Bibliography
- Earley CJ. Clinical practice. Restless legs syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2103-9
- Trenkwalder C, Paulus W, Walters AS. The restless legs syndrome. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:465-75
- Revised IRLSSG Diagnostic Criteria for RLS. 2012. Avaialble from: http://irlssg.org/diagnostic-criteria/ [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- Provini F, Vetrugno R, Meletti S, et al. Motor pattern of periodic limb movements during sleep. Neurology 2001;57:300-4
- Montplaisir J, Boucher S, Poirier G, et al. Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: a study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Mov Disord 1997;12:61-5
- Allen R, Walters A, Montplaisir J, et al. Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact, REST general population study. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1286-92
- Pearson VE, Allen RP, Dean T, et al. Cognitive deficits associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med 2006;7:25-30
- Winkelman JW, Shahar E, Sharief I, Gottlieb DJ. Association of restless legs syndrome and cardiovascular disease in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Neurology 2008;70:35-42
- Merlino G, Valente M, Serafini A, Gigli GL. Restless legs syndrome: diagnosis, epidemiology, classification and consequences. Neurol Sci 2007;28:37-46
- Nomura T, Inoue Y, Kusumi M, et al. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in a rural community in Japan. Mov Disord 2008;23:2363-9
- Bassetti C, Mauerhofer D, Gugger M, et al. Restless legs syndrome: a clinical study of 55 patients. Eur Neurol 2001;45:67-74
- Winkelmann J, Schormair B, Lichtner P, et al. Genome-wide association study of RLS identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nat Genet 2007;39:1000-6
- Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, et al. Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2000;54:1698-700
- Gigli GL, Adorati M, Dolso P, et al. Restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease. Sleep Med 2004;5:309-15
- Merlino G, Fratticci L, Valente M, et al. Association of restless legs syndrome in type 2 diabetes: a case-control study. Sleep 2007;30:866-71
- Manconi M, Ferini-Strambi L, Filippi M, et al. Multicenter case-control study on restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis: the REMS study. Sleep 2008;31:944-52
- Manconi M, Govoni V, De Vito A, et al. Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy. Neurology 2004;63:1065-9
- O'Keeffe ST. Secondary causes of restless legs syndrome in older people. Age Ageing 2005;34:349-52
- Hening W. The clinical neurophysiology of the restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements. Part I: diagnosis, assessment, and characterization. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:1965-74
- Trenkwalder C, Paulus W. Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management. Nat Rev Neurol 2010;6:337-46
- Allen R. Dopamine and iron in the pathophysiology of restless leg syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med 2004;5:385-91
- Merlino G, Serafini A, Robiony F, et al. Clinical experience with pramipexole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008;4:225-35
- Garcia-Borreguero D. Augmentation: understanding a key feature of RLS. Sleep Med 2004;5:5-6
- Garcia-Borreguero D, Kohnen R, Silber MH, et al. The long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease: evidence-based guidelines and clinical consensus best practice guidance: a report from the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Sleep Med 2013;14:675-84
- Allen RP, Chen C, Winkelman J, et al. Long-term efficacy and augmentation assessment of an a2δ ligand (pregabalin) compared with a dopamine agonist (pramipexole) in restless legs syndrome: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mov Disord 2012;27:S576
- Heinrich JN, Brennan J, Lai MH, et al. Aplindore (DAB-452), a high affinity selective dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;552:36-45
- Christopoulos A, Kenakin T. G protein-coupled receptor allosterism and complexing. Pharmacol Rev 2002;54:323-74
- Nirenberg MJ, Waters C. Compulsive eating and weight gain related to dopamine agonist use. Mov Disord 2006;4:524-9
- A Single-blind, Placebo Controlled Sleep Laboratory Study of the Acute Effects of Aplindore in Restless Legs Syndrome. NCT00626418. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Four Week Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Four Doses (0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg) of Aplindore MR Tablets vs. Placebo in Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome. NCT00834327. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- Jabbari B. Botulinum neurotoxins in the treatment of refractory pain. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2008;4:676-85
- Stiasny-Kolster K, Magerl W, Oertel WH, et al. Static mechanical hyperalgesia without dynamic tactile allodynia in patients with restless legs syndrome. Brain 2004;127:773-82
- Kushida CA. Botulinum toxin A: new hope for RLS? J Clin Sleep Med 2006;2:279-80
- Agarwal P, Sia C, Vaish N, Roy-Faderman I. Pilot trial of onabotulinumtoxina (Botox) in moderate to severe restless legs syndrome. Int J Neurosci 2011;121:622-5
- Nahab FB, Peckham EL, Hallett M. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of botulinum toxin A in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2008;71:950-1
- Ghorayeb I, Burbaud P. Failure of botulinum toxin A to relieve restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2009;10:394-5
- Rotenberg JS, Canard K, Difazio M. Successful treatment of recalcitrant restless legs syndrome with botulinum toxin type-A. J Clin Sleep Med 2006;2:275-8
- Ranoux D, Attal N, Morain F, Bouhassira D. Botulinum toxin type A induces direct analgesic effects in chronic neuropathic pain. Ann Neurol 2008;64:274-83
- Ghorayeb I, Bénard A, Vivot A, et al. A phase II, open-label, non-comparative study of Botulinum toxin in Restless Legs Syndrome. Sleep Med 2012;13:1313-16
- Investigation of Efficacy of incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin) in Relieving Symptoms of Restless Leg Syndrome. NCT01931878. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JM, et al. Bupropion may improve restless legs syndrome. A report of three cases. Clin Neuropharmacol 2005;28:298-301
- Nofzinger EA, Fasiczka A, Berman S, Thase ME. Bupropion SR reduces periodic limb movements associated with arousals from sleep in depressed patients with periodic limb movement disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:858-62
- Lee JJ, Erdos J, Wilkosz MF, et al. Bupropion as a possible treatment option for restless legs syndrome. Ann Pharmacother 2009;43:370-4
- Bayard M, Bailey B, Acharya D, et al. Bupropion and restless legs syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Board Fam Med 2011;24:422-8
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd. Approval for manufacturing and marketing of NOURIAST_ tablets 20 mg, a novel antiparkinsonian agent. Available from: http://www.kyowa-kirin.com/news_releases/2013/e20130325_04.html [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- Svenningsson P, Le Moine C, Fisone G, Fredholm BB. Distribution, biochemistry and function of striatal adenosine A2A receptors. Prog Neurobiol 1999;59:355-96
- Cieślak M, Komoszyński M, Wojtczak A. Adenosine A(2A) receptors in Parkinson's disease treatment. Purinergic Signal 2008;4:305-12
- Aoyama S, Koga K, Mori A, et al. Distribution of adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist KW-6002 and its effect on gene expression in the rat brain. Brain Res 2002;953:119-25
- Shiozaki S, Ichikawa S, Nakamura J, et al. Actions of adenosine A2A receptor antagonist KW-6002 on drug-induced catalepsy and hypokinesia caused by reserpine or MPTP. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999;147:90-5
- DeCerce J, Smith LF, Gonzalez W, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of istradefylline for the treatment of restless legs syndrome: an exploratory study in five female patients. Curr Ther Res 2007;68:349-59
- Benes H. Transdermal lisuride: short-term efficacy and tolerability study in patients with severe restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2006;7:31-5
- Woitalla D, Müller T, Benz S, et al. Transdermal lisuride delivery in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 2004;68:89-95
- Benes H, Deissler A, Rodenbeck A, et al. Lisuride treatment of restless legs syndrome: first studies with monotherapy in de novo patients and in combination with levodopa in advanced disease. J Neural Transm 2006;113:87-92
- Turner TH, Cookson JC, Wass JA, et al. Psychotic reactions during treatment of pituitary tumours with dopamine agonists. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984;289:1101-3
- Benes H, Högl B, Trenkwalder C, et al. Head-to-head comparison of transdermal lisuride and oral ropinirole in Restless Legs Syndrome: results from the first placebo- and active-controlled, double-blind, randomized, 12-week efficacy trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007;13:S76
- Questions and answers on the recommendation for the refusal of the marketing authorization for Nenad. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Summary_of_opinion_-_Initial_authorisation/human/001020/WC500073694.pdf [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- Trenkwalder C, Hening WA, Montagna P, et al. Treatment of restless legs syndrome: an evidence-based review and implications for clinical practice. Mov Disord 2008;23:2267-302
- Hening WA, Walters A, Kavey N, et al. Dyskinesias while awake and periodic movements in sleep in restless legs syndrome: treatment with opioids. Neurology 1986;36:1363-6
- Walters AS, Wagner ML, Hening WA, et al. Successful treatment of the idiopathic restless legs syndrome in a randomized double-blind trial of oxycodone versus placebo. Sleep 1993;16:327-32
- Ondo WG. Methadone for refractory restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2005;20:345-8
- Earley CJ, Allen RP. Restless legs syndrome augmentation associated with tramadol. Sleep Med 2006;7:592-3
- Vetrugno R, La Morgia C, D'Angelo R, et al. Augmentation of restless legs syndrome with long-term tramadol treatment. Mov Disord 2007;22:424-7
- Trenkwalder C, Beneš H, Grote L, et al. Prolonged release oxycodone-naloxone for treatment of severe restless legs syndrome after failure of previous treatment: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:1141-50
- Product monograph Targin®. Available from: http://www.purdue.ca/files/Targin%20Tablets%20PM%20EN.pdf [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- Leppert W. Role of oxycodone and oxycodone/naloxone in cancer pain management. Pharmacol Rep 2010;62:578-91
- Davis M, Goforth HW, Gamier P. Oxycodone combined with opioid receptor antagonists: efficacy and safety. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2013;12:389-402
- Teva Pharma GmbH. Rasagiline (Azilect): summary of product characteristics [online]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000574/WC500030048.pdf [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- Naoi M, Maruyama W. Functional mechanism of neuroprotection by inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase in Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2009;9:1233-50
- Hoy SM, Keating GM. Rasagiline: a review of its use in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Drugs 2012;72:643-69
- Babacan-Yildiz G, Gursoy E, Kolukisa M, Celebi A. Restless legs syndrome responsive to rasagiline treatment: a case report. Clin Neuropharmacol 2012;35:88-9
- Safety and Efficacy of Rasagiline in Restless Legs Syndrome. NCT01192503. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- NEUPRO: Prescribing Information. Available from: http://www.neupro.com [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- Merlino G, Serafini A, Robiony F, et al. Restless legs syndrome: differential diagnosis and management with rotigotine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2009;5:67-80
- A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Proof-of-concept Trial to Assess the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Ascending Doses of Rotigotine Nasal Spray for the Acute Treatment of RLS Symptoms in Subjects With Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome. NCT00389831. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- Binda C, Wang J, Pisani L, et al. Structures of human monoamine oxidase B complexes with selective noncovalent inhibitors: safinamide and coumarin analogs. J Med Chem 2007;50:5848-52
- Caccia C, Maj R, Calabresi M, et al. Safinamide: from molecular targets to a new anti-Parkinson drug. Neurology 2006;67(Suppl 2):S18-23
- Schapira AH. Safinamide in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010;11:2261-8
- Newron Pharmaceuticals Successfully Completes Pilot Study of Safinamide in Restless Legs Syndrome. Newron Pharmaceutical Spa. Available from: http://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&ved=0CD8QFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newron.it%2Fuser%2Fdownload.aspx%3FFILE%3DOBJ00033.PDF%26TIPO%3DFLE%26NOME%3DSafinamideRLSPressReleaseFinal110105.pdf&ei=jzLJUqnoN4a_ywPgsIGABA&usg=AFQjCNEdq-2Wf0ttfshdFgtSI1RIsXUq7A&sig2=T25QsPgugwuV6PaJOkkexg [Last accessed 19 March 2014]
- McCall RB, Lookingland KJ, Bédard PJ, Huff RM. Sumanirole, a highly dopamine D2-selective receptor agonist: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization and efficacy in animal models of Parkinson's disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;314:1248-56
- Heier RF, Dolak LA, Duncan JN, et al. Synthesis and biological activities of (R)-5,6-dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-4H-imidazo[4,5,1-ij]quinolin-5-amine and its metabolites. J Med Chem 1997;40:639-46
- Garcia-Borreguero D, Winkelman J, Adams A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of sumanirole in restless legs syndrome: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Sleep Med 2007;8:119-27