and in vivo: angiogenic implications for signal transduction therapy of solid tumours. Am. J. PathoL (1997) 151:1523–1530.
  • JONES MK, SZABO IL, KAWANAKA H, HUSAIN SS, TARNAWSKI AS: von Hippel Lindau tumour suppressor and HIF-la: new targets of NSAIDs inhibition of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. FASEB (2002) 16:264–266.
  • CHUN YS, CHOI E, YEO EJ, LEE JH, KIM MS, PARK JW: A new HIF- la variant induced by zinc ion suppresses HIF-1-mediated hypoxic responses. J. Cell Sci. (2001) 114:4051–4061.
  • MAKINO Y, CAO R, SVENSSON K et al.: Inhibitory PAS domain protein is a negative regulator of hypoxia- inducible gene expression. Nature (2001) 414:550–554.
  • CHUN YS, YEO EJ, CHOI E et al.: Inhibitory effect of YC-1 on the hypoxic induction of erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor in Hep3B cells. Biochem. PharmacoL (2001) 61:947–954.
  • SHIBATA T, GIACCIA AJ, BROWN JM: Development of a hypoxia-responsive vector for tumour-specific gene therapy. Gene Ther. (2000) 7:493–498.
  • POST D, VAN MEIR E: Generation of bidirectional hypoxia/HIF-responsive expression vectors to target gene expression to hypoxic cells. Gene Ther. (2001) 8:1801–1807.
  • •Generation of bidirectional hypoxia/HIF-responsive expression vectors allowing expression of two therapeutic genes.
  • RUAN H, SU H, HU L, LAMBORN KR, KAN YW, DEEN DF: A hypoxia-regulated adeno-associated virus vector for cancer- specific gene therapy. Neoplasia (2001) 3:255–263.
  • BURKE B, TANG N, CORKE KP etal.: Expression of HIF-la by human macrophages: implications for the use of macrophages in hypoxia-regulated cancer gene therapy. J. PathoL (2002) 196:204–212.
  • KERBEL RS, VILORIA-PETIT A, KLEMENT G, RAK J: Accidental' antiangiogenic drugs. Antioncogene directed signal transduction inhibitors and conventional chemotherapeutic agents as examples. Eur. Cancer (2000) 36:1248–1257.
  • CARMELIET P, DORY, HERBERT JM et al.: Role of HIF-la in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis. Nature (1998) 394:485–490.
  • •An interesting study showing that loss of HIF-la accelerates tumour growth in an ES cell-derived solid tumour model.
  • IYER NV, KOTCH LE, AGANI F et al.: Cellular and developmental control of 02 homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor la. Genes Dev. (1998) 12:149–162.
  • MALTEPE E, SCHMIDT JV, BAUNOCH D, BRADFIELD CA, SIMON MC: Abnormal angiogenesis and responses to glucose and oxygen deprivation in mice lacking the protein ARNT. Nature (1997) 386:403–407.
  • ZHONG H, MABJEESH NJ, WILLARD MT, SIMONS JW: Nuclear expression of hypoxia-inducible factor la protein is heterogeneous in human malignant cells under normoxic conditions. Cancer Lett. (2002) 181:233–238.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.