Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs Volume 14, 2005 - Issue 8
Submit an article Journal homepage
85
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Investigational new drugs for the treatment of resistant pneumococcal infections

Holly L Hoffman-Roberts College of Pharmacy, 1110 North Stonewall 206, PO BOX 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
,
Emily C Babcock College of Pharmacy, 1110 North Stonewall 206, PO BOX 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
&
Isaac F Mitropoulos College of Pharmacy, 1110 North Stonewall 206, PO BOX 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
Pages 973-995 | Published online: 29 Jul 2005

Bibliography

  • SCHUCHAT A. ROBINSON K, WENGER JD et al.: Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N EngL J. Med. (1997) 337(14):970–976.
  • JORGENSEN JH, DOERN GV, MAHER LA, HOWELL AW, REDDING JS: Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus irtfluenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1990) 34(11):2075–2080.
  • SPIKA JS, FACKLAM RR, PLIKAYTIS BD, OXTOBY MJ: Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1979-1987. The Pneumococcal Surveillance Working Group. J. Infect. Dis. (1991) 163(6):1273–1278.
  • MASON EO, LAMBERTH L, LICHENSTEIN R, KAPLAN SL: Distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin in the USA and in vitro susceptibility to selected oral antibiotics. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1995) 36(0:1043–1048.
  • BROWN SD, FARRELL DJ: Antibacterial susceptibility among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from paediatric and adult patients as part of the PROTEKT US study in 2001–2002.1 Antimicrob. Chemother. (2004) 54\(Suppl. 1):i23–i29.
  • FELMINGHAM D: Evolving resistance patterns in community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens: first results from the PROTEKT global surveillance study. Prospective resistant organism tracking and epidemiology for the ketolide telithromycin. J. Infect. (2002) 44(Suppl. A):3–10.
  • KARCHMER AW: Increased antibiotic resistance in respiratory tract pathogens: PROTEKT US-an update. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2004) 39\(Suppl. 3):5142–150.
  • MERA RM, MILLER LA, DANIELS JJ, WEIL JG, WHITE AR: Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States over a 10-year period: Alexander Project. Diagn. MicrobioL Infect. Dis. (2005) 51(3):195–200.
  • FELMINGHAM D, REINERT RR, HIRAKATA Y, RODLOFF A: Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT surveillance study, and compatative in vitro activity of the ketolide, telithromycin. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2002) 50(Suppl. S1):25–37.
  • HO PL, QUE TL, CHIU SS et aL: Fluoroquinolone and other antimicrobial resistance in invasive pneumococci, Hong Kong, 1995-2001. Emerg Infect. Dis. (2004) 10(7):1250–1257.
  • SONG JH, JUNG SI, KO KS et ell.: High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asia (an ANSORP study). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(6):2101–2107.
  • MANDELL LA, BARTLETT JG, DOWELL SF et al.: Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 37(11):1405–1433.
  • ••Good summary of currently availabledrugs for the treatment of CAP. New guidelines will be published in late 2005 or early 2006.
  • ANON JB, JACOBS MR, POOLE MD et al.: Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. OtolaryngoL Head Neck Surg. (2004) 130\(Suppl. 1):1–45.
  • ••Recent guidelines for the treatment ofbacterial rhinosinusitis. Provides a good summary of the treatment options and details of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of commonly used antibiotics.
  • Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics (2004) 113(5):1451–1465.
  • ••These guidelines provide more details onthe choice of antibiotics in children with otitis media.
  • HEBEISEN P, HEINZE-KRAUSS I, ANGEHRN P et al.: In vitro and in vivo properties of Ro-639141, a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(3):825–836.
  • JONES RN, DESHPANDE LM, MUTNICK AH, BIEDENBACH DJ: In vitro evaluation of BAL9141, a novel parenteral cephalosporin active against oxacillin-resistant staphylococci. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2002) 50(6):915–932.
  • SCHMITT-HOFFMANN A, ROOS B, SCHLEIMER M et al.: Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin (BAL5788) in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(7):2570–2575.
  • SCHMITT-HOFFMANN k NYMAN L, ROOS B et al.: Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin (BAL5788) in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(7):2576–2580.
  • MOUTON JW, SCHMITT-HOFFMANN A, SHAPIRO S, NASHED N, PUNT NC: Use of Monte Carlo simulations to select therapeutic doses and provisional breakpoints of BAL9141. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(5):1713–1718.
  • ROOS B, SCHMITT-HOFFMANN A, SCHLEIMER M et al.: Safety and pharmacokinetics of BAL5788 in healthy subjects with normal or impaired renal function (A-23). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, USA (2003).
  • KOSOWSKA K, HOELLMAN DB, LIN G et al.: Antipneumococcal activity of ceftobiprole, a novel broad-spectrum Expert Op/n. investig. Drugs (2005) 14(8)991 cephalosporin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(5):1932–1942.
  • DESHPANDE LM, JONES RN: Bactericidal activity and synergy studies of BAL9141, a novel pyrrolidinone-3-ylidenemethyl cephem, tested against streptococci, enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Clin Microbiol Infect (2003) 9(11):1120–1124.
  • DESHPANDE L, RHOMBERG PR, FRITSCHE TR, SADER HS, JONES RN: Bactericidal activity of BAL9141, a novel parenteral cephalosporin against contemporary Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. Diagn. Microbiol Infect. Dis. (2004) 50(1):73–75.
  • AZOULAY-DUPUIS E, BEDOS JP, MOHLER J et al.: Efficacy of BAL5788, a prodrug of cephalosporin BAL9141, in a mouse model of acute pneumococcal pneumonia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(4):1105–1111.
  • CHEW TA, SMITH JM: Detection of diacetyl (caramel odor) in presumptive identification of the 'Streptococcus miller' group. J. Clin. Microbiol (1992) 30(10:3028–3029.
  • GRIFFITH DC, HARFORD L, WILLIAMS R, LEE VJ, DUDLEY MN: In vivo antibacterial activity of RWJ-54428, a new cephalosporin with activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(1):43–47.
  • BUSH K, ABBANAT D, DAVIES T et al.: In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of RWJ-442831, a prodrug of the anti-MRSA cephalosporin RWJ-54428 (F-548). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, USA (2003).
  • DUDLEY M, HUIE K, GRIFFITH D et al.: In vitro cleavage of RWJ-4428331, a soluble prodrug of the anti-MRSA cephalosporin RWJ-54428, in serum and live homogenates from animals and humans (F-549). 43rd Interscience Conference Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, IL, USA (2003).
  • GRIFFITH D, LOFLAND D, BLAIS J et al.: Pharmacodynamics of RWJ-54428 (MC-02479) against Streptococcus pneumoniae (F-342). 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy San Diego, CA USA (2002).
  • SWENSON JM, TENOVER FC: In vitro activity of a new cephalosporin, RWJ-54428, against streptococci, enterococci and staphylococci, including glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. j Antimicrob. Chemother. (2002) 49(5):845–850.
  • CHAMBERLAND S, BLAIS J, HOANG M et al.: In vitro activities of RWJ-54428 (MC-02,479) against multiresistant Gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(5):1422–1430.
  • JOHNSON AP, WARNER M, CARTER M, LIVERMORE DM: In vitro activity of cephalosporin RWJ-54428 (MC-02479) against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive cocci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(2):321–326.
  • MALOUIN F, BLAIS J, CHAMBERLAND S et al.: RWJ-54428 (MC-02,479), a new cephalosporin with high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins, including PBP2a, and stability to staphylococcal B-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(2):658–664.
  • HAMILTON-MILLER JM: Chemical and microbiologic aspects of penems, a distinct class of beta-lactams: focus on faropenem. Pharmacotherapy (2003) 23(11):1497–1507.
  • BRYSKIER A: Penems:new oral B-lactam drugs. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (1995) 4:705–724.
  • SCHUEHLY U, VOITH B, VOIGHT U et al.: Safety, tolerability and and pharmacokinetics following multiple oral doses of faropenem doloxate and impact on fecal and oral flora (494). 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Toronto, Canada (2000).
  • VOITH B, SCHUEHLY U, VOIGHT U, KUHLMANN J: Influence of food intake on pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of a single dose of faropenem doloxate (403). 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Toronto, Canada (2000).
  • LETTIERI JT, GRUENER J, AGARWAL V, COPA A: Pharmacokinetics of faropenem daloxate in young and elderly males and females (493). 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Toronto, Canada (2000).
  • SCHMITDT A, VOITH B: No evidence of actue metabolites of faropenem (A-944). 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, USA (2001).
  • MORRISSEY I, BESTE D, ROBBINS M: Bactericidal activity of faropenem versus other oral antibiotics against recent respiratory tract isolates (E-794). 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, USA (2001).
  • BOS WELL FJ, ASHBY JP, ANDREWS JM, WISER: Effect of protein binding on the in vitro activity and pharmacodynamics of faropenem. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2002) 50(4):525–532.
  • WEINSTEIN D, TAKAHASHI A: Faropenem demonstrates lower antigenic cross-reativity compared to other B-lactam antibiotics in a rabbit immunogenicity model (499). 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, USA (2001).
  • CRITCHLEY IA, KARLOWSKY JA, DRAGHI DC et al.: Activities of faropenem, an oral B-lactam, against recent US isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(2):550–555.
  • SCHMITZ FJ, BOOS M, MAYER S et al.: In vitro activity of faropenem and 21 other compounds against 385 different genetically characterized isolates of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2001) 48(1):148–152.
  • CRAIG WA, ANDES DR: In vivo pharmacodynamic activity of faropenem against Streptococcus pneumoniae (A-2094). 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, USA (2001).
  • SIEGERT R, BERG 0, GEHANNO P et al.: Comparison of the efficacy and safety of faropenem daloxate and cefuroxime axetil for the treatment of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. (2003) 260(4):186–194.
  • GAJJAR DA, SUKONECK SC, BELLO A et al.: Effect of a high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics of the des-F(6)-quinolone BMS-284756. Pharmacotherapy (2002) 22(2):160–165.
  • BELLO A, HOLLENBAUGH D, GAJJAR D, CHRISTOPHER L, GRASELA D: Ex vivo serum protein binding of BMS-284756: Impact on the unbound AUC/MIC ratio for Streptococcus pneumoniae (A-45). 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, USA (2001).
  • WISE R, GEE T, MARSHALL G, ANDREWS JM: Single-dose pharmacokinetics and penetration of BMS-284756 into an inflammatory exudate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(1):242–244.
  • GAJJAR DA, BELLO A, GE Z, CHRISTOPHER L, GRASELA DM: Multiple-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of oral garenoxacin in healthy subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(7):2256–2263.
  • VAN WARTS, PHILLIPS L, LUDWIG EA et al.: Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of garenoxacin in patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(12):4766–4777.
  • AMSDEN GW, NICOLAU DP, WHITAKER AM et al.: Characterization of the penetration of garenoxacin into the breast milk of lactating women. J. Clin. Pharmacol (2004) 44(2):188–192.
  • ANDES D, CRAIG WA: Pharmacodynamics of the new des-f(6)-quinolone garenoxacin in a murine thigh infection model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(12):3935–3941.
  • GALES A, SADER H, JONES RN: Activities of BMS-284756 (T-3811) against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program medical centers in Latin America (1999). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(5):1463–1466.
  • CLARK CL, NAGAI K, DAVIES TA et al.: Single- and multistep selection study of the antipneumococcal activity of BMS-284756 compared to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin and moxifloxacin. Clin. Microbiol Infect. (2002) 8(0:373–380.
  • SCHMITZ FJ, BOOS M, MAYER S et al.: In vitro activities of novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone BMS-284756 against mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus selected with different quinolones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(3):934–935.
  • RODRIGUEZ-CERRATO V, GHAFFAR F, SAAVEDRA J et aL: BMS-284756 in experimental cephalosporin-resistant Pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(11):3098–3103.
  • COTTAGNOUD P, ACOSTA F, COTTAGNOUD M, PFISTER M, TAUBER MG: Efficacies of BMS-284756 against penicillin-sensitive, penicillin- resistant, and quinolone-resistant pneumococci in experimental meningitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(1):184–187.
  • RODRIGUEZ-CERRATO V, McCOIG CC, SAAVEDRA J et aL: Garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and moxifloxacin in experimental meningitis caused by vancomycin-tolerant pneumococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(1):211–215.
  • NAGAI A, MIYAZAKI M, MORITA T et aL: Comparative articular toxicity of garenoxacin, a novel quinolone antimicrobial agent, in juvenile beagle dogs. J. Toxica Sci. (2002) 27(3):219–228.
  • KASTNER M, RAHM U, BAUMANN-WILSCHKE I, BELLO A, STAHLMANN R: Concentrations of the des-F(6)-quinolone garenoxacin in plasma and joint cartilage of immature rats. Arch. Toxicol (2004) 78(2):61–67.
  • SHAKIBAEI M, STAHLMANN R: Ultrastructural changes induced by the des-F(6)-quinolone garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and two fluoroquinolones in Achilles tendon from immature rats. Arch. Toxicol (2003) 77(9):521–526.
  • NAKASHIMA M, UEMATSU T, KOSUGE K et aL: Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of DU-6859a, a new fluoroquinolone, after single and multiple oral doses in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1995) 39(1):170–174.
  • O'GRADY J, BRIGGS A, ATARASHI Set al.: Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of sitafloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, in healthy male and female Caucasian subjects. Xenobiotica (2001) 31(11):811–822.
  • VISALLI MA, JACOBS MR, APPELBAUM PC: MIC and time-kill study of activities of DU-6859a, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, cefotaxime, imipenem, and vancomycin against nine penicillin-susceptible and - resistant pneumococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1996) 40(2):362–366.
  • PANKUCH GA, JACOBS MR, APPELBAUM PC: Activity of CP99,219 compared with DU-6859a, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, tosufloxacin, sparfloxacin and grepafloxacin against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci. j Antimicrob. Chemother. (1995) 35(1):230–232.
  • PANKUCH GA, JACOBS MR, APPELBAUM PC: Activity of DU-6859a, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin and OPC-17116 against 112 penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci. Drugs (1995)49\(Suppl. 2):235–237.
  • MILATOVIC D, SCHMITZ FJ, BRISSE S, VERHOEF J, FLUIT AC: In vitro activities of sitafloxacin (DU-6859a) and six other fluoroquinolones against 8,796 clinical bacterial isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(4):1102–1107.
  • DAPORTA MT, MUNOZ BELLIDO JL, GUIRAO GY, HERNANDEZ MS, GARCIA-RODRIGUEZ JA: In vitro activity of older and newer fluoroquinolones against efflux-mediated high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Int. j Antimicrob. Agents (2004) 24(2):185–187.
  • FELDMAN C, WHITE H, O'GRADY J et al.: An open, randomized, multi-centre study comparing the safety and efficacy of sitafloxacin and imipenem/cilastatin in the intravenous treatment of hospitalized patients with pneumonia. Int. j Antimicrob. Agents (2001) 17(3):177–188.
  • KOBAYASHI H: The clinical efficacy of sitafloxacin for respiratory tract infections (P405). 21st International Congress of Chemotherapy Birmingham, UK (1999).
  • SHETTY N, WILSON AP: Sitafloxacin in the treatment of patients with infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. j Antimicrob. Chemother. (2000) 46(4):633–638.
  • SATO K: Traditional 6-fluoroquinolones: From the safety viewpoint (407). 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy, Toronto, Canada (2000).
  • PAYNE GS, COLLINS DJ, LOYNDS P et aL: Quantitative assessment of the hepatic pharmacokinetics of the antimicrobial sitafloxacin in humans using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol (2005) 59(2):244–248.
  • DAWE RS, IBBOTSON SH, SANDERSON JB, THOMSON EM, FERGUSON J: A randomized controlled trial (volunteer study) of sitafloxacin, enoxacin, levofloxacin and sparfloxacin phototoxicity. Br. J. Dermatol (2003) 149(6):1232–1241.
  • CHIBA K, SUGIYAMAA, HAGIWARA T et aL: In vivo experimental approach for the risk assessment of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents-induced long QT syndrome. Eur. j Pharmacol (2004) 486(2):189–200.
  • BHAVNANI SM, OWEN JS, LOUTIT JS, PORTER SB, AMBROSE PG: Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of ascending single intravenous doses of oritavancin administered to healthy human subjects. Diagn. Microbiol. Infra. Dis. (2004) 50(2):95–102.
  • FETTERLY GJ, ONG CM, BHAVNANI SM et al.: Pharmacokinetics of oritavancin in plasma and skin blister fluid following administration of a 200-milligram dose for 3 days or a single 800-milligram dose. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(1):148–152.
  • FASOLA E, SPANGLER SK, EDNIE LM et al.: Comparative activities of LY 333328, a new glycopeptide, against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1996) 40(11):2661–2663.
  • ZECKEL ML, PRESTON DA, ALLEN BS: In vitro activities of LY333328 and comparative agents against nosocomial Gram-positive pathogens collected in a 1997 global surveillance study. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(5):1370–1374.
  • COYLE EA, RYBAK MJ: Activity of oritavancin (LY333328), an investigational glycopeptide, compared to that of vancomycin against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(3):706–709.
  • GARCIA-GARROTE F, CERCENADO E, ALCALA L, BOUZA E: In vitro activity of the new glycopeptide LY333328 against multiply resistant Gram-positive clinical isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1998) 42(9):2452–2455.
  • GERBER J, SMIRNOV A, WELLMER A et al.: Activity of LY333328 in experimental meningitis caused by a Streptococcus pneumoniae strain susceptible to penicillin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(7):2169–2172.
  • CABELLOS C, FERNANDEZ A, MAIQUES JM et al.: Experimental study of LY333328 (oritavancin), alone and in combination, in therapy of cephalosporin-resistant Pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(6):1907–1911.
  • GIAIVIARELLOU H, O'RIORDAN W, HARRIS H et al.: Phase III trial comparing 3–7 days of oritavancin versus 10–14 days of vancomycin/cephalexin in the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections (L-439a). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, USA (2003).
  • WASILEWKI M, DISCH DP, McGILL JM et al.: Equivalence of shorter course therapy with oritavancin versus vancomycin/cephalexin in complicated skin/skin structure infections (U1-18). 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, USA (2001).
  • LEIGHTON A. GOTTLIEB AB, DORR MB et al.: Tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and serum bactericidal activity of intravenous dalbavancin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(3):940–945.
  • DOWELL J, SELTZER E, STOGNIEW M et al.: Dalbavancin pharmacokinetic in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (A-19). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy, Chicago, USA (2003).
  • DOWELL JA, GOTTLIEB AB, VAN SADERS C et al.: The pharmacokinetics and renal excretion of dalbavancin in healthy subjects (A-1386). 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy San Diego, USA (2002).
  • STREIT JM, FRITSCHE TR, SADER HS, JONES RN: Worldwide assessment of dalbavancin activity and spectrum against over 6,000 clinical isolates. Diagn. Microbiol Infect. Dis. (2004) 48(2):137–143.
  • STEPHEN J, JONES RN, SADER HS, FRITSCHE TR: Worldwide assessment of dalbavancin activity and spectrum (2002) (F-2107). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, USA (2003).
  • CANDIANI G, ABBONDI M, BORGONOVI M, ROMANO G, PARENTI F: In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activity of BI 397, a new semi-synthetic glycopeptide antibiotic. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1999) 44(2):179–192.
  • CANDIANI G, ROMANO G, CAVALERI M, RIVA S, JABES D: Efficacy of a single dalbavancin dose compared with multiple linezolid doses against penicillin-resistant pneumococci in a lobar pneumonia model in the immunocompetent rats (B-989). 4Ist Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy, Chicago, USA (2001).
  • MURALIDHARAN G, MICALIZZI M, SPETH J, RAIBLE D, TROY S: Pharmacokinetics of tigecycline after single and multiple doses in healthy subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(1):220–229.
  • SESOKO S, UMEMURA K, NAKASHIMA M: Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of tigecycline in healthy Japanese males (A-1403). 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy San Diego, USA (2002).
  • CONTE JE Jr, GOLDEN JA, KELLY MG,ZURLINDEN E: Steady-state serum and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tigecycline. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents (2005) 25(6):523–529.
  • TROY SM, MURALIDHARAN G, MICALIZZI M et al.: The effects of renal disease on the pharmacokinetics of tigecycline (A-22). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, USA (2003).
  • MURALIDHARAN G, FRUNCILLO RJ, MICALIZZI M, RAIBLE DG, TROY SM: Effects of age and sex on single-dose pharmacokinetics of tigecycline in healthy subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(4):1656–1659.
  • ONG CT, BABALOLA CP, NIGHTINGALE CH, NICOLAU DP: Penetration, intracellular accumulation, and efflux of tigecycline in human polymorphonuclear neutropils (A-11-). 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Washington DC, USA (2004).
  • FRITSCHE TR, KIRBY JT, JONES RN: In vitro activity of tigecycline (GAR-936) tested against 11,859 recent clinical isolates associated with community-acquired respiratory tract and Gram-positive cutaneous infections. Diagn. Microbiol Infect. Dis. (2004) 49(3):201–209.
  • GALES AC, JONES RN: Antimicrobial activity and spectrum of the new glycylcycline, GAR-936 tested against 1,203 recent clinical bacterial isolates. Diagn. Microbiol Infect. Dis. (2000) 36(1):19–36.
  • KITZIS MD, LY A, GOLDSTEIN FW: In vitro activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. 994Expert Op/n. Investig. Drugs (2005) 14(8) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(1):366–367.
  • FANG GD, WEISS WJ, SCHELD WM: Comparative efficacy of GAR-936, a novel glycylcycline, alone and in combination with vancomycin against highly penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae experimental meningitis in rabbits (868). 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Toronto, Canada (2000).
  • MURRAY J, WILSON S, KLEIN S, YELLIN A, LOH E: The clinical response to tigecycline in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in hospitalized patients, a Phase II clinical trial (L-739). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Chicago, USA (2003).
  • PRADHAN RS, GUSTAVSON LE, LONDO DD et al.: The bioavailability of ABT-773 is unaffected by food (2138). 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy Toronto, Canada (2000).
  • CONTE JE, JR., GOLDEN JA, KIPPS J, ZURLINDEN E: Steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cethromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(9):3508–3515.
  • KIM MK, ZHOU W, TESSIER PR et al.: Bactericidal effect and pharmacodynamics of cethromycin (ABT-773) in a murine pneumococcal pneumonia model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(10):3185–3192.
  • MASON EO, JR., LAMBERTH LB, WALD ER et al.: In vitro activities of cethromycin (ABT-773), a new ketolide, against Streptococcus pneumoniae strains that are not susceptible to penicillin or macrolides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(1):166–169.
  • ZHANEL G, WIERZBOWSKI A. NICHOL K, NOREDDIN A, HOBAN D: Activity of ABT-773 versus macrolide-susceptible and resistant S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M catarrhalis: Results of a 3 year (1999–2002) Canadian Respiratory Organism Surveillance Study (CROSS) (E-1898). 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy, San Diego, USA (2002).
  • FUJIKAWA T, MIYAZAKI M, ISHII Y et al.: The in vivo activities of ABT-773 in a mouse model of respiratory tract infection due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (B-993). 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy, Chicago, USA (2001).
  • MITTEN MJ, MEULBROEK J, NUKKALA M et al.: Efficacies ofABT-773, a new ketolide, against experimental bacterial infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(9):2585–2593.
  • WEISS K, GUILBAULT C, CORTES L, RESTIERI C, LOW DE: Genotypic characterization of macrolide-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in Quebec, Canada, and in vitro activity of ABT-773 and telithromycin. j Antimicrob. Chemother. (2002) 50(3):403–406.
  • JOHNSON CN, BENJAMIN WH Jr, GRAY BM et al.: In vitro activity of ABT-773, telithromycin and eight other antimicrobials against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae respiratory isolates of children. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents (2001) 18(0:531–535.
  • JOHNSON AP, WARNER M, LIVERMORE DM: In vitro activity of a novel oxazolidinone, AZD2563, against randomly selected and multiresistant Gram-positive cocci. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2002) 50(1):89–93.
  • PANKUCH GA, NAGAI K, DAVIES TA, JACOBS MR, APPELBAUM PC: Antipneumococcal activity of BMS-284756 compared to those of six other agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(1):251–254.
  • OTANI T, TANAKA M, ITO E et al.: In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of DK-507k, a novel fluoroquinolone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(12):3750–3759.
  • ZHANG YY ZHOU L, ZHU DM et al.: In vitro activities of tigecycline against clinical isolates from Shanghai, China. Diagn. Microbiol Infect. Dis. (2004) 50(0267–281.
  • DUBOIS J, ST PIERRE C: In vitro activity of ABT-773 versus macrolides and quinolones against resistant respiratory tract pathogens. Diagn. Microbiol Infra. Dis. (2001) 40(1-2):35–40.
  • ROSPIDE MF, BIEDENBACH DJ, JONES RN: Comparative antimicrobial activity of ABT-773, a novel ketolide, tested against drug-resistant Gram-positive cocci and Haemophilus influenzae. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents (2001) 17(6):451–455.
  • DOERN GV, RICHTER SS, MILLER A et al.: Antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: have we begun to turn the corner on resistance to certain antimicrobial classes? Clin. Infect. Dis. 41(2):139–148.

Websites

  • http://www.replidyne.com/pages/faropenem. html Faropenem doloxate pipeline (2005).s

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.