Novel antioxidant technology for prostate cancer chemoprevention and treatment

Bibliography

• KOVACIC P, JACINTHO J: Mechanisms of carcinogenesis: focus on oxidative stress and electron transfer. Cur. Med. Chem. (2001) 8(7):773-796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZANGAR R, DAVYDOV D, VERMA S: Mechanisms that regulate production of reactive oxygen species by cytochrome P450. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (2004) 199(3):316-331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWNLEE M: Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature (2001) 414(6865):813-820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YU T, ROBOTHAM J, YOON Y: Increased production of reactive oxygen species in hyperglycemic conditions requires dynamic change of mitochondrial morphology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2006) 103(8):2653-2658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHRADER M, FAHIMI HD: Mammalian peroxisomes and reactive oxygen species. Histochem. Cell Biol. (2004) 122(4):383-393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FELTY Q, XIONG W, SUN D: Estrogen-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as signal-transducing messengers. Biochem. (2005) 44(18):6900-6909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUN S, DONALD S, PHANG J: Testosterone and prostate specific antigen stimulate generation of reactive oxygen species in prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis (2001) 22(11):1775-1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOLK T, HENSEL M, SCHUSTER H et al.: Secretion of MCP-1 and IL-6 by cytokine stimulated production of reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells. Mol. Cell Biochem. (2000) 206(1-2):105-112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ITO K, INOUE S, HIRAKU Y et al.: Mechanism of site-specific DNA damage induced by ozone. Mutat. Res. (2005) 585(1-2):60-70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOTER K, WHITIN J, TORRES A et al.: Ozone exposure and the production of reactive oxygen species by bronchoalveolar cells in humans. Inhal. Toxicol. (2001) 13(6):465-483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COOK J, GIUS D, WINK D et al.: Oxidative stress, redox, and the tumor microenvironment. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. (2004) 14(3):259-266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARDILE V, BELLIA M, LOMBARDO L et al.: Distinct response to ionizing radiation of human prostate cell lines. Oncol. Rep. (2005) 14(4):981-985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLAUNIG J, XU Y, BACHOWSKI S et al.: Free-radical oxygen-induced changes in chemical carcinogenesis. In: Free Radical Toxicology. Wallace KB (Ed.), Taylor and Francis, London (1997): 375-400.
   Google Scholar
• SANDER C, CHANG H, HAMM F et al.: Role of oxidative stress and the antioxidant network in cutaneous carcinogenesis. Int. J. Derm. (2004) 43(5):326-335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORIARTY-CRAIGE S, JONES P: Extracellular thiols and thiol/disulfide redox in metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr. (2004) 24:481-509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOSLEN M: Reactive oxygen species in normal physiology, cell injury and phagocytosis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. (1994) 366:17-27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NEWMEYER D, FERGUSON-MILLER S: Mitochondria: releasing power for life and unleashing the machineries of death. Cell (2003) 112(4):481-490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH M, REID M: Redox modulation of contractile function in respiratory and limb skeletal muscle. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. (2006) 151(2-3):229-241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARAWAJEW L, RHEIN P, CZERWONY G et al.: Stress-induced activation of the p53 tumor suppressor in leukemia cells and normal lymphocytes requires mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species. Blood (2005) 105(12):4767-4775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FARACI F: Reactive oxygen species: influence on cerebral vascular tone. J. Appl. Physiol. (2006) 100(2):739-749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRUES A, BARRON E: Biochemistry of cancer. Annu. Rev. Biochem. (1951) 20:343-366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIES H: Oxidative stress: from basic research to clinical application. Am. J. Med. (1991) 91(3C):31S-38S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CEJAS P, CASADO E, BELDA-INIESTA C et al.: Implications of oxidative stress and cell membrane lipid peroxidation in human cancer. Cancer Causes Control (2004) 15(7):707-719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAROUT L, FRIGUET B: Proteasome function in aging and oxidative stress: implications in protein maintenance failure. Antioxid. Redox Signal. (2006) 8(1-2):205-216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARTSCH H, NAIR J: Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation-derived DNA-lesions in inflammation driven carcinogenesis. Cancer Detect. Prev. (2004) 28(6):385-391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KANG D, HAMASAKI N: Mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. (2003) 41(10):1281-1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARMAN D: Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol. (1956) 11(3):298-300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HARMAN D: Free radical theory of aging. Mutat. Res. (1992) 275(3-6):257-266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES P, MODY V, CARLSON J: Redox analysis of human plasma allows separation of pro-oxidant events of aging from decline in antioxidant defenses. Free Radic. Biol. Med. (2002) 33(9):1290-1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BETTERIDGE D: What is oxidative stress? Metabolism (2000) 49(2 Suppl. 1):3-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BECKMAN J, BECKMAN T, CHEN J et al.: Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric acid and superoxide. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87(4):1620-1624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PACKER M, PORTEOUS C, MURPHY M: Superoxide production by mitochondria in the presence of nitric oxide forms peroxynitrate. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. (1996) 40(3):527-534.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RADI R, BECKMAN J, BUSH K et al.: Peroxynitrite-induced membrane lipid peroxidation: the cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 288(2):481-487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPE B, BALLMAIER D, ROUSSYN I: DNA damage by peroxynitrite characterized with DNA repair enzymes. Nucl. Acids Res. (1996) 24(21):4105-4110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOUKI T, CADET J, AMES B: An adduct between peroxynitrate and 2´-doxyguanosine: 4,5-dihydro-5-hydroxy- 4-(nitrosooxy)-2´-deoxyguanosine. Chem. Res. Toxicol. (1996) 9:3-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JUEDES M, WOGAN G: Peroxynitrite-induced mutation spectra of pSP189 following replication in bacteria and in human cells. Mutat. Res. (1996) 349(1):51-61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIBUTANI S, TAKESHITA M, GROLLMAN A: Insertion of specific bases during DNA synthesis past the oxidation-damaged base 8-oxodG. Nature (1991) 349(6308):431-434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOD M, DIZDAROGLU M, GAZEWSKI E et al.: Mechanistic studies of ionizing radiation and oxidative mutagenesis: genetic effects of a single 8-hydroxyguanine (7-hydro-8-oxoguanine) residue inserted at a unique site in a viral genome. Biochemistry (1990) 29(30):7024-7032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPENCER J, WONG J, JENNER A et al.: Base modification and strand breakage in isolated calf thymus DNA and in DNA from human skin epidermal keratinocytes exposed to peroxynitrate or 3-morpholinosydnonimine. Chem. Res. Toxicol. (1996) 9(7):1152-1158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANDERVEEN L, HASHIM M, SHRY Y et al.: Induction of frameshift and base pair substitution mutations by the major DNA adduct of the endogenous carcinogen malondialdehyde. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(24):14247-14252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JEMAL A, SIEGAL R, WARD E et al.: Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. (2006) 56:106-130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NELSON G, DEMARZO A, ISAACS W: Prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 349(4):366-381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEMARZO A, MARCHI V, EPSTEIN J et al.: Proliferative inflammatory atrophy of the prostate, implications for prostate carcinogenesis. Am. J. Path. (1999) 155(6):1985-1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIN X, TASCILAR M, LEE W et al.: GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation is responsible for the absence of GSTP1 expression in human prostate cancer cells. Am. J. Path. (2001) 159(5):1815-1826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NELSON C, KIDD L, SAUVAGEOT J et al.: Protection against 2-hydrozyamino-1- methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine cytotoxicity and DNA adduct formation in human prostate by glutathione S-transferase P1. Can. Res. (2001) 61(1):103-109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XIA Y, ZWEIER J: Superoxide and peroxynitrate generation from inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1997) 94(13):6954-6958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EISERICH J, HRISTOVA M, CROSS C et al.: Formation of nitric oxide derived inflammatory oxidants by myeloperoxidase in neutrophils. Nature (1998) 391(6665):393-397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOWEN C, BUBENDORF L, VOELLER H et al.: Loss of Nkx3.1 expression in human prostate cancers correlates with tumor progression. Can. Res. (2000) 60(21):6111-6115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OUYANG X, DEWEESE T, NELSON W et al.: Loss-of-function of Nkx3.1 promotes increased oxidative damage in prostate carcinogenesis. Can. Res. (2005) 65(15):6773-6779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUZUKI H, FREIJE D, NUSSKERN D et al.: Interfocal heterogeneity of PTEN/MMAC1 gene alterations in multiple metastatic prostate cancer tissues. Can. Res. (1998) 58(2):204-209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAMASWAMY S, NAKAMURA N, VAZQUEZ F et al.: Regulation of G1 progression by the PTEN tumor suppressor protein is linked to inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96(5):2110-2115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUO Y, SKLAR G, BORKOWSKI A et al.: Loss of the cyclin-dependant kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) protein in human prostate cancer correlates with tumor grade. Clin. Can. Res. (1997) 3(12 Part 1):2269-2274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARCELLI M, ITTMANN M, MARIANI S et al.: Androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. (2000) 60(4):944-949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAPLIN M, BUBLEY G, SHUSTER T et al.: Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 332(21):1393-1398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLAUNIG J, KAMENDULIS L: The role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. (2004) 44:239-267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PATHAK S, SHARMA R, STEWARD W et al.: Oxidative stress and cyclooxygenase activity in prostate carcinogenesis: targets for chemopreventative strategies. Eur. J. Can. 41(1):61-70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROUSSYN I, BRIVIBA K, MASUMOTO H et al.: Selenium-containing compounds protect DNA from single strand breaks caused by peroxynitrite. Arch. Biochem. and Biophy. (1996) 330(1):216-218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THE α-TOCOPHEROL, β-CAROTENE CANCER PREVENTION STUDY GROUP: The effect of vitamin E and β-carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N. Engl. J. Med. (1994) 330(15):1029-1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARK L, COMBS G, TURNBULL B et al.; NUTRITIONAL PREVENTION OF CANCER STUDY GROUP: Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA (1996) 276(24):1957-1963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARK L, DALKIN B, KRONGRAD A et al.: Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial. Br. J. Urol. (1998) 81(5):730-734.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DUFFIELD-LILLICO A, DALKIN B, REID M et al.: Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: an analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention Cancer Trial. BJU Int. (2003) 91(7):608-612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HENNEKENS C, BURING J, MANSON J et al.: Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with β-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (1996) 334(18):1145-1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COOK N, STAMPFER M, MA J et al.: β-Carotene supplementation for patients with low baseline levels and decreased risks of total and prostate cancer. Cancer (1999) 86(9):1783-1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GANN P, MA J, GIOVANNUCCI E et al.: Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis. Can. Res. (1999) 59(6):1225-1230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIOVANNUCCI E, ASCHERIO A, RIMM E et al.: Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1995) 87:1767-1776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIOVANNUCCI E, RIMM E, LIU Y et al.: A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (2002) 94(5):391-398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEART PROTECTION COLLABORATIVE GROUP: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. (2002) 360(9326):23-33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THE HEART OUTCOMES PREVENTION EVALUATION STUDY INVESTIGATORS: Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342(3):145-153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIRSH V, HAYES R, MAYNE S et al.: Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, β-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk. J. Natl. Can. Inst. (2006) 98(4):245-254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHRISTEN W, GAZIANO J, HENNEKENS C: Design of Physicians’ Health Study II – a randomized trial of β-carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease and eye disease, and review of results of completed trials. Ann. Epidemiol. (2000) 10(2):125-134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIPPMAN S, GOODMAN P, KLEIN E et al.: Designing the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (2005) 97(2):94-102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURTON G, TRABER M: Vitamin E: antioxidant activity, biokinetics and bioavailability. Annu. Rev. Nutr. (1990) 10:357-382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THOMPSON T, WILDING G: Androgen antagonist activity by the antioxidant moiety of vitamin E, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol in human prostate carcinoma cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2003) 2(8):797-803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PACE A, SAVARESE A, PICARDO M et al.: Neuroprotective effect of vitamin E supplementation in patients treated with cisplatin chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21(5):927-931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEONETTI C, BIROCCIO A, GABELLINI C et al.: α-Tocopherol protects against cisplatin-induced toxicity without interfering with antitumor efficacy. Int. J. Cancer (2003) 104(2):243-250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FETONI A, SERGI B, FARRARESI A: Protective effects of α-tocopherol and tiopronin against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Acta. Otolaryngol. (2004) 124(4):421-426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WU Y, ZU K, NI J et al.: Cellular and molecular effects of α-tocopheryloxybutyrate: lessons for the design of vitamin E analog for cancer prevention. Anti-cancer Res. (2004) 24(6):3795-3802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALLI F, STABILE A, BETTI M et al.: The effect of α- and γ-tocopherol and their carboxyethyl hydroxychroman metabolites on prostate cancer cell proliferation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (2004) 423:97-102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VRAKA P, DROUZA C, RIKKOU M et al.: Synthesis and study of the cancer cell growth inhibitory properties of α-, γ-tocopheryl and γ-tocotrienyl 2-phenylselenyl succinates. Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2006) 14(8):2684-2696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISRAEL K, SANDERS B, KLINE K.: RRR-α-tocopheryl succinate inhibits the proliferation of human prostatic tumor cells with defective cell cycle/differentiation. Nutr. Cancer. (1995) 24(2):161-169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIPPLE M, HAGOPIAN K, OBERLEY T et al.: Androgen-induced oxidative stress in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells is associated with multiple mitochondrial modifications. Antioxid. Redox Signal. (1999) 1(1):71-81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISRAEL K, YU W, SANDERS B et al.: Vitamin E succinate induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: role for Fas in vitamin E succinate-triggered apoptosis. Nutr. Cancer. (2000) 36(1):90-100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZU K, HAWTHORN L, IP C: Up-regulation of c-jun-NH2-kinase pathway contributes to the induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by α-tocopheryl succinate in human prostate cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Therap. (2005) 4(1):43-50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIAU C, HUANG J, WANG D et al.: α-Tocopheryl succinate induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in part through inhibition of Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 function. J. Biol. Chem. (2006) 281(17):11819-11825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHANG M, ALTUWAIJRI S, YEH S: RRR-α-tocopheryl succinate inhibits human prostate cancer cell invasiveness. Oncogene (2004) 23:3080-3088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VENKATESWARAN V, FLESHNER N, KLOTZ L: Modulation of cell proliferation and cell cycle regulators by vitamin E in human prostate carcinoma cell lines. J. Urol. (2002) 268(4 Pt 12):1578-1582.
   Google Scholar
• NI J, CHEN M, ZHANG Y et al.: Vitamin E succinate inhibits human prostate cancer cell growth via modulation of cell cycle regulatory machinery. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2003) 300:357-363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALAFA M, FOKUM F, ANDOH J et al.: Vitamin E succinate suppresses prostate cancer tumor growth by inducing apoptosis. Int. J. Cancer. (2006) 118:2441-2447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHANG Y, NI J, MESSING E et al.: Vitamin E succinate inhibits the function of androgen receptor and the expression of prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(11):7408-7413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOTAKE-NARA E, KUSHIRO M, ZHANG H et al.: Carotenoids affect proliferation of human prostate cancer cells. J. Nutr. (2001) 131(12):3303-3306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPPOUSHI K, ITO H, HORIE H et al.: Mechanism of inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced oxidation and nitration by [6]-gingerol. Planta. Med. (2005) 71(6):563-566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUHRMAN B, ROSENBLAT M, HAYEK T et al.: Ginger extract consumption reduces plasma cholesterol, inhibits LDL oxidation and attenuates development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerotic, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Nutr. (2000) 130(5):1124-1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AESCHBACH R, LOLIGER J, SCOTT B et al.: Antioxidant actions of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol, zingerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food Chem. Toxicol. (1994) 32(1):31-36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHUNG W, JUNG Y, SURH Y et al.: Antioxidative and antitumor promoting effects of 6-paradol and its homologs. Mut. Res. (2001) 496(1-2):199-206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SURH Y: Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of selected dietary and medicinal phenolic substances. Mutat. Res. (1999) 428(1-2):305-327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WU W, LIN J, WU F et al.: Differential induction of c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes and AP-1 activity by tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate in cells at different stages of tumor promotion in vitro. Oncogene (1992) 7(11):2287-2294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEAL P, BRAGA M, SATO D et al.: Functional properties of spice extracts obtained via supercritical fluid extraction. J. Agric. Food Chem. (2003) 51(9):2520-2525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BODE A, MA W, SURH Y et al.: Inhibition of epidermal growth factor-induced cell transformation and activator protein 1 activation by 6-gingerol. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(3):850-853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEUM Y, KIM J, LEE K et al.: Induction of apoptosis and caspase-3 activation by chemopreventive 6-paradol and structurally related compounds in KB cells. Cancer Lett. (2002) 177(1):41-47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE E, SURH Y: Induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells by pungent vanilloids, 6-gingerol and 6-paradol. Cancer Lett. (1998) 134(2):163-168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILNER J, MCDONALD S, ANDERSON D et al.: Molecular targets for nutrients involved with cancer prevention. Nutr. Cancer (2001) 41(1-2):1-16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JANG M, CAI L, UDEANI G et al.: Cancer chemopreventative activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science (1997) 275(10):218-220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RATAN H, STEWARD W, GESCHER A et al.: Resveratrol – a prostate cancer chemopreventative agent? Urol. Oncol. (2002) 7(6):223-227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CULIG Z, KLOCKER H, BARTSCH G et al.: Androgen receptors in prostate cancer. Endo. Rel. Cancer. (2002) 9(3)155-170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEWART J, ARTIME M, O’BRIAN C: Resveratrol: a candidate nutritional substance for prostate cancer prevention. Nutr. Gen. Cancer Proc. (2003) 133(7 Suppl):2440S-2443S.
   Google Scholar
• AZIZ M, KUMAR R, AHMAD N: Cancer chemoprevention by resveratrol: in vitro and in vivo studies and the underlying mechanisms (review). Int. J. Oncol. (2003) 23(1):17-28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PETTIT G, GREALISH M, JUNG M et al.: Antineoplastic agents. 465. Structural modification of resveratrol: sodium resverstatin phosphate. J. Med. Chem. (2002) 45(12):2534-2542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar