Targeting silibinin in the antiproliferative pathway

Bibliography

• Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000;100:57-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009;59:225-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins CF. Multiple molecular mechanisms for multidrug resistance transporters. Nature 2007;446:749-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surh YJ. Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3:768-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur M, Agarwal R. Silymarin and epithelial cancer chemoprevention: how close we are to bedside? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007;224:350-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazak R, Walterova D, Kren V. Silybin and silymarin – new and emerging applications in medicine. Curr Med Chem 2007;14:315-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saller R, Meier R, Brignoli R. The use of silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases. Drugs 2001;61:2035-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flora K, Hahn M, Rosen H, Benner K. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:139-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Agarwal R. Mechanisms and preclinical efficacy of silibinin in preventing skin cancer. Eur J Cancer 2005;41:1969-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramasamy K, Agarwal R. Multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin. Cancer Lett 2008;269:352-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, Agarwal C, Ichikawa H, Anticancer potential of silymarin: from bench to bed side. Anticancer Res 2006;26:4457-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Agarwal R. Prostate cancer prevention by silibinin. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2004;4:1-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hail N Jr. Mitochondria: a novel target for the chemoprevention of cancer. Apoptosis 2005;10:687-705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Agarwal R. Prostate cancer chemoprevention by silibinin: bench to bedside. Mol Carcinog 2006;45:436-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Agarwal R. A cancer chemopreventive agent silibinin, targets mitogenic and survival signaling in prostate cancer. Mutat Res 2004;555:21-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Raina K, Deep G, Silibinin suppresses growth of human prostate carcinoma PC-3 orthotopic xenograft via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and inhibition of signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:613-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu KJ, Zeng J, Zhu GD, Silibinin inhibits prostate cancer invasion, motility and migration by suppressing vimentin and MMP-2 expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009;30:1162-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Raina K, Sharma G, Agarwal R. Silibinin inhibits established prostate tumor growth, progression, invasion, and metastasis and suppresses tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model mice. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:7773-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raina K, Blouin MJ, Singh RP, Dietary feeding of silibinin inhibits prostate tumor growth and progression in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model. Cancer Res 2007;67:11083-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CJ, Sukarieh R, Pelletier J. Silibinin inhibits translation initiation: implications for anticancer therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8:1606-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Choi JH, Lim HI, Silibinin prevents TPA-induced MMP-9 expression and VEGF secretion by inactivation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Phytomedicine 2009;16:573-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi AK, Agarwal C, Chan DC, Agarwal R. Synergistic anti-cancer effects of silibinin with conventional cytotoxic agents doxorubicin, cisplatin and carboplatin against human breast carcinoma MCF-7 and MDA-MB468 cells. Oncol Rep 2004;11:493-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu M, Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Silibinin inhibits inflammatory and angiogenic attributes in photocarcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice. Cancer Res 2007;67:3483-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Tyagi AK, Zhao J, Agarwal R. Silymarin inhibits growth and causes regression of established skin tumors in SENCAR mice via modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and induction of apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 2002;23:499-510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur M, Velmurugan B, Tyagi A, Silibinin suppresses growth and induces apoptotic death of human colorectal carcinoma LoVo cells in culture and tumor xenograft. Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8:2366-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh RP, Gu M, Agarwal R. Silibinin inhibits colorectal cancer growth by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2008;68:2043-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan FS, Krishnegowda NK, Mikhailova M, Kahlenberg MS. Flavonoid, silibinin, inhibits proliferation and promotes cell-cycle arrest of human colon cancer. J Surg Res 2007;143:58-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal C, Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Silibinin upregulates the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. Oncogene 2003;22:8271-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi A, Singh RP, Ramasamy K, Growth inhibition and regression of lung tumors by silibinin: modulation of angiogenesis by macrophage-associated cytokines and nuclear factor-kappaB and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) 2009;2:74-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Deep G, Chittezhath M, Effect of silibinin on the growth and progression of primary lung tumors in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98:846-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu SC, Chiou HL, Chen PN, Silibinin inhibits the invasion of human lung cancer cells via decreased productions of urokinase-plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Mol Carcinog 2004;40:143-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Gao Y, Zhang L, Silibinin inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis by caspase activation, down-regulating survivin and blocking EGFR-ERK activation in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2008;272:61-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung CW, Taylor PJ, Kirkpatrick CM, Therapeutic value of orally administered silibinin in renal cell carcinoma: manipulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels. BJU Int 2007;100:438-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung CW, Vesey DA, Nicol DL, Johnson DW. Silibinin inhibits renal cell carcinoma via mechanisms that are independent of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3. BJU Int 2007;99:454-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Tyagi A, Sharma G, Oral silibinin inhibits in vivo human bladder tumor xenograft growth involving down-regulation of survivin. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:300-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi A, Raina K, Singh RP, Chemopreventive effects of silymarin and silibinin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis in male ICR mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6:3248-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi A, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin activates p53-caspase 2 pathway and causes caspase-mediated cleavage of Cip1/p21 in apoptosis induction in bladder transitional-cell papilloma RT4 cells: evidence for a regulatory loop between p53 and caspase 2. Carcinogenesis 2006;27:2269-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi A, Agarwal C, Harrison G, Silibinin causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cells by regulating CDKI-CDK-cyclin cascade, and caspase 3 and PARP cleavages. Carcinogenesis 2004;25:1711-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi AK, Agarwal C, Singh RP, Silibinin down-regulates survivin protein and mRNA expression and causes caspases activation and apoptosis in human bladder transitional-cell papilloma RT4 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;312:1178-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotter TG. Apoptosis and cancer: the genesis of a research field. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9:501-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlessinger J, Lemmon MA. Nuclear signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases: the first robin of spring. Cell 2006;127:45-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard SR, Miller WT. Receptor tyrosine kinases: mechanisms of activation and signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007;19:117-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gschwind A, Fischer OM, Ullrich A. The discovery of receptor tyrosine kinases: targets for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:361-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwick E, Bange J, Ullrich A. Receptor tyrosine kinases as targets for anticancer drugs. Trends Mol Med 2002;8:17-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teillet F, Boumendjel A, Boutonnat J, Ronot X. Flavonoids as RTK inhibitors and potential anticancer agents. Med Res Rev 2008;28:715-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korutla L, Kumar R. Inhibitory effect of curcumin on epidermal growth factor receptor kinase activity in A431 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994;1224:597-600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopper-Borge EA, Nasto RE, Ratushny V, Mechanisms of tumor resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009;13:339-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma Y, Agarwal C, Singh AK, Agarwal R. Inhibitory effect of silibinin on ligand binding to erbB1 and associated mitogenic signaling, growth, and DNA synthesis in advanced human prostate carcinoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2001;30:224-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi A, Sharma Y, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin impairs constitutively active TGFalpha-EGFR autocrine loop in advanced human prostate carcinoma cells. Pharm Res 2008;25:2143-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi L, Singh RP, Lu Y, Epidermal growth factor receptor mediates silibinin-induced cytotoxicity in a rat glioma cell line. Cancer Biol Ther 2003;2:526-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak M. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling in neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:915-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Sharma G, Dhanalakshmi S, Suppression of advanced human prostate tumor growth in athymic mice by silibinin feeding is associated with reduced cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:933-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Tyagi AK, Dietary feeding of silibinin inhibits advance human prostate carcinoma growth in athymic nude mice and increases plasma insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels. Cancer Res 2002;62:3063-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HJ, Tashiro S, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signaling enhanced silibinin-induced activation of death receptor and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2008;107:260-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klampfer L. Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs): novel targets of chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic drugs. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2006;6:107-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkson J. STAT proteins as novel targets for cancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2004;8:409-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buettner R, Mora LB, Jove R. Activated STAT signaling in human tumors provides novel molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:945-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal C, Tyagi A, Kaur M, Agarwal R. Silibinin inhibits constitutive activation of Stat3, and causes caspase activation and apoptotic death of human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. Carcinogenesis 2007;28:1463-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi A, Singh RP, Ramasamy K, Growth inhibition and regression of lung tumors by silibinin: modulation of angiogenesis by macrophage-associated cytokines and nuclear factor-kappaB and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3. Cancer Prev Res (Phila PA) 2009;2:74-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu ML, Kyprianou N. Androgen receptor and growth factor signaling cross-talk in prostate cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008;15:841-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinlein CA, Chang C. Androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Endocr Rev 2004;25:276-308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu Y, Altuwaijri S, Lai KP, Androgen receptor is a tumor suppressor and proliferator in prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:12182-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash AF, Melezinek I. The role of prostate specific antigen measurement in the detection and management of prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2000;7:37-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zi X, Agarwal R. Silibinin decreases prostate-specific antigen with cell growth inhibition via G1 arrest, leading to differentiation of prostate carcinoma cells: implications for prostate cancer intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:7490-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu W, Zhang JS, Young CY. Silymarin inhibits function of the androgen receptor by reducing nuclear localization of the receptor in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Carcinogenesis 2001;22:1399-403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelen P, Wuttke W, Jarry H, Inhibition of telomerase activity and secretion of prostate specific antigen by silibinin in prostate cancer cells. J Urol 2004;171:1934-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown M, Cohen J, Arun P, NF-kappa-B in carcinoma therapy and prevention. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008;12:1109-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn KS, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB. Nuclear factor-kappa B: from clone to clinic. Curr Mol Med 2007;7:619-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naugler WE, Karin M. NF-kappa-B and cancer-identifying targets and mechanisms. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008;18:19-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Waes C. Nuclear factor-kappa-B in development, prevention, and therapy of cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:1076-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin M, Cao Y, Greten FR, Li ZW. NF-kappa-B in cancer: from innocent bystander to major culprit. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:301-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhanalakshmi S, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin inhibits constitutive and TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappa-B and sensitizes human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2002;21:1759-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo HG, Jung SN, Hwang YS, Involvement of NF-kappa-B and caspases in silibinin-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2004;13:81-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin strongly inhibits growth and survival of human endothelial cells via cell cycle arrest and downregulation of survivin, Akt and NF-kappaB: implications for angioprevention and antiangiogenic therapy. Oncogene 2005;24:1188-202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui W, Gu F, Hu KQ. Effects and mechanisms of silibinin on human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:1943-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malumbres M, Barbacid M. Cell cycle, CDKs and cancer: a changing paradigm. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9:153-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutros R, Lobjois V, Ducommun B. CDC25 phosphatases in cancer cells: key players? Good targets? Nat Rev Cancer 2007;7:495-507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastan MB, Bartek J. Cell-cycle checkpoints and cancer. Nature 2004;432:316-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapenna S, Giordano A. Cell cycle kinases as therapeutic targets for cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009;8:547-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz GK, Shah MA. Targeting the cell cycle: a new approach to cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:9408-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deep G, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Silymarin and silibinin cause G1 and G2-M cell cycle arrest via distinct circuitries in human prostate cancer PC3 cells: a comparison of flavanone silibinin with flavanolignan mixture silymarin. Oncogene 2006;25:1053-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson WH, Cai J, Jones DP. Diet and apoptosis. Annu Rev Nutr 2000;20:485-505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghobrial IM, Witzig TE, Adjei AA. Targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer therapy. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:178-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Son YG, Kim EH, Kim JY, Silibinin sensitizes human glioma cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via DR5 up-regulation and down-regulation of c-FLIP and survivin. Cancer Res 2007;67:8274-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang MH, Reynolds CP. Bcl-2 inhibitors: targeting mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:1126-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter AM, LaCasse EC, Korneluk RG. The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) as cancer targets. Apoptosis 2007;12:1543-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altieri DC. Validating survivin as a cancer therapeutic target. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3:46-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy MJ, O'Donovan N, Brennan DJ, Survivin: a promising tumor biomarker. Cancer Lett 2007;249:49-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S. Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2006;71:1397-421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Deep G, Blouin MJ, Silibinin suppresses in vivo growth of human prostate carcinoma PC-3 tumor xenograft. Carcinogenesis 2007;28:2567-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang CI, Paik SY, Sun DI, Cell growth inhibition and down-regulation of survivin by silibinin in a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2008;117:781-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Agarwal R. Tissue distribution of silibinin, the major active constituent of silymarin, in mice and its association with enhancement of phase II enzymes: implications in cancer chemoprevention. Carcinogenesis 1999;20:2101-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd P, Head K. A review of the bioavailability and clinical efficacy of milk thistle phytosome: a silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (Siliphos). Altern Med Rev 2005;10:193-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoh C, Boocock D, Marczylo T, Pilot study of oral silibinin, a putative chemopreventive agent, in colorectal cancer patients: silibinin levels in plasma, colorectum, and liver and their pharmacodynamic consequences. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:2944-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaig TW, Gustafson DL, Su LJ, A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of silybin-phytosome in prostate cancer patients. Invest New Drugs 2007;25:139-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenlee H, Abascal K, Yarnell E, Ladas E. Clinical applications of Silybum marianum in oncology. Integr Cancer Ther 2007;6:158-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman MR, Hursting SD, Umar A, Barrett JC. Nutrition and cancer prevention: a multidisciplinary perspective on human trials. Annu Rev Nutr 2004;24:223-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar FH, Li Y. Using chemopreventive agents to enhance the efficacy of cancer therapy. Cancer Res 2006;66:3347-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raina K, Agarwal R. Combinatorial strategies for cancer eradication by silibinin and cytotoxic agents: efficacy and mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007;28:1466-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar