155
Views
56
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Agents and strategies in development for improved management of herpes simplex virus infection and disease

Pages 135-161 | Published online: 22 Apr 2005

Bibliography

  • KNIPE DM, HOWLEY PM: Fields (4th Edition). Lippincott Williams& Wilkins, Philadelphia PA, USA (2001).
  • •The reference book.
  • MALKIN JE: Epidemiology of genital herpes simplex virus infection in developed countries. Herpes (2004) 11 (Suppl. 1):2A–23A.
  • WEISS H: Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the developing world. Herpes (2004) 11 (Suppl. 1):24A–35A.
  • PEBODY RG, ANDREWS N, BROWN D et al.: The seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in Europe. Sex. Transin. Infect. (2004) 80(3):185–191.
  • LEONE P, FLEMING DT, AW, LI L, JUSTUS S: Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus-2 in suburban primary care offices in the United States. Sex. Transin. Dis. (2004) 31(5):311–316.
  • SOLOMON L, CANNON MJ, M, GRABER JM, NT, REEVES WC: Task Force on Herpes Simplex Virus Resistance. Epidemiology of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. Sex. Transin. Infect. (2003) 79(6):456–459.
  • SMITH JS, ROBINSON NJ: Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review. ./. Infect. Dis. (2002) 186\(Suppl. 1):S3–S28.
  • SPEAR PG: Herpes simplex virus: receptors and ligands for viral entry. Cell Microbiol (2004) 6(5):401–410.
  • SACKS SL, GRIFFITHS PD, COREY L et al.: HSV shedding. Antiviral Res. (2004) 63\(Suppl. 1):519–526.
  • USTACELEBI S: Diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections. ./. Clin. Virol (2001) 21(3):255–259.
  • STRICK L, WALD A: Type-specific testing for herpes simplex virus. Expert Rev Mol. Diagn. (2004) 4(4):443–53.
  • LANGENBERG A: Interrupting herpes simplex virus type 2 transmission: the role of condoms and microbicides. Herpes (2004) (Suppl. 3):147A–54A.
  • ZEITLIN L, WHALEY KJ: Microbicides for preventing transmission of genital herpes. Herpes (2002) 9(1):4–9.
  • •A thorough review of microbicides.
  • STANBERRY LR: Clinical trials of and therapeutic herpes simplex virus vaccines. Herpes (2004) 11 (Suppl. 3):161A–169A.
  • •Discussing the objectives of vaccines against herpes.
  • STRAUS SE, WALD A, KOST RG et al: Immunotherapy of recurrent genital herpes with recombinant herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoproteins D and B: results of a placebo-controlled vaccine trial. I. Infect. Dis. (1997) 176(5):1129–1134.
  • STRAUS SE, COREY L, BURKE RL et al.: Placebo-controlled trial of vaccination with recombinant glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 for immunotherapy of genital herpes. Lancet (1994) 343(8911):1460–1463.
  • VANDEPAPELIERE P: Therapeutic vaccination against chronic viral infections. Lancet Infect Dis. (2002) 2(6):353–367.
  • JONES CA, CUNNINGHAM AL: Vaccination strategies to prevent genital herpes and neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease. Herpes (2004) 11(1):12–17.
  • TOKA FN, PACK CD, ROUSE BT: Molecular adjuvants for mucosal immunity. Iminunol. Rev (2004) 199:100–112.
  • WHITLEY RJ: Herpes simplex vaccines in: New generation vaccines Ord Edition" MM Levine, JB Kaper, R Rappuoli, MA Liu, MF Good (Eds), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, USA (2004).
  • STANBERRY LR: Prophylactic vaccines. In: Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Vaccines, Prevention and Control. Lawrence R Stanberry, David I Bernstein (Eds), Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA (2000).
  • COREY L, LANGENBERG AG, ASHLEY R et al.: Recombinant glycoprotein vaccine for the prevention of genital HSV-2 infection: two randomized controlled trials. Chiron HSV Vaccine Study Group. "AMA (1999) 282(4):331–40.
  • STANBERRY LR, SPRUANCE SL, CUNNINGHAM AL et al.: Glycoprotein-D-adjuvant vaccine to prevent genital. N Engl. I Med. (2002) 347(21):1652–1661.
  • EO SK, PACK C, KUMARAGURU U, ROUSE BT: Optimisation of DNA vaccines for the prophylaxis and modulation of herpes simplex virus infections. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. (2001) 1(2):213–225.
  • VAZQUEZ M: Varicella zoster virus infections in children after the introduction of live attenuated varicella vaccine. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. (2004) 16(1):80–84.
  • RENTIER B, GERSHON AA: European Working Group on Varicella. Consensus: varicella vaccination of healthy children - a challenge for Europe. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. I (2004) 23(5):379–389.
  • FAVOREEL HW, NAUWYNCK HJ, PENSAERT MB: Immunological hiding of herpesvirus-infected cells. Arch. Vita (2000) 145(7):1269–1290.
  • KOELLE DM, COREY L: Recent progress in herpes simplex virus immunobiology and vaccine research. Clin. Microbiol. Rev (2003) 16(1):96–113.
  • POLLARA G, KATZ DR, CHAIN BM: The host response to herpes simplex virus infection. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. (2004) 17(3):199–203.
  • TRAN H, MORENO G, SHUMACK S: Imiquimod as a dermatological therapy. Expert Opin. Pharinacother. (2004) 5(2):427–438.
  • JURK M, HEIL F, VOLLMER J et al: Human TLR7 or TLR8 independently confer responsiveness to the antiviral compound R-848. Nat. Inununol. (2002) 3(6)499.
  • HEMMI H, KAISHO T, TAKEUCHI 0 et al.: Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Nat. Inununol. (2002) 3(2):196–200.
  • SAUDER DN, SMITH MH, SENTA-McMILLIAN T, SORIA I, MENG TC: Randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study of topical application of the immune response modulator resiquimod in healthy adults. Antlinicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(12):3846–3852.
  • JONES T: Resiquimod 3M. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs (2003) 4(2):214–218.
  • MASTROLORENZO A, TIRADRITTI L, SALIMBENI L, ZUCCATI G: Multicentre clinical trial with herpes simplex virus vaccine in recurrent herpes infection. Int. STD AIDS (1995) 6:431–435.
  • CARR JA, ROGERSON J, MJ, ROBERTS NA, BOOTH RF: Interleukin-12 exhibits potent antiviral activity in experimental infections.Virol. (1997) 71(10):7799–7803.
  • HUKKANEN V, BROBERG E, SALMI A, ERALINNA JP: Cytokines in experimental herpes simplex virus infection. Int. Rev Iminunol. (2002) 21(4-5):355–371.
  • SYED TA, AHMADPOUR OA, SA, AHMAD SH: Human leukocyte interferon-alpha in a hydrophilic cream versus in a gel for the treatment of genital herpes in males: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, comparative study. J. Dermatol. (1997) 24(9):564–568.
  • VOLLSTEDT S, ARNOLD S, C et al.: Interplay between alpha/beta and gamma interferons with B, T, and natural killer cells in the defense against herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Vita (2004) 78(8):3846–3850.
  • KATZE MG, HEY, GALE M JR: Viruses and interferon: a fight for supremacy. Nat. Rev Iminunol. (2002) 2(9):675–87.
  • HARANDI AM:The potential of immunostimulatory CpG DNA for inducing immunity against genital herpes: opportunities and challenges. I Clin. Virol. (20 0 4)30 (3) :207–210 .
  • ULEVITCH RJ: Therapeutics targeting the innate immune system. Nat. Rev Inununol. (2004) 4(7):512–20.
  • KAUFMAN HE: Clinical cure of herpes simplex keratitis by 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1962) 109:251–252.
  • KAUFMAN HE, HEIDELBERGER C: Therapeutic antiviral action of 5-trifluoromethy1-2'-deoxyuridine. Science (1964) 145:585–586.
  • WHITLEY RJ, SOONG SJ, DOLIN R, GALASSO GJ, CHIEN LT, ALFORD CA: Adenine arabinoside therapy of biopsy-proved herpes simplex encephalitis. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases collaborative antiviral study. New England Med. (1977) 297:289–294.
  • ELION GB, FURMAN PA, FYFE JA, DE MIRANDA P, BEAUCHAMP L, SCHAEFFER HJ: The selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine. Proc. Nati Acad. Li. USA (1977) 74:5716–5720.
  • SCHAEFFER HJ, BEAUCHAMP L, DE MIRANDA P, ELION GB, BAUER DJ, P: 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine activity against viruses of the herpes group. Nature (1978) 272(5654):583–585. Landmark paper on antiviral research.
  • O'BRIEN JJ, CAMPOLI- DM: Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs (1989) 37(3):233–309.
  • WHITLEY RJ, GNANN JW JR: Acyclovir: a decade later. N Engl. J. Med. (1992) 327(10:782–789.
  • BEUTNER KR: Valacyclovir: a review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical efficacy. Antiviral Res. (1995) 28(4):281–290.
  • PERRY CM, FAULDS D: Valaciclovir. A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in herpesvirus infections. Drugs (1996) 52(5):754–772.
  • BELL AR: Valaciclovir update. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. (1999) 458:149–157.
  • JARVEST RL, SUTTON D, HODGE RA: Famciclovir. Discovery and development of a novel antiherpesvirus agent. Pharm. Biotechnol (1998) 11:313–343.
  • SACKS SL, WILSON B: Famciclovir/ penciclovir. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. (1999) 458:135–147.
  • BERG B: Antiviral effects of phosphonoformate (PFA, foscarnet sodium). Pharmac. Ther. (1989) 40:213–285.
  • WAGSTAFF AJ, BRYSON HM: Foscarnet. A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with viral infections. Drugs (1994) 48(2):199–226.
  • RABASSEDA X: Brivudine: a herpes virostatic with rapid antiviral activity and once-daily dosing. Drugs Today (2003) 39(5):359–371.
  • WHITLEY RJ, ROIZMANN B: Herpes simplex virus infections. Lancet (2001) 357(9267):1513–1518.
  • •An up-to-date review of herpes therapy.
  • KIMBERLIN DW: Neonatal herpes simplex infection. Clin. Microbiol Rev (2004) 17(1):1–13.
  • KIMBERLIN DW, ROUSE DJ: Clinical practice. Genital herpes. N Engl. I Med. (2004) 350(19):1970–1977.
  • KLEYMANN G: Antiviral treatment. In: Herpes Simplex Viruses. M Studahl, P Cinque, T Bergstrom (Eds). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA (In press).
  • STANBERRY L, CUNNINGHAM A, MERTZ G et al: New developments in the epidemiology, natural history and management of genital herpes. Antiviral Res. (1999) 42(1):1–14.
  • FIELD H, DE CLERCQ E: Antiviral Drugs - a short history of antiviral discovery and development. Microbiology Today (2004) (In press).
  • ROIZMAN B, WHITLEY RJ: The nine ages of herpes simplex virus. Herpes (2001) 8(1):23–27.
  • ANASTASI C, QUELEVER G, BURLET S, GARINO C, SOUARD F, KRAUS JL: New antiviral nucleoside prodrugs await application. Curr. Med. Chem. (2003) 10(18):1825–1843.
  • GORDON YJ: The evolution of antiviral therapy for external ocular viral infections over twenty-five years. Cornea (2000) 19(5):673–680.
  • KAUFMAN HE: Treatment of viral diseases of the cornea and external eye. Frog. Retin. Eye Res. (2000) 19(1):69–85.
  • BARNARD DL: Genvir (Flamel Technologies). Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs (2001) 2(5):622–623.
  • ALBIN R, CHASER, RISANO C et al: SCH 43478 and analogs: in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of novel agents for herpesvirus type 2. Antiviral Res. (1997) 35(3):139–146.
  • DANVE-SZATANEK C, AYMARD M, THOU VENOT D et al: Surveillance network for herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs: 3-year follow-up. I Clin. Microbiol (2004) 42(1):242–249.
  • CHILUKURI S, ROSEN T: Management of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus. Dermatol Clin. (2003) 21(2):311–320.
  • SHIN YK, CAI GY, WEINBERG A, LEARY JJ, LEVIN MJ: Frequency of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus in clinical specimens and laboratory isolates. (2001) 39(3):913–917.
  • BACON TH, LEVIN MJ, LEARY JJ, SARISKY RT, SUTTON D: Herpes simplex virus resistance to acyclovir and penciclovir after two decades of antiviral therapy. CM'. Microbiol Rev (2003) 16(1):114–128.
  • GILBERT C, BESTMAN-SMITH J, BOIVIN G: Resistance of herpesviruses to drugs: clinical impacts and molecular mechanisms. Drug Resist. Updat. (2002) 5(2):88–114.
  • WAXMAN L, DARKEPL: The herpesvirus as targets for antiviral chemotherapy. Anti vir Chem. Chemother. (2000) 11(1):1–22.
  • •Comprehensive review on herpes proteases.
  • JARVEST RL, PINTO IL, ASHMAN SM et al.: Inhibition of herpes proteases and antiviral activity of 2-substituted [2oxazinones. Bioorg. Med.Chem. Lett. (1999) 9(3):443–448.
  • MATSUMOTO M, MISAWA S, CHIBA N, TAKAKU H, HAYASHI H: Selective nonpeptidic inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus proteases. Biol. Pharm. Bull. (2001) 24(3):236–241.
  • AOKI H, AKAIKE T, ABE K et al: Antiviral effect of oryzacystatin, a proteinase inhibitor in rice, against herpes simplex virus type 1 in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1995) 39(4):846–849.
  • BJORCK L, GRUBB A, KJELLEN L: Cystatin C, a human proteinase inhibitor, blocks replication of herpes simplex virus. Virol (1990) 64(2):941–943.
  • OIEN NL, BRIDEAU RJ, HOPKINS TA et al.: Broad-spectrum antiherpes activities of 4-hydroxyquinoline carboxamides, a novel class of herpesvirus polymerase inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(3):724–30.
  • •A novel compound class with broad-spectrum activity.
  • BRIDEAU RJ, KNECHTEL ML, HUANG A et al.: Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of PNU-183792, a 4-oxo-dihydroquinoline, against human and animal herpesviruses. Antiviral Res. (2002) 54(1):19–28.
  • THOMSEN DR, OIEN NL, TA et al.: Amino acid changes within conserved region III of the herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerases confer resistance to 4-oxo-dihydroquinolines, a novel class of herpesvirus antiviral agents. J. Virol (2003) 77(3):1868–1876.
  • KUROKAWA M, HOZUMI T, M, KADOTA S, NAMBA T, SHIRAKI K: Biological characterization of eugeniin as an anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 compound in vitro and in vivo. I Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (2001) 297(1):372–379.
  • LIUZZI M, DEZIEL R, MOSS N et al.: A potent peptidomimetic inhibitor of HSV ribonucleotide reductase with antiviral activity in vivo. Nature (1994) 372(6507):695–698.
  • MOSS N, BEAULIEU P, DUCEPPE JS et al.: Peptidomimetic inhibitors of herpes simplex virus ribonucleotide reductase: a new class of antiviral agents. Med. Chem. (1995) 38(18):3617–3623.
  • DUAN J, LIUZZI M, PARIS W et al.: Antiviral activity of a selective ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor against acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 in vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1998) 42(7):1629–1635.
  • BRIDGES CG, AHMED SP, PS, McCARTHY JR, AS: The ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (E)-2'-fluoromethylene-2'-deoxycytidine (IVIDL 101,731): a potential topical therapy for herpes simplex virus infection. Antiviral Res. (1995) (4):325–334.
  • SAFRIN S, SCHACKER T, DELEHANTY J, HILL E, COREY L: Topical treatment of infection with acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus with the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor 348U87 in combination with acyclovir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37(5):975–979.
  • SAFRIN S, SCHACKER T, DELEHANTY J, HILL E, COREY L: Potential for combined therapy with 348U87, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, and acyclovir as treatment for acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infection. ./. Med. Virol. (1993) (Suppl. 1):146–149.
  • SPECTOR T, HARRINGTON JA, PORTER DJ: Herpes and human ribonucleotide reductases. Inhibition by 2-acetylpyridine 5- [(2-chloroanilino)-thiocarbonyl] -thiocarbonohydrazone (348U87). Biochem. Pharmacol. (1991) 42(1):91–96.
  • SPECTOR T, HARRINGTON JA, MORRISON RW et al.: 2-Acetylpyridine 5- Rdimethylamino)thiocarbonyll - thiocarbonohydrazone (A11 10U), a potent inactivator of ribonucleotide reductases of herpes simplex and varicella zoster viruses and a potentiator of acyclovir. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (1989) 86(3):1051–1055.
  • TURK SR, SHIPMAN C JR, DRACH JC: Selective inhibition of herpes simplex virus ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase by derivatives of 2-acetylpyridine. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1986) 35(9):1539–1545.
  • CARADONNA SJ, CHENG YC: Induction of uracil-DNA glycosylase and dUTP nucleotidohydrolase activity in herpes simplex virus-infected human cells. ./. Biol. Chem. (1981) 256(19):9834–9837.
  • FOCHER F, VERRI A, SPADARI S, MANSERVIGI R, GAMBINO J, WRIGHT GE: Herpes simplex virus type 1 uracil-DNA glycosylase: isolation and selective inhibition by novel uracil derivatives. Biochem. J. (1993) 292(Pt 3):883–889.
  • PYLES RB, THOMPSON RL: Evidence that the herpes simplex virus type 1 uracil DNA glycosylase is required for efficient viral replication and latency in the murine nervous system. J. Vim]. (1994) 68(8):4963–4972.
  • SAVVA R, MCAULEY-HECHT K, BROWN T, PEARL L: The structural basis of specific base-excision repair by uracil-DNA glycosylase. Nature (1995) 373(6514):487–493.
  • SUN H, ZHI C, WRIGHT GE et al.: Molecular modeling and synthesis of inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 uracil-DNA glycosylase. J. Med. Chem. (1999) 42(13):2344–2350.
  • CHEN R, WANG H, MANSKY LM: Roles of uracil-DNA glycosylase and dUTPase in virus replication. I Gen. Vim]. (2002) 83(Pt 10):2339–2345.
  • WATKINS AM, DUNFORD PJ, MOFFATT AM et al.: Inhibition of virus-encoded thymidine kinase suppresses herpes simplex virus replication in vitro and in vivo. Antivir. Chem. Chemother. (1998) 9(1):9–18.
  • MARTIN JA, THOMAS GJ, JH et al.: The design, synthesis and properties of highly potent and selective inhibitors of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 thymidine kinase. Allard]: Chem. Chemother. (1998) 9(1):1–8.
  • MARTIN JA, LAMBERT RW, JH et al.: Nucleoside analogues as highly potent and selective inhibitors of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (2001) 11(13):1655–1658.
  • GAUDIO AC, TAKAHATA Y, RICHARDS WG: Prediction of the binding mode of N2-phenylguanine derivative inhibitors to herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase. I Comput. Aided Mol. Des. (1998) 12(1):15–25.
  • XU H, MAGA G, FOCHER F et al.: Synthesis, properties, and pharmacokinetic studies of N2-phenylguanine derivatives as inhibitors of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinases. J. Med. Chem. (1995) 38(1):49–57.
  • KLEYMANN G, FISCHER R, BETZ UA et al.: New helicase-primase inhibitors as drug candidates for the treatment of herpes simplex disease. Nat. Med. (2002) 8(4):392–398.
  • •First tolerable compound class 25 years after the discovery of acyclovir that outperforms the gold standard with respect to all parameters of efficacy in animal models.
  • BETZ UA, FISCHER R, KLEYMANN G, HENDRIX M, RUBSAMEN-WAIGMANN H: Potent in vivo antiviral activity of the herpes simplex virus primase-helicase inhibitor BAY-57-1293. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(6):1766–1772.
  • KLEYMANN G: Helicase-primase inhibitors. Drugs of the Future (2003) 28(3):257–265.
  • KLEYMANN G: New antiherpes drugs target viral helicase-primase enzymes. Herpes (2003) 10(2):46–52.
  • KLEYMANN G: Discovery and SAR of herpes virus helicase-primase inhibitors. Curt: Med. Chem. (AIA) (2004) 3(1):69–83.
  • KLEYMANN G: Targeting the achilles heel of herpes simplex viruses (HSVs). Antiviral Chemistry Chemotherapy (AVCC) (2004) 15(3):135–140.
  • KLEYMANN G et al.: Preclinical profile of helicase-primase inhibitors. Current Mol. Med. (2005) (Submitted).
  • KLEYMANN G, WERLING HO: A generally applicable, high-throughput screening-compatible assay to identify, evaluate and optimise antimicrobial agents for drug therapy. J. Biomol. Screen. (2004) 9(7):578–587
  • SPECTOR FC, LIANG L, H, SIVARAJA M, PETERSON MG: Inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by a 2-amino thiazole via interactions with the helicase component of the UL5-UL8-UL52 complex. J. Virol. (1998) 72(9):6979–6987.
  • CRUTE JJ, GRYGON CA, KD et al.: Herpes simplex virus helicase-primase inhibitors are active animal models of human disease. Nat. Med. (2002) 8(4):386–391.
  • •Discovery of lead compounds and characterisation of the HSV helicase-primase enzyme complex
  • DUAN J, LIUZZI M, PARIS W et al: Oral bioavailability and in vivo efficacy of the helicase-primase inhibitor BILS 45 BS against acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(6):1798–804.
  • LIUZZI M, KIBLER P, BOUSQUET C et al.: Isolation and characterization of herpes simplex virus type 1 resistant to aminothiazolylphenyl-based inhibitors of the viral helicase-primase. Antiviral Res. (2004) 64(3):161–170.
  • CRUMPACKER CS, SCHAFFER PA: New anti-HSV therapeutics target the helicase-primase complex. Nat. Med. (2002) 8(4):327–328.
  • •News and views article on HSV helicase-primase inhibitors.
  • SCHANG LM, BANTLY A, M et al.: Pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors inhibit replication of wild-type and drug-resistant strains of herpes simplex virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by targeting, not viral, proteins.Virol (2002)76(15):7874–7882.
  • SCHANG LM: The cell cycle, cyclin-dependent kinases, and viral infections: new horizons and unexpected connections. Frog. Cell Cycle Res. (2003) 5:103–124.
  • LI YH, TAO PZ, LIU YZ, JIANG JD: Geldanamycin, a ligand of heat shock protein 90, inhibits the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 in vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(3):867–872.
  • FITZMAURICE T, HARPER DR, FIELD HJ: Antiviral activity of CTC-8 against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) in cell culture: evidence for a selective antiviral effect via a cellular mechanism. Antivir. Chem. Chemother. (2003) 14(4):217–223.
  • EBY GA, HALCOMB WW: Use of topical zinc to prevent recurrent herpes simplex infection: review of literature and suggested protocols. Med. Hypotheses (1985) 17(2):157–165.
  • FRANCKE B, MARGOLIN J: Effect of novobiocin and other DNA gyrase inhibitors on virus replication and DNA synthesis in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected BHK cells. J. Gen. Virol (1981) 52(Pt 2):401–404.
  • IKEDA S, YAZAWA M, NISHIMURA C: Antiviral activity and inhibition of topoisomerase by ofloxacin, a new quinolone derivative. Antiviral Res. (1987) 8(3):103–113.
  • WENTLAND MP, PERNI RB, PH et al.: Antiviral properties of 3-quinolinecarboxamides: a series of novel non-nucleoside antiherpetic agents. Drug Des. Discov. (1997) 15(1):25–38.
  • YAMAMOTO N, FURUKAWA H, ITO Y, YOSHIDA S, MAENO K, Y: Anti-herpesvirus activity of citrusinine-I, a new acridone alkaloid, and related compounds. Antiviral Res. (1989) 12(1):21–36.
  • AKANITAPICHAT P, LOWDEN CT, BASTOW KF: 1,3-Dihydroxyacridone derivatives as inhibitors of herpes virus replication. Antiviral Res. (2000) 45(2):123–134.
  • AKANITAPICHAT P, BASTOW KF: The antiviral agent 5-chloro-1,3-dihydroxyacridone interferes with assembly and maturation of herpes simplex virus. Antiviral Res. (2002) 53(2):113–126.
  • LOWDEN CT, BASTOW KF: Cell culture replication of herpes simplex virus and, or human cytomegalovirus is inhibited by 3,7-dialkoxylated, 1-hydroxyacridone derivatives. Antiviral Res. (2003) 59(3):143–154.
  • EBERT SN, SHTROM SS, MULLER MT: Topoisomerase II cleavage of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA in vivo is replication dependent. J. Virol (1990) 64(9):4059–4066.
  • YAMADA Y, YAMAMOTO N, K, NISHIYAMA Y: Role of DNA topoisomerase Tin the replication of herpes simplex virus type 2. Arch. Virol (1990) 110(1-2):121–127.
  • PESSINA A, MINEO E, GRIBALDO L, NERI MG: Lack of in vitro antiviral activity of fluoroquinolones against herpes simplex virus type 2. Arch. Virol (1992) 122(3-4):263–269.
  • NOZAWA N, DAIKOKU T, Y et al.: Identification and characterization of the UL7 gene product of herpes simplex virus type 2. Virus Genes. (2002) 24(3):257–266.
  • SAWTELL NM, POON DK, CS, THOMPSON RL: The latent herpes simplex virus type 1 genome copy number in individual neurons is virus strain specific and correlates with. .1 Vim'. (1998) 72(7):5343–5350.
  • MITCHELL BM, BLOOM DC, COHRS RJ, GILDEN DH, KENNEDY PG: Herpes simplex virus-1 and varicella zoster virus latency in ganglia. J. Neurovirol (2003) 9(2):194–204.
  • THEIL D, HORN AK, DERFUSS T, STRUPP M, ARBUSOW V, BRANDT T: Prevalence and distribution of HSV-1, VZV, and HHV-6 in human cranial nerve nuclei III, IV, VI, VII, and XII. I. Med. Virol (2004) 74(1):102–106.
  • OROZCO-TOPETE R, SIERRA-MADERO J, CANO-DOMINGUEZ C et al.: Safety and efficacy of Virend for topical treatment of genital and anal herpes simplex lesions in patients with AIDS. Antiviral Res. (1997) 35(2):91–103.
  • CHESHENKO N, KELLER MJ, MASCASULLO V et al: Candidate topical microbicides bind herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B and prevent viral entry and cell-to-cell spread. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(6):2025–2036.
  • GONG Y, MATTHEWS B, CHEUNG D et al.: Evidence of dual sites of action of dendrimers: SPL-2999 inhibits both virus entry and late stages of herpes simplex virus replication. Antiviral Res. (2002) 55(2):319–329.
  • TRYBALA E, OLOFSSON S, MARDBERG K et al: Structural and functional features of the polycationic peptide required for inhibition of herpes simplex virus invasion of cells. Antiviral Res. (2004) 62(3):125–134.
  • NYBERG K, EKBLAD M, T et al.: The low molecular weight heparan sulfate-mimetic, PI-88, inhibits cell-to-cell spread of herpes simplex virus. Antiviral Res. (2004) 63(1):15–24.
  • YASIN B, WANG W, PANG M et al: Theta defensins protect cells from infection by herpes simplex virus by inhibiting viral adhesion and entry. I Viral. (2004) 78(10):5147–5156.
  • MARCHETTI M, TRYBALA E, SUPERTI F, JOHANSSON M, BERGSTROM T: Inhibition of herpes simplex virus infection by lactoferrin is dependent on interference with the virus binding to glycosaminoglycans. Virology (2004) 318(1):405–413.
  • BOULWARE SL, BRONSTEIN JC, NORDBY EC, WEBER PC: Identification and characterization of a benzothiophene of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication which acts at the immediate early stage of infection. Antiviral Res. (2001) 51:111–125.
  • VAN ZEIJL M, FAIRHURST J, JONES TR et al.: Novel class of thiourea compounds that inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA cleavage and encapsidation: resistance maps to the UL6 gene. J. Virol (2000) 74:9054–9061.
  • NEWCOMB WW, BROWN JC: Inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by WAY-150138: assembly of capsids depleted of the portal and terminase proteins involved in DNA encapsidation. (2002) 76:10084–10088.
  • NEWCOMB WW, THOMSEN DR, HOMA FL, BROWN JC: Assembly of the herpes simplex virus capsid: identification of soluble scaffold-portal complexes and their role in formation of portal-containing.Virol (2003) 77(18):9862–9871.
  • PILGER BD, CUT C, COEN DM: Identification of a small molecule that inhibits herpes simplex virus DNA Polymerase subunit interactions and viral replication. Chem. Biol. (2004) 11(5):647–654.
  • FONT M, SANMARTIN C, ML et al.: New antiherpetic 1,3-phenylene derivatives, inhibitors of the interaction of the HSV-1 origin binding protein (OBP) with DNA. Drug Des. Discov. (2000) 16(4):295–315.
  • FIRESTINE SM: Recent advances in herpes simplex virus antiviral therapies. Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2004) 14(8):1139–1151.
  • COMBRINK K: Non-HIV antivirals - a review of the recent patent literature. 'Drugs (2002) 5(8):815–827.
  • CRUMPACKER CS: Use of antiviral drugs to prevent herpesvirus transmission. N Engl. J. Med. (2004) 350(1):67–68.
  • COREY L, WALD A, PATEL R et al: Valacyclovir HSV Transmission Study Group. Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce risk of transmission of genital herpes. Engl. J. Med. (2004) 350(1):11–20.
  • HARMENBERG JG, AWAN AR, ALENIUS S et al: ME-609: a treatment for recurrent herpes simplex virus infections. Antivir. Chem. Chemother. (2003) 14(4):205–215.
  • MATTHEWS JT, TERRY BJ, FIELD AK: The structure and function of the HSV DNA replication proteins: defining novel antiviral targets. Antiviral Res. (1993) 20(2):89–114.
  • COEN DM, SCHAFFER PA: Antiherpesvirus drugs: a promising spectrum of new drugs and drug targets. Nat. Rev Drug Discovery (2003) 2:278–288.
  • FRICK DN: Helicases as antiviral drug targets. Drug News Perspect. (2003) 16(6):355–362.
  • VISALLI RJ, VAN ZEIJL M: DNA encapsidation as a target for anti-herpesvirus drug therapy. Antiviral Res. (2003) 59(2):73–87.
  • EIZURU Y: Development of new antivirals for herpesviruses. Anti vir Chem. Chemother. (2003) 14(6):299–308.
  • Broccoli compound inhibits HSV. AIDS in patients care STDS.(2003)17(11):609.
  • AVUNDUK AM, VARNELL ED, KAUFMAN HE: The effect of roscovitine on herpetic keratitis. Exp Eye Res. (2003) 76(6):679–683.
  • PETRERA E, JOSELEVICH M, GHINI A, BURTON G, COTO CE: Antiherpes virus activities of new 6-19 carbon-bridged steroids and some synthetic precursors. Anti vir Chem. Chemother. (2003) 14(5):243–248.
  • AL-WAILI NS: Topical honey application versus acyclovir for the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex lesions. Med. Sci. Monit. (2004) 10(8):MT94-MT98.

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.