References to Primary Literature
- LEVIN RC, KLEVORICK AK, NELSON RR, WINTER SG: Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (1987) 3:783–831.
- OECD: Biotechnology, agriculture and food. Committee for Scientific and Technology Policy OECD, Paris (1991):61.
- THOMAS SM, KIMURA K, BURKE JF: Patenting of recom-binant proteins: an analysis of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in Europe, the United States andJapan. Research Policy (1995) 24:645–663.
- GREEN 11E, DUET BJ: Disputes of monoclonal antibodies. Nature (1990) 347:117–118.
- OFFICE OF TECIINOLOGY ASSESSMENT: Biotechnology in a Global Economy. OTA, Congress of the United States, Washington DC (1991).
- SHARP M, PATE, P: Europe's pharmaceutical industry: an innovation profile. STEEP Discussion Paper No. 34. SPRU University of Sussex (1996).
- PAVITT K: Uses and abuses of patent statistics. In: Hand-book of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology. van Raan A (Ed.), North-Holland, Amsterdam (1988).
- GRIII CI IESPatent statistics as economic indicators. Journal of Economic Literature (1990) 28.
- PATE. P, PAVITT K: Patterns of technological activity: their measurement and interpretation. In: Handbook of Economics of Innovation and Technical Change Stoneman P (Ed.), Blackwells, Oxford (1995).
- THOMAS SM, DAVIES ARW, BIRTWI IISTLE NJ, CROWTHER SM, I3URKE JF: Ownership of the human genome. Nature (1996) 380:387–388.
- DII3NER M: Biotechnology in the US biotechnology industry. The Institute for Biotechnology Information, North Carolina (1995).
- MERGES R, NELSON R: On limiting or encouraging ri-valry in technical progress: the effect of patent scope decisions. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisa-tion (1994) 25:1–24.
- MOSS G, COHEN S: Patents in the public interest. Nature (1994) 372:814.
- EDGINGTON 5: End of biotechnology era BioTechnology (1995) 13:1152–1153.
- GLASER V: Lilly and Millenium cut the genome cake a new way. Biolechnology (1995) 13:1149–1150.
- MARTIN P. THOMAS S: The development of gene therapy in Europe and the United States: a comparative analysis. STEEP Special Report No.4. SPRU, University of Sussex (1996.)
- SHARP M: Biotechnology: watching and waiting. In: Europe and the New Technologies. Sharp M (Ed.), Pinter Publishers, London (1995) Chapter 6.
- SENKER J, BINOIT-JOLY, RIIINIIARD M: Overseas biotech-nology research by europe an chemical/pharmaceutical multinationals: rationale and implications. STEEP Dis-cussion Paper No.33. SPRU, University of Sussex (1996).
- Intellectual Property Task Force Report (1995). ALLEA (All European Academies), London (June 1996).
- The Prepared Mind. CBI (Confederation of British Industry), London (1996).