97
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Overview of emerging pharmacotherapy in chronic heart failure

, MD, , MD, , MD, , , MD PhD & , MD PhD
Pages 2055-2074 | Published online: 16 Jul 2009

Bibliography

  • Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, et al. A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2008;117:e25-146
  • Willenbrock R, Philipp S, Mitrovic V, et al. Neurohumoral blockade in CHF management. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2000;1:24-30
  • Doehner W, Schoene N, Rauchhaus M, et al. Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol on endothelial function and peripheral blood flow in hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure: results from 2 placebo-controlled studies. Circulation 2002;105:2619-24
  • Aguilar D, Bozkurt B, Pritchett A, et al. The impact of thiazolidinedione use on outcomes in ambulatory patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:32-6
  • Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V, et al. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2248-61
  • Mann DL, McMurray JJ, Packer M, et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: resultsof the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation 2004;109:1594-602
  • Howard PA, Cheng JW, Crouch MA, et al. Drug therapy recommendations from the 2005 ACC/AHA guidelines for treatment of chronic heart failure. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:1607-17
  • Vesely DL. Atrial Natriuretic Hormones. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992
  • Vesely BA, Eichelbaum EJ, Alli AA, et al. Urodilatin and four cardiac hormones decrease human renal carcinoma cell numbers. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36:810-19
  • Lainchbury J, Richards AM, Nicholls MG. Brain natriuretic peptide in heart failure. In: Vesely DL, editor, Atrial Natriuretic Peptides. Trivandrum, India: Research Signpost, 1997. p. 151-8
  • Barr CS, Rhodes P, Struthers AD. C-type natriuretic peptide. Peptides 1996;17:1243-51
  • Richards AM, Lainchbury JG, Nicholls MG, et al. Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide: endogenous or dubious? Lancet 2002;359:5-6
  • Vesely DL, Douglass MA, Dietz JR, et al. Three peptides from the atrial natriuretic factor prohormone amino terminus lower blood pressure and produce diuresis, natriuresis, and/or kaliuresis in humans. Circulation 1994;90:1129-40
  • Holmes SJ, Espiner EA, Richards AM, et al. Renal, endocrine, and hemodynamic effects of human brain natriuretic peptide in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:91-6
  • Wei CM, Aarhus LL, Miller VM, et al. Action of C-type natriuretic peptide in isolated canine arteries and veins. Am J Physiol 1993;264:H71-3
  • Lisy O, Jougasaki M, Heublein DM, et al. Renal actions of synthetic dendroaspis natriuretic peptide. Kidney Int 1999;56:502-8
  • Kentsch M, Ludwig D, Drummer C, et al. Haemodynamic and renal effects of urodilatin bolus injections in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22:662-9
  • Scios Inc. Prescribing information, revised January 2007. Available from: www.sciosinc.com/pdf/natrecorpi_final.pdf. [Last accessed 7 Jul 2009]
  • Vesely DL. Which of the cardiac natriuretic peptides is most effective for the treatment of congestive heart failure, renal failure and cancer? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006;33:169-76
  • Marcus LS, Hart D, Packer M, et al. Hemodynamic and renal excretory effects of human brain natriuretic peptide infusion in patients with congestive heart failure. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover trial. Circulation 1996;94:3184-9
  • Abraham WT, Lowes BD, Ferguson DA, et al. Systemic hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and renal effects of a steady-state infusion of human brain natriuretic peptide in patients with hemodynamically decompensated heart failure. J Card Fail 1998;4:37-44
  • Mills RM, LeJemtel TH, Horton DP, et al. Sustained hemodynamic effects of an infusion of nesiritide (human b-type natriuretic peptide) in heart failure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Natrecor Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:155-62
  • Sackner-Bernstein JD, Skopicki HA, Aaronson KD. Risk of worsening renal function with nesiritide in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Circulation 2005;111:1487-91
  • Witteles RM, Kao D, Christopherson D, et al. Impact of nesiritide on renal function in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and pre-existing renal dysfunction a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1835-40
  • Sackner-Bernstein JD, Kowalski M, Fox M, et al. Short-term risk of death after treatment with nesiritide for decompensated heart failure: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2005;293:1900-05
  • Carroll RJ, Mulla ZD, Hauck LD, et al. Outcomes of patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure: does nesiritide make a difference? BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2007;26:7-37
  • Cody RJ, Atlas SA, Laragh JH, et al. Atrial natriuretic factor in normal subject and heart failure patients. Plasma levels and renal, hormonal, and hemodynamic esponses to peptide infusion. J Clin Invest 1986;78:1362-74
  • Kitakaze M, Asakura M, Kim J, et al. Human atrial natriuretic peptide and nicorandil as adjuncts to reperfusion treatment for acute myocardial infarction (J-WIND): two randomised trials. Lancet 2007;370:1483-93
  • Available from: www.astellas.com/global/about/news/2007/pdf/070111_eg.pdf
  • Rai A, Whaley-Connell A, McFarlane S, et al. Arginine vasopressin dysregulation, and vasopressin receptor antagonism. Am J Nephrol 2006;26:579-89
  • Yancy CW, Lopatin M, Stevenson LW, et al. ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators. Clinical presentation, management, and in-hospital outcomes of patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure with preserved systolic function: a report from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry(ADHERE) Database. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:76-84
  • Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:933-89
  • Goldberg RJ, Farmer C, Spencer FA, et al. Use of nonpharmacologic treatment approaches in patients with heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2006;110:348-53
  • Lainscak M, Cleland JG, Lenzen MJ, et al. Recall of lifestyle advice in patients recently hospitalised with heart failure: a EuroHeart Failure Survey analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:1095-103
  • Nieminen MS, Böhm M, Cowie MR, et al. ESC Committe for Practice Guideline (CPG). ESC Committe for Practice Guideline (CPG). Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: the Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005;26:384-416
  • Vaz Pérez A, Anker SD, Dietz R, et al. Are diuretics overused in the treatment of chronic heart failure? Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008;5:238-9
  • De Luca L, Mebazaa A, Filippatos G, et al. Overview of emerging pharmacologic agents for acute heart failure syndromes. Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:201-13
  • Vallon V, Miracle C, Thomson S. Adenosine and kidney function: potential implications in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:176-87
  • Givertz MM, Massie BM, Fields TK, et al. The effects of KW-3902, an adenosine A1-receptor antagonist, on diuresis and renal function in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and renal impairment or diuretic resistance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1551-60
  • Greenberg B, Thomas I, Banish D, et al. Effects of multiple oral doses of an A1 adenosine antagonist, BG9928, in patients with heart failure: results of a placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:600-6
  • Szatalowicz VL, Arnold PE, Chaimovitz C, et al. Radioimmunoassay of plasma arginine vasopressin in hyponatremic patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1981;305:263-6
  • Riegger GA, Liebau G, Kochsiek K. Antidiuretic hormone in congestive heart failure. Am J Med 1982;72:49-52
  • Schrier RW, Abraham WT. Hormones and hemodynamics in heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999;341:577-85
  • Gheorghiade M, Gattis WA, O'Connor CM, et al.; Acute and Chronic Therapeutic Impact of a Vasopressin Antagonist in Congestive Heart Failure (ACTIV in CHF) Investigators. Effects of tolvaptan, a vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1963-71
  • Konstam MA, Gheorghiade M, Burnett JC Jr, et al.; Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) Investigators. Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial. JAMA 2007;297:1319-31
  • Gheorghiade M, Konstam MA, Burnett JC Jr, et al.; Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) Investigators. Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the EVEREST Clinical Status Trials. JAMA 2007;297:1332-43
  • Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Mazzotta G, et al. The renin angiotensin system in the development of cardiovascular disease: role of aliskiren in risk reduction. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008;4:971-81
  • Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB, et al. AVOID Study Investigators. Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2433-46
  • McMurray JJV, Pitt B, Latini R, et al. Effects of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2008;1:17-24
  • Solomon SD, Appelbaum E, Manning WJ, et al. Effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, the angiotensin receptor blocker losartan, or both on left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 2009;119:530-7
  • Levine B, Kalman J, Mayer L, et al. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosisfactor in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1990;323:236-41
  • Benedict CR, Weiner DH, Johnstone DE, et al. Comparative neurohormonal responses in patients with preserved and impaired left ventricular ejection fraction: results of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD) registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:146-53A
  • Deswal A, Petersen NJ, Feldman AM, et al. Cytokines and cytokine receptors in advanced heart failure: an analysis of the cytokine database from the Vesnarinone Trial (VEST). Circulation 2001;103:2055-9
  • Seta Y, Shan K, Bozkurt B, et al. Basic mechanisms in heart failure: the cytokine hypothesis. J Card Fail 1996;2:243-9
  • Nicola PJ, Maradit-Kremers H, Roger VL, et al. The risk of congestive heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study over 46 years. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:412-20
  • Torre-Arnione G, Kapadia S, Lee J, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and tumor necrosis factor receptors in the failing human heart. Circulation 1996;93:704-11
  • Mann DL, McMurray JJ, Packer M, et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation 2004;109:1594-602
  • Anker SD, Coats AJ. How to RECOVER from RENAISSANCE? The significance of the results of RECOVER, RENAISSANCE, RENEWAL and ATTACH. Int J Cardiol 2002;86:123-30
  • Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, et al.; Anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation 2003;107:3133-40
  • Anker SD, Egerer KR, Volk HD, et al. Elevated soluble CD14 receptors and altered cytokines in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:1426-30
  • Sandek A, Bauditz J, Swidsinski A, et al. Altered intestinal function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1561-9
  • Genth-Zotz S, von Haehling S, Bolger AP, et al. The anti-CD14 antibody IC14 suppresses ex vivo endotoxin stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2006;8:366-72
  • Krüger S, Kunz D, Graf J, et al. Endotoxin hypersensitivity in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2007;115:159-63
  • Davey PP, Ashrafian H. New therapies for heart failure: is thalidomide the answer? Q J Med 2000;93:305-11
  • Gullestad L, Ueland T, Fjeld JG. Effect of thalidomide on cardiac remodeling in chronic heart failure: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Circulation 2005;112:3408-14
  • Eddy L, Goeddel D, Wong G. Tumor necrosis factor-a pretreatment is protective in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;184:1056-9
  • Brown J, White C, Terada L, et al. Interleukin 1 pretreatment decreases ischemia/reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1990;87:5026-30
  • Hirota H, Chen J, Betz UAK, et al. Loss of a gp130 cardiac muscle cell survival pathway is a critical event in the onset of heart failure during biomechanical stress. Cell 1999;97:189-98
  • Orea Tejeda A, Arrieta-Rodríguez O, Castillo-Martínez L, et al. Effects of thalidomide treatment in heart failure patients. Cardiology 2007;108:237-42
  • Doherty GM, Jensen JC, Alexander HR, et al. Pentoxifylline suppression of tumor necrosis factor gene transcription. Surgery 1991;110:192-8
  • Sliwa K, Woodiwiss A, Kone VN, et al. Therapy of ischemic cardiomyopathy with the immunomodulating agent pentoxifylline: results of a randomized study. Circulation 2004;109:750-5
  • Bahrmann P, Hengst UM, Richartz BM, et al. Pentoxifylline in ischemic, hypertensive and idiopathic-dilated cardiomyopathy: effects on left-ventricular function, inflammatory cytokines and symptoms. Eur J Heart Fail 2004;6:195-201
  • Parissis JT, Adamopoulos S, Antoniades C, et al. Effects of levosimendan on circulating proinflammatory cytokines and soluble apoptosis mediators in patients with decompensated advanced heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1309-12
  • Parissis JT, Andreadou I, Markantonis SL, et al. Effects of levosimendan on circulating markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress in patients with advanced heart failure. Atherosclerosis 2007;195:e210-15
  • Parissis JT, Papadopoulos C, Nikolaou M, et al. Effects of levosimendan on quality of life and emotional stress in advanced heart failure patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2007;21:263-8
  • Mebazaa A, Nieminen M, Packer M, et al. SURVIVE investigators. Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE randomized trial. JAMA 2007;297:1883-91
  • Wassmann S, Laufs U, Bäumer AT, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve endothelial dysfunction in normocholesterolemic hypertension via reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Hypertension 2001;37:1450-7
  • Solheim S, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, et al. Reduced levels of TNF alpha in hypercholesterolemic individuals after treatment with pravastatin for 8 weeks. Atherosclerosis 2001;157:411-15
  • Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, et al.; Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) Investigators. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2005;352:20-8
  • Wong WW, Tan MM, Xia Z, et al. Cerivastatin triggers tumor-specific apoptosis with higher efficacy than lovastatin. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:2067-75
  • Jakóbisiak M, Bruno S, Skierski JS, et al. Cell cycle-specific effects of lovastatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:3628-32
  • Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Berg K, et al. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-99
  • Krum H, Latini R, Maggioni AP, et al. Statins and symptomatic chronic systolic heart failure: a post-hoc analysis of 5010 patients enrolled in Val-HeFT. Int J Cardiol 2007;119:48-53
  • Rinfret S, Behlouli H, Eisenberg MJ, et al. Class effects of statins in elderly patients with congestive heart failure: a population-based analysis. Am Heart J 2008;155:316-23
  • Anker SD, Clark AL, Winkler R, et al. Statin use and survival in patients with chronic heart failure-results from two observational studies with 5200 patients. Int J Cardiol 2006;112:234-42
  • Rauchhaus M, Clark AL, Doehner W, et al. The relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1933-40
  • Rauchhaus M, Coats AJ, Anker SD. The endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis. Lancet 2000;356:930-3
  • Emberson JR, Ng LL, Armitage J, et al. N-terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, vascular disease risk, and cholesterol reduction among 20,536 patients in the MRC/BHF heart protection study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:311-19
  • Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V, et al. CORONA Group. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2248-61
  • Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al.; Gissi-HF Investigators. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008:1231-329
  • Tang YD, Katz SD. The prevalence of anemia in chronic heart failure and its impact on the clinical outcomes. Heart Fail Rev 2008;13:387-92
  • Ezekowitz JA, McAlister FA, Armstrong PW. Anemia is common in heart failure and is associated with poor outcomes: insights from a cohort of 12 065 patients with new-onset heart failure. Circulation 2003;107:223-5
  • Sharma R, Francis DP, Pitt B, et al. Haemoglobin predicts survival in patients with chronic heart failure: a substudy of the ELITE II trial. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1021-8
  • Palazzuoli A, Gallotta M, Iovine F, et al. Anaemia in heart failure: a common interaction with renal insufficiency called the cardio-renal anaemia syndrome. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:281-6
  • Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Sheps D, et al. The effect of correction of mild anemia in severe, resistant congestive heart failure using subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron: a randomized controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1775-80
  • Silverberg DS, Wexler D, et al. Effects of treatment with epoetin beta on outcomes in patients with anaemia and chronic heart failure. Kidney Blood Press Res 2005;28:41-7
  • Palazzuoli A, Silverberg DS, Iovine F, et al. Effects of beta-erythropoietin treatment on left ventricular remodeling, systolic function, and B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with the cardiorenal anemia syndrome. Am Heart J 2007;154:645.e9-15
  • Ponikowski P, Anker SD, Szachniewicz J, et al. Effect of darbepoetin alfa on exercise tolerance in anemic patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:753-62
  • van Veldhuisen DJ, Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of two dosing regimens of darbepoetin alfa in patients with heart failure and anaemia. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2208-16
  • Van der Meer P, Groenveld H, Januzzi J, et al. Erythropoietin treatment in patients with chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis. Heart 2009 [Epub ahead of print]
  • Ghali JK, Anand IS, Abraham WT, et al. Randomized double-blind trial of darbepoetin alfa in patients with symptomatic heart failure and anemia. Circulation 2008;117:526-35
  • van Veldhuisen DJ, McMurray JJ; RED-HF Executive Committee. Are erythropoietin stimulating proteins safe and efficacious in heart failure? Why we need an adequately powered randomised outcome trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:110-12
  • Toblli JE, Lombraña A, Duarte P, et al. Intravenous iron reduces NT-pro-brain natriuretic peptide in anemic patients with chronic heart failure and renal insufficiency. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1657-65
  • Okonko DO, Grzeslo A, Witkowski T, et al. Effect of intravenous iron sucrose on exercise tolerance in anemic and nonanemic patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure and iron deficiency FERRIC-HF: a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:103-12
  • Leyva F, Anker S, Swan JW, et al. Serum uric acid as an index of impaired oxidative metabolism in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 1997;18:858-65
  • Doehner W, Rauchhaus M, Florea VG, et al. Uric acid in cachectic and noncachectic patients with chronic heart failure: relationship to leg vascular resistance. Am Heart J 2001;141:792-9
  • Landmesser U, Spiekermann S, Dikalov S, et al. Vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure: role of xanthine-oxidase and extracellular superoxide dismutase. Circulation 2002;106:3073-8
  • Doehner W, Springer J, Landmesser U, et al. Uric acid in chronic heart failure – current pathophysiological concepts. Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:1269-70
  • Jarasch ED, Grund C, Bruder G, et al. Localization of xanthine oxidase in mammary-gland epithelium and capillary endothelium. Cell 1981;25:67-82
  • Kubo SH, Rector TS, Bank AJ, et al. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is attenuated in patients with heart failure. Circulation 1991;84:1589-96
  • Landmesser U, Drexler H. The clinical significance of endothelial dysfunction. Curr Opin Cardiol 2005;20:547-51
  • Doehner W, von Haehling S, Anker SD. Uric acid in CHF: marker or player in a metabolic disease? Int J Cardiol 2007;115:156-8
  • Doehner W, Schoene N, Rauchhaus M, et al. Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol on endothelial function and peripheral blood flow in hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure: results from 2 placebo-controlled studies. Circulation 2002;105:2619-24
  • Farquharson CA, Butler R, Hill A, et al. Allopurinol improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure. Circulation 2002;106:221-6
  • Cingolani HE, Plastino JA, Escudero EM, et al. The effect of xanthine oxidase inhibition upon ejection fraction in heart failure patients: La Plata Study. J Card Fail 2006;12:491-8
  • Struthers AD, Donnan PT, Lindsay P, et al. Effect of allopurinol on mortality and hospitalisations in chronic heart failure: a retrospective cohort study. Heart 2002;87:229-34
  • Cleland JG, Coletta AP, Clark AL. Clinical trials update from the Heart Failure Society of America meeting: FIX-CHF-4, selective cardiac myosin activator and OPT-CHF. Eur J Heart Fail 2006;8:764-6
  • Doehner W, Anker SD. Xanthine oxidase inhibition for chronic heart failure: is allopurinol the next therapeutic advance in heart failure? Heart 2005;91:707-9
  • Zhao L, Roche BM, Wessale JL, et al. Chronic xanthine oxidase inhibition following myocardial infarction in rabbits: effects of early versus delayed treatment. Life Sci 2008;82:495-502
  • Cleland JG, Swedberg K, Follath F. The EuroHeart Failure survey programme – a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis. Eur Heart J 2003;24:442-63
  • Swan JW, Anker SD, Walton C, et al. Insulin resistance in chronic heart failure: relation to severity and etiology of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:527-32
  • Doehner W, Rauchhaus M, Davos CH, et al. Clinical significance of impaired insulin sensitivity in chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000;102:719
  • Suskin N, McKelvie RS, Burns RJ, et al. Glucose and insulin abnormalities relate to functional capacity in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1368-75
  • Steinberg HO, Brechtel G, Johnson A, et al. Insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation is nitric oxide dependent a novel action of insulin to increase nitric oxide release. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1172-9
  • Petrie JR, Ueda S, Webb DJ, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide production and insulin sensitivity. A physiological link with implications for pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 1996;93:1331-3
  • Inoue T, Matsunaga R, Sakai Y, et al. Insulin resistance affects endothelium-dependent acetylcholine-induced coronary artery response. Eur Heart J 2000;21:895-900
  • Balletshofer BM, Häring HU. Type-2-Diabetes, Insulinresistenz und endotheliale Dysfunktion. Hämostaseologie 2001;21:159-66
  • Drexler H, Hayoz D, Munzel T, et al. Endothelial function in chronic congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1596-601
  • Straburzynska-Migaj E, Ochotny R, Cieslinski A. Impaired glucose tolerance worsens exercise capacity and ventilatory response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Kardiol Pol 2007;65:354-60
  • Doehner W, Rauchhaus M, Ponikowski P, et al. Impaired insulin sensitivity as an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with stable chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1019-26
  • Schindler C, Ferrario CM, Jatzke C, et al. Characterization of vascular reactivity in dorsal hand veins after oral rosiglitazone treatment in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;46:30-9
  • Lipscombe LL, Gomes T, Lévesque LE, et al. Thiazolidinediones and cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with diabetes. JAMA 2007;298:2634-43
  • Lago RM, Singh PP, Nesto RW. Congestive heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes given thiazolidinediones: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2007;370:1129-36
  • Rajagopalan R, Rosenson RS, Fernandes AW, et al. Association between congestive heart failure and hospitalization in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving treatment with insulin or pioglitazone: a retrospective data analysis. Clin Ther 2004;26:1400-10
  • Dargie HJ, Hildebrandt PR, Riegger GA, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the effects of rosiglitazone on echocardiographic function and cardiac status in type 2 diabetic patients with New York Heart Association Functional Class I or II Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1696-704
  • Guan Y, Hao C, Cha DR, et al. Thiazolidinediones expand body fluid volume through PPARgamma stimulation of ENaC-mediated renal salt absorption. Nat Med 2005;11:861-6
  • Karalliedde J, Buckingham R, Starkie M, et al. Effect of various diuretic treatments on rosiglitazone-induced fluid retention. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:3482-90
  • Burns-Cox CJ, Chandrasekhar KP, Ikram H, et al. Clinical evaluation of perhexiline maleate in patients with angina pectoris. Br Med J 1971;4:586-8
  • Shah RR, Oates NS, Idle JR, et al. Impaired oxidation of debrisoquine in patients with perhexiline neuropathy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982;284:295-9
  • Horowitz JD, Sia ST, Macdonald PS, et al. Perhexiline maleate treatment for severe angina pectoris – correlations with pharmacokinetics. Int J Cardiol 1986;13:219-29
  • Kennedy JA, Unger SA, Horowitz JD. Inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in rat heart and liver by perhexiline and amiodarone. Biochem Pharmacol 1996;52:273-80
  • Liedtke AJ. Alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the acutely ischemic heart. Mol Cell Biochem 1998;180:75-83
  • Stanley WC. Partial fatty acid oxidation inhibitors for stable angina. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2002;11:615-29
  • Szwed H, Sadowski Z, Elikowski W, et al. Combination treatment in stable effort angina using trimetazidine and metoprolol: results of a randomized, double-blind, multicentre study (TRIMPOL II). TRIMetazidine in POLand. Eur Heart J 2001;22:2267-674
  • Marzilli M, Klein WW. Efficacy and tolerability of trimetazidine in stable angina: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials. Coron Artery Dis 2003;14:171-9
  • Rosano GM, Vitale C, Sposato B, et al. Trimetazidine improves left ventricular function in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2003;2:16
  • Fedorova TA, Il'ina IuV, Sotnikova TI, et al. Clinical and hemodynamic efficacy of selective beta-blocker bisoprolol and cytoprotector trimetazidine in the treatment of chronic cardiac failure in patients with ischemic heart disease. Ter Arkh 2004;76:62-8
  • Belardinelli R, Solenghi M, Volpe L, et al. Trimetazidine improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure: an antioxidant effect. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1102-08
  • McCormack JG, Barr RL, Wolff AA, et al. Ranolazine stimulates glucose oxidation in normoxic, ischemic, and reperfused ischemic rat hearts. Circulation 1996;93:135-42
  • Chaitman BR, Pepine CJ, Parker JO, et al. Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:309-16
  • Lopaschuk GD, Wall SR, Olley PM, et al. Etomoxir, a carnitine palmitoyltransferase I inhibitor, protects hearts from fatty acid-induced ischemic injury independent of changes in long chain acylcarnitine. Circ Res 1988;63:1036-43
  • Reaven GM, Chang H, Hoffman BB. Additive hypoglycemic effects of drugs that modify free-fatty acid metabolism by different mechanisms in rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes. Diabetes 1988;37:28-32
  • Lee L, Horowitz J, Frenneaux M. Metabolic manipulation in ischaemic heart disease, a novel approach to treatment. Eur Heart J 2004;25:634-41
  • Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Varney S, et al. Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure. Lancet 1997;349:1050-3
  • Cicoira M, Maggioni AP, Latini R, et al. Body mass index, prognosis and mode of death in chronic heart failure: results from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:397-402
  • von Haehling S, Doehner W, Anker SD. Nutrition, metabolism and the complex pathophysiology of cachexia in chronic heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2007;73:298-309
  • Jatoi A, Windschitl HE, Loprinzi CL, et al. Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:567-73
  • Beal JE, Olson R, Laubenstein L, et al. Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995;10:89-97
  • Strasser F, Luftner D, Possinger K, et al. Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial from the Cannabis-in-Cachexia-Study-Group. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3394-400
  • Krylatov AV, Maslov LN, Ermakov SY, et al. Significance of cardiac cannabinoid receptors in regulation of cardiac rhythm, myocardial contractility, and electrophysiologic processes in heart. Biol Bull 2007;34:28-35
  • Mendizábal VE, Adler-Graschinsky E. Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents in cardiovascular disease: a tale of passions and illusions. Br J Pharmacol 2007;151:427-40
  • Mantovani G, Macciò A, Bianchi A, et al. Megestrol acetate in neoplastic anorexia/cachexia: clinical evaluation and comparison with cytokine levels in patients with head and neck carcinoma treatedwith neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Int J Clin Lab Res 1995;25:135-41
  • Mantovani G, Macciò A, Esu S, et al. Medroxyprogesterone acetate reduces the in vitro production of cytokines and serotonin involved in anorexia/cachexia and emesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1997;33:602-7
  • McCarthy HD, Crowder RE, Dryden S, et al. Megestrol acetate stimulates food and water intake in the rat: effects on regional hypothalamic neuropeptide Y concentrations. Eur J Pharmacol 1994;265:99-102
  • Krysiak R, Obuchowicz E, Herman ZS. Interactions between the neuropeptide Y system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Eur J Endocrinol 1999;140:130-6
  • Arora S, Anubhuti. Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity – a review. Neuropeptides 2006;40:375-401
  • McMillan DC, Wigmore SJ, Fearon KC, et al. A prospective randomized study of megestrol acetate and ibuprofen in gastrointestinal cancer patients with weight loss. Br J Cancer 1999;79:495-500
  • Loprinzi CL, Michalak JC, Schaid DJ, et al. Phase III evaluation of four doses of megestrol acetate as therapy for patients with cancer anorexia and/or cachexia. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:762-7
  • Strang P. The effect of megestrol acetate on anorexia, weight loss and cachexia in cancer and AIDS patients. Anticancer Res 1997;17:657-62
  • Bodenner D, Spencer T, Riggs AT, et al. A retrospective study of the association between megestrol acetate administration and mortality among nursing home residents with clinically significant weight loss. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2007;5:137-46
  • Karcic E, Philpot C, Morley IE. Treating malnutrition with megestrol acetate: literature review and review of our experience. J Nutr Health Aging 2002;6:191-200
  • Loprinzi CL, Kugler JW, Sloan JA, et al. Randomized comparison of megestrol acetate versus dexamethasone versus fluoxymesterone for the treatment of cancer anorexia/cachexia. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:3299-306
  • Simons JP, Aaronson NK, Vansteenkiste JF, et al. Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on appetite, weight, and quality of life in advanced-stage non-hormone-sensitive cancer: a placebo-controlled multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:1077-84
  • Tep-areenan P, Kendall DA, Randall MD. Testosteroneinduced vasorelaxation in the rat mesenteric arterial bed is predominantly via potassium channels. Br J Pharmacol 2002;135:735-40
  • English KM, Jones RD, Jones TH, et al. Testosterone acts as a coronary vasodilator by a calcium antagonistic action. J Endocrinol Invest 2002;25:455-8
  • Pugh PJ, Jones TH, Channer KS. Acute haemodynamic effects of testosterone in men with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2003;24:909-15
  • Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, West JN, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with moderate severity heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur Heart J 2006;27:57-64
  • Tomoda H. Effect of oxymetholone on left ventricular dimensions in heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or to mitral or aortic regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:123-5
  • Yeh SS, DeGuzman B, Kramer T. M012 Study Group. Reversal of COPD-associated weight loss using the anabolic agent oxandrolone. Chest 2002;122:421-8
  • Hengge UR, Stocks K, Faulkner S, et al. Oxymetholone for the treatment of HIV-wasting: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial in eugonadal men and women. HIV Clin Trials 2003;4:150-63
  • Gold J, Batterham MJ, Rekers H, et al. E-1696 Study Investigators. Effects of nandrolone decanoate compared with placebo or testosterone on HIV-associated wasting. HIV Med 2006;7:146-55
  • Gao W, Reiser PJ, Coss CC, et al. Selective androgen receptor modulator treatment improves muscle strength and body composition and prevents bone loss in orchidectomized rats. Endocrinology 2005;146:4887-97
  • Lee SJ, McPherron AC. Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:9306-11
  • Cohn RD, Liang HY, Shetty R, et al. Myostatin does not regulate cardiac hypertrophy or fibrosis. Neuromuscul Disord 2007;17:290-6
  • Sharma M, Kambadur R, Matthews KG, et al. Myostatin, a transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member, is expressed in heart muscle and is upregulated in cardiomyocytes after infarct. J Cell Physiol 1999;180:1-9
  • Shyu KG, Lu MJ, Wang BW, et al. Myostatin expression in ventricular myocardium in a rat model of volume-overload heart failure. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36:713-19
  • De Vriese C, Delporte C. Ghrelin: a new peptide regulating growth hormone release and food intake. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008;40:1420-4
  • Nagaya N, Uematsu M, Kojima M, et al. Elevated circulating level of ghrelin in cachexia associated with chronic heart failure: relationships between ghrelin and anabolic/catabolic factors. Circulation 2001;104:2034-8
  • Nagaya N, Miyatake K, Uematsu M, et al. Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of ghrelin infusion in patients with chronic heart failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:5854-9
  • Nagaya N, Moriya J, Yasumura Y, et al. Effects of ghrelin administration on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2004;110:3674-9
  • Ho KK, O'Sullivan AJ, Hoffman DM. Metabolic actions of growth hormone in man. Endocr J 1996;43:S57-63
  • Cicoira M, Kalra PR, Anker SD. Growth hormone resistance in chronic heart failure and its therapeutic implications. J Card Fail 2003;9:219-26
  • Anker SD, Volterrani M, Pflaum CD, et al. Acquired growth hormone resistance in patients with chronic heart failure: implications for therapy with growth hormone. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:443-52
  • Bocchi E, Moura L, Guimarães G, et al. Beneficial effects of high doses of growth hormone in the introduction and optimization of medical treatment in decompensated congestive heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2006;110:313-17
  • Osterziel KJ, Strohm O, Schuler J, et al. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of human recombinant growth hormone in patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1998;351:1233-7
  • Isgaard J, Bergh CH, Caidahl K, et al. A placebo-controlled study of growth hormone in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 1998;19:1704-11
  • Fazio S, Palmieri EA, Affuso F, et al. Effects of growth hormone on exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary performance in patients with chronic heart failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4218-23
  • Le Corvoisier P, Hittinger L, Chanson P, et al. Cardiac effects of growth hormone treatment in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:180-5
  • Anker SD, von Haehling S. Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview. Heart 2004;90:464-70
  • Nurko S. Anemia in chronic kidney disease: causes, diagnosis, treatment. Cleve Clin J Med 2006;73:289-97
  • Evangelista LS, Dracup K. A closer look at compliance research in heart failure patients in the last decade. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 2000;15:97-103
  • Bozkurt B, Kribbs SB, Clubb FJ Jr, et al. Pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α promote progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rats. Circulation 1998;97:1382-91
  • Pagani FD, Baker LS, Hsi C, et al. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction after infusion of tumor necrosis factor-α in conscious dogs. J Clin Invest 1992;90:389-98
  • Krown KA, Page MT, Nguyen C, et al. Tumor necrosis factor α-induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. Involvement of the sphingolipid signaling cascade in cardiac cell death. J Clin Invest 1996;98:2854-65
  • Anker SD, Chua TP, Ponikowski P, et al. Hormonal changes and catabolic/anabolic imbalance in chronic heart failure and their importance for cardiac cachexia. Circulation 1997;96:526-34
  • Wollert KC, Drexler H. The role of interleukin-6 n the failing heart. Heart Fail 2001;6:95-103
  • Matsumori A, Yamada T, Suzuki H, et al. Increased circulating cytokines in patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Heart 1994;72:561-6
  • Testa M, Yeh M, Lee P, et al. Circulating levels of cytokines and their endogenous modulators in patients with mild to severe congestive heart failure due to coronary artery disease or hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:964-71
  • Long CS. The role of interleukin-1 in the failing heart. Heart Fail Rev 2001;6:81-94
  • Schmidt RJ, Dalton CL. Treating anemia of chronic kidney disease in the primary care setting: cardiovascular outcomes and management recommendations. Osteopath Med Prim Care 2007;1:14
  • Doehner W, Anker SD. Uric acid in chronic heart failure. Semin Nephrol 2005;25:61-6
  • Inglis S, Stewart S. Metabolic therapeutics in angina pectoris: history revisited with perhexiline. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2006;5:175-84
  • Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr 2008;27:793-9

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.