1,162
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Treatment strategies for obsessive-compulsive disorder

&
Pages 331-343 | Published online: 27 Jan 2010

Bibliography

  • American Psychiatric Association Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edition. American Psychiatric Press; Washington, DC; 1994
  • Karno M, Golding JM, Sorenson SB, Burnam MA. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45(12):1094-9
  • Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8-19
  • Hollander E, Stein D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Oxford Press; 1999
  • Merikangas KR. Clinical features of anxiety disorders. In: Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, editors, Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 8th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. p. 1104-26
  • Hollander E, Weilgus-Kornwasser J. Counting the cost- the psychosocial and economic burden of OCD. Focus OCD 1997;5:3-5
  • Abramowitz JS, Taylor S, McKay D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet 2009;374(9688):491-9
  • Fullana MA, Mataix-Cols D, Caspi A, Obsessions and compulsions in the community: prevalence, interference, help-seeking, developmental stability, and co-occurring psychiatric conditions. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166(3):329-36
  • The Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group. Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:730-8
  • Montgomery SA. Pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Hollander E, Zohar J, Marazziti D, Oliver B, editors, Current insights in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Chichester, Wiley & Sons; 1994. p. 215-26
  • Greist JH, Jefferson JV, Kobak KA, Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:53-60
  • Piccinelli M, Pini S, Bellantuono C, Wilkinson G. Efficacy of drug treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analytic review. Br J Psychiatry 1995;166(4):424-43
  • Finiberg N. Refining treatment approaches in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;11(5):13-22
  • Hoehn-Saric R, Ninan P, Black DW, Multicenter double blind comparison of sertraline and desipramine for concurrent obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:76-82
  • Zohar J, Chopra M, Sasson Y, Obsessive compulsive disorder: serotonin and beyond. World J Biol Psychiatry 2000;1(2):92-100
  • Lydiard RB, Brawman-Mintzer O, Ballenger JC. Recent developments in the psychopharmacology of anxiety disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996;64:660-8
  • Lopez-IborJJ, Fernandez-Cordobe E. La monclomipramina en-enfermos resistentes a otros tratamiantos. Acta Luso-Espan Neurol Psiquiatria 1967;26:119-47
  • Flament MF, Rapoport JL, Berg CJ, Clomipramine treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double blind controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:977-83
  • Mavissakalian M, Turner SM, Michelson L, Jacob R. Tricyclic antidepressant in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Antiobsessional or antidepressant agents? Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:301-6
  • Murphy DL, Siever LJ, Insel TR. Therapeutic response to tricyclic antidepressants and related drugs in non affective disorder patient population. Prog Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1985;9:3-13
  • Katz RJ, De Veaugh-Geiss J, Landau P. Clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1990;28:401-14
  • Song F, Freemantle N, Sheldon TA, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: meta-analysis of efficacy and acceptability. Br Med J 1993;306(6879):683-7
  • Mitchell J, Greenberg J, Finch K, Effectiveness and economic impact of antidepressant medication: a review. Am J Manag Care 1997;3(2):323-30
  • Anderson IM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. J Affect Disord 2000;58(1):19-36
  • Danish University Antidepressant Group (DUAG). Citalopram: clinical effect profile in comparison with clomipramine. A controlled multicenter study. Psychopharmacol 1986;90:131-8
  • Danish University Antidepressant Group (DUAG). Paroxetine: a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor showing better tolerance, but weaker antidepressant effect, than clomipramine in a controlled multicenter study. J Affect Disord 1990;18:289-99
  • Montgomery SA, Mc Auley R, Montgomery DB, Plasma concentration of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine and clinical response in depressed patients. Postgrad Med J 1980;56(1):130-3
  • Tollefson GD, Rampey AH, Pottvin JH, A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:559-67
  • Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Kobak KA, A 1 year double-blind placebo-controlled fixed dose study of sertraline in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;10:57-65
  • Montgomery SA, Kasper S, Stein D, Citalopram 20mg, 40mg and 60mg are all effective and well tolerated compared with placebo in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;16(2):75-86
  • Hollander E, Allen A, Steiner M, Acute and long-term treatment and prevention of relapse of obsessive-compulsive disorder with paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(9):1113-21
  • Ninan PT, Koran LM, Kiev A, High-dose sertraline strategy for nonresponders to acute treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:15-22
  • Rabinowitz I, Baruch Y, Barak Y. High-dose escitalopram for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;23:49-53
  • Montgomery SA, McIntyre A, Osterheider M, ; Wood AJ and the Lilly Europen OCD Study Group. A double-blind placebo-controlled of fluoxetine in patients with DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1993;3:143-52
  • Zitterl W, Meszaros K, Hornik K, Efficacy of fluoxetine in Austrian patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Wien Clin Wochenschr 1999;111:439-42
  • Romano S, Goodman W, Tamura R, Gonzales J. Long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder after an acute response: a comparison of fluoxetine versus placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:46-52
  • Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double- blind comparison with placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:36-44
  • Goodman WK, Kozak MJ, Liebowitz M, White KL. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with fluvoxamine: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;11:21-9
  • Hohagen F, Winkelmann G, Rasche-Ruchle H, Combination of behaviour therapy with fluvoxamine in comparison with behaviour therapy and placebo. Results of a multicentre study. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1998;35:71-8
  • Milanfranchi A, Ravagli S, Lensi P, A double-blind study of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;12:131-6
  • Mundo E, Rouillon F, Figuera ML, Stigler M. Fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: similar efficacy but superior tolerability in comparison with clomipramine. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001;16(6):461-8
  • Cottraux J, Mollard E, Bouvard M, Marks I. Exposure therapy, fluvoxamine, or combination treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: one-year follow-up. Psychiatry Res 1993;49:63-75
  • Mallya GK, White K, Waternaux C, Short and long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with fluvoxamine. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1992;4:77-80
  • Hollander E, Koran LM, Goodman WK, A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of controlled-release fluvoxamine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(6):640-7
  • Ordacgi L, Mendlowicz MV, Fontenelle LF. Management of obsessive-compulsive disorder with fluvoxamine extended release. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2009;5:301-8
  • Owen RT. Controlled-release fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia. Drugs Today (Barc) 2008;44(12):887-93
  • Chouinard G, Goodman W, Greist J, Results of a double-blind placebo controlled trial of a new serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990;26(3):279-84
  • Kronig MH, Apter J, Asnis G, Placebo-controlled, multi-centre study of sertraline study for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;19:172-6
  • Jenike MA, Baer L, Summergrad P, Sertraline in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind comparison with placebo. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147(7):923-8
  • Rasmussen SA, Baer L, Shera D. Previous treatment and efficacy of sertraline for OCD: combined analysis of 4 multicenter trials. Annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; San Diego, CA; 1997. p. 17-22
  • Greist J, Chouinard G, DuBoff E, Double-blind parallel comparison of three dosages of sertraline and placebo in outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:289-95
  • Bogetto F, Albert U, Maina G. Sertraline treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: efficacy and tolerability of a rapid titration regimen. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2002;12(3):181-6
  • Koran LM, Hackett E, Rubin A, Efficacy of sertraline in the long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:88-95
  • Bergeron R, Ravindran AV, Chaput Y, Sertraline and fluoxetine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: results of a double-blind, 6-months study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;22:148-54
  • Weadon D, Bushnell WD, Steiner M. A fixed dose comparison of 20, 40, or 60 mg of paroxetine to placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American college of neuropsychopharmacology; Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico; 1993
  • Zohar J, Judge R. Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1996;169:468-74
  • White K, Keck PE Jr, Lipinski J. Serotonin-uptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report. Compr Psychiatry 1986;27(3):211-4
  • Marazziti D, Dell'Osso L, Gemignani A, Citalopram in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;16:215-9
  • Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Koran LM. Citalopram intravenous infusion in resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63(9):796-801
  • Stein DJ, Andersen EW, Tonnoir B, Fineberg N. Escitalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled, paroxetine-referenced, fixed-dose, 24-week study. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:701-11
  • Fineberg NA, Tonnoir B, Lemming O, Stein DJ. Escitalopram prevents relapse of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007;17:430-9
  • Marazziti D. Venlafaxine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: case reports. CNS Spectr 2003;8(6):421-2
  • Denys D, van der Wee N, van Megen H, Westenberg H. A double-blind comparison of venlafaxine and paroxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23(6):568-75
  • Koran LM, Gamel NN, Choung HW, Mirtazapine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial followed by double-blind discontinuation. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:515-20
  • Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Bruscoli M. Response acceleration with mirtazapine augmentation of citalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients without comorbid depression: a pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:1394-9
  • Vallejo J, Olivares J, Marcos T, Clomipramine versus phenelzine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A controlled clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:665-70
  • Fux M, Levine J, Aviv A, Belmaker RH. Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1219-21
  • Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Bengtson M, D-cycloserine does not enhance exposure-response prevention therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;22:230-7
  • Grant P, Coric V, Taskiran S, Riluzole augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open-label trial. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58(5):424-8
  • Lougee L, Hirschtritt M, Swedo SE. An open-label trial of riluzole, a glutamate antagonist, in children with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007;17(6):761-7
  • Koran LM, Aboujaoude E, Bullock KD, Double-blind treatment with oral morphine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:353-9
  • McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Lechman JF, The psychopharmacology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: implications for treatment and pathogenesis. Psychiatry Clin North Am 1993;16:749-66
  • Marazziti D, Catena M, Pallanti S. Pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Ann 2006;36(7):454-62
  • Marazziti D, Mungai F, Vivarelli L, Dell'Osso B. Critical issues in the pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Neuropsychiatry 2004;1:59-64
  • Bandelow PB, Zohar J, Hollander E, World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP). Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders–first revision. World J Biol Psychiatry 2008;9(4):248-312
  • Mattes J. A pilot study of combined trazodone and tryptophan in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1986;1:170-3
  • Simeon JC, Thatte S, Wiggins D. Treatment of adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder with a clomipramine-fluoxetine combination. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990;26:285-90
  • Browne M, Horn E, Jones TT. The benefits of Clomipramine-fluoxetine combination in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1993;38:242-3
  • Marazziti D, Golia F, Consoli G, Effectiveness of long-term augmentation with citalopram to clomipramine in treatment-resistant OCD patients. CNS Spectr 2008;13(11):971-6
  • Dannon PN, Sasson Y, Hirschmann S, Pindolol augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2000;10:165-9
  • Mundo E, Guglielmo E, Bellodi L. Effect of adjuvant pindolol on the antiobsessional response to fluvoxamine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;13:219-24
  • Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Patterson B, Bennett M. Topiramate augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a retrospective, open-label case series. Depress Anxiety 2006;23:1-5
  • McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:302-8
  • Saxena S, Wang D, Bystritsky A, Risperidone augmentation of SSRI treatment for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:303-6
  • McDougle CJ, Epperson CN, Pelton GH, A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:794-801
  • Hollander E, Rossi NB, Sood E, Pallanti S. Risperidone augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2003;6(4):397-401
  • D'Amico G, Cedro C, Muscatello MR, Olanzapine augmentation of paroxetine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003;27(4):619-23
  • Bogetto F, Bellino S, Vaschetto P, Ziero S. Olanzapine augmentation of fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a 12-week open trial. Psychiatry Res 2000;96(2):91-8
  • Shapira NA, Ward HE, Mandoki M, A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oloanzapine addition in fluoxetine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55(5):553-5
  • Marazziti D, Pfanner C, Dell'Osso B, Augmentation strategy with olanzapine in resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: an Italian long-term open-label study. J Psychopharmacol 2005;19:392-4
  • Maina G, Pessina E, Albert U, Bogetto F. 8-week, single-blind, randomized trial comparing risperidone versus olanzapine augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;18:364-72
  • Atmacha M, Kuloglu M, Tezcan E, Gecici O. Quetiapine augmentation in patients with treatment resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;17(3):115-9
  • Denys D, De Geus F, Van Megen HJ, Westenberg HG. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine addition in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder refractory to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:1040-8
  • Fineberg NA, Sivakumaran T, Roberts A, Gale T. Adding quetiapine to SSRI in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled treatment study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;20:223-6
  • Mohr N, Vythilingum B, Emsley RA, Stein DJ. Quetiapine augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;17:37-40
  • Sevincok L, Topuz A. Lack of efficacy of low doses of quetiapine addition in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23(5):448-50
  • Pessina E, Albert U, Bogetto F, Maina G. Aripiprazole augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 12-week open-label preliminary study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;24(5):265-9
  • Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2006;11:622-32
  • Skapinakis P, Papatheodorou T, Mavreas V. Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonergic antidepressants in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007;17:79-93
  • Koran LM, Aboujaoude E, Ward H, Pulse-loaded intravenous clomipramine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:79-83
  • Hollander E, Bienstock CA, Koran LM, Refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: state-of-the art treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63(6):20-9
  • Pallanti S, Hollander E, Bienstock C, Treatment non-response in OCD: methodological issues and operational definitions. Int J Neuropharmacol 2002;5:181-91
  • Mundo E, Bareggi SR, Pirola R, Effect of acute intravenous clomipramine and antiobsessional response to proserotonergic drugs: is gender a predictive variable? Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:290-4
  • Steiner M, Gergel IP, Wheadon DE. Predictors of response to paroxetine therapy in OCD. Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto; 1996; May 20-25
  • Stein DJ, Montgomery SA, Kasper S, Tanghoj P. Predictors of response to pharmacotherapy with citalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;16:357-61
  • Erzegovesi S, Cavallini MC, Cavedini P, Clinical predictors of drug response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:488-92
  • Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A, Predictors of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder: multivariate analyses from a multicenter trial of clomipramine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994;14:247-54
  • Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A. Clinical characteristics of response to fluoxetine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998;18:185-92
  • Steketee G, Eisen J, Dyck I, Predictors of course in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 1999;27:229-38
  • Ravizza L, Barzega G, Bellino S, Predictors of drug treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:368-73
  • Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A. Use of receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate predictors of response to clomipramine therapy. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996;32:157-65
  • Rosario-Campos MC, Leckman JF, Mercadante MT, Adults with early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1899-903
  • Ronchi P, Abruzzese M, Erzegovesi S, The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in an Italian population. Eur Psychiatry 1992;7:53-9
  • Leckman JF, Grice DE, Boardman J, Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:911-7
  • Mataix-Cols D, Rauch SL, Manzo PA, Use of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1409-16
  • Angst J. The epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. In: Hollander E, Zohar J, Marazziti D, Olivier B, editors, Current insights in obsessive compulsive disorder. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; New York, NY; 1994. p. 93-104
  • Denys D, Burger H, van Megen H, A score for predicting response to pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;18:315-22
  • Mataix-Cols D, Wooderson S, Lawrence N, Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking, and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:564-76
  • Baer L. Factor analysis of symptom subtypes of obsessive compulsive disorder and their relation to personality and tic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55:18-23
  • Alonso P, Menchon JM, Pifarre J, Long-term follow-up and predictors of clinical outcome in obsessive-compulsive patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and behavioral therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:535-40
  • Black DW, Monahan P, Gable J, Hoarding and treatment response in 38 nondepressed subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:420-5
  • Jenike MA, Baer L, Minichello WE, Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine and phenelzine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1261-4
  • Baer L, Rauch SL, Ballantine HT, Cingulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prospective long-term follow-up of 18 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:384-92
  • Ball SG, Baer L, Otto MW. Symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder in behavioral treatment studies: a quantitative review. Behav Res Ther 1996;34:47-51
  • Buchanan AW, Ko SM, Marks IM. What predicts improvement and compliance during the behavioral treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder? Anxiety 1996;2:22-7
  • Alarcon RD, Libb JW, Spitler D. A predictive study of obsessive-compulsive disorder response to clomipramine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;13:210-3
  • Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: clinical aspects and treatment strategies. Bull Menninger Clin 1998;62:33-48
  • Winsberg ME, Cassic KS, Koran LM. Hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a report of 20 cases. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:591-7
  • Zitterl W, Lenz G, Mayrhofer A, Zapotoczky HG. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: course and interaction with depression: a review of the literature. Psychopathology 1990;23:73-80
  • Skoog G, Skoog J. A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:131-2
  • Catapano F, Sperandeo R, Perris F, Insight and resistance in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychopathology 2001;34:62-8
  • Ravi KV, Samar R, Reddy YCJ, Clinical characteristics and treatment response in poor and good insight obsessive–compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2004;19:202-8
  • Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA, Phillips KA, Insight and treatment outcome in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2001;42:494-7
  • Matsunaga H, KiriikeN, Matsui T, Obsessive–compulsive disorder with poor insight. Compr Psychiatry 2002;43:150-7
  • Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A, Katz RJ. Relationship between early side effects and therapeutic effects of clomipramine therapy in OCD. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;16:324-8
  • Ackerman DL, Greenland SMS, Bystritsky A. Side effects as predictors of drug response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;19:459-65
  • Post RM, Weiss SR. Sensitization and kindling phenomena in mood, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders: the role of serotonergic mechanisms in illness progression. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:193-206
  • Mundo E, Bellodi L, Smeraldi E. Effects of acute intravenous clomipramine on obsessive-compulsive symptoms and response to chronic treatment. Biol Psychiatry 1995;38:525-31
  • Sallee FR, Koran LM, Pallanti S, Intravenous clomipramine challenge in obsessive-compulsive disorder: predicting response to oral therapy at eight weeks. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:220-7
  • Hollander E, Cohen LJ, DeCaria C, Timing of neuroendocrine responses and effect of m-CPP and fenfluramine plasma levels in OCD. Biol Psychiatry 1993;15:407-13
  • Koran LM, Pallanti S, Quercioli L. Sumatriptan, 5-HT(1D) receptors and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001;11:169-72
  • Marks IM, Hodgson R, Rachman S. Treatment of chronic obsessive-compulsive neurosis by in vivo exposure. Br J Psychiatry 1975;127:349-64
  • Foa EB, Steketee G, Milby JB. Differential effects of exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive washers. J Consult Clin Psychol 1980;48:71-9
  • Foa EB, Steketee G, Grayson JB, Latimer PR. Deliberate exposure and blocking of obsessive-compulsive rituals: immediate and long-term effects. Behav Ther 1984;15:450-72
  • Castle DJ, Deale A, Marks IM, Obsessive-compulsive disorder: prediction of outcome from behavioural psychotherapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;89(6):393-8
  • Perse T. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a treatment review. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49(2):48-55
  • Steketee G, Cleere L. Obsessional-compulsive disorder. In: Bellak AS, Hersen M, Kazdin EA, editors, International handbook of behavior modification and therapy. Plenum Press; New York; 1990. p. 307-32
  • Abramowitz JS. Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a quantitative review. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997;65(1):44-52
  • Kobak KA, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Behavioral versus pharmacological treatments of obsessive compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychopharmacol 1998;136(3):205-16
  • Emmelkamp PMG, Visser S, Hoekstra RJ. Cognitive therapy vs exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Cogn Ther Res 1988;12:103-14
  • McLean PD, Whittal ML, Thordarson DS, Cognitive versus behavior therapy in the group treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69(2):205-14
  • van Oppen P, de Haan E, van Balkom AJ, Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 1995;33:379-90
  • Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders. International University Press; Meriden, NY; 1976
  • Reed GF. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a cognitive/structural approach. Can Psychol 1983;24:169-80
  • Salkovskis PM. Obsessional-compulsive problems: a cognitive behavioral analysis. Behav Res Ther 1985;23:571-83
  • Creamer M. Cognitive interventions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Change 1987;4:20-7
  • Freeston MH, Ladouceur R, Gagnon F, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive thoughts: a controlled study. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997;65:405-13
  • Cordioli AV, Heldt E, Bochi DB. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Psychother Psychosom 2003;72:211-6
  • Whittal ML, Thordarson DS, McLean PD. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure and response prevention. Behav Res Ther 2005;43:1559-76
  • Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ, Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:151-61
  • van Oppen P, van Balkom AJ, de Haan E, van Dyck R. Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo alone and in combination with fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 5-year follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:1415-22
  • Christensen H, Hadzi P, Andrews G, Mattick R. Behavior therapy and tricyclic medication in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a quantitative review. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987;55:701-11
  • van Balkom AJLM, van Oppen P, Wermeulen AWA, Meta-analysis of the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison of antidepressant, behavior and cognitive therapy. Clin Psychol Rev 1994;14:359-81
  • Starcevic V, Brakoulias V. Symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: are they relevant for treatment? Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2008;42(8):651-61
  • Prasko J, Paskova B, Zalesky R, The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on symptoms in obsessive compulsive disorder. A randomized, double blind, sham controlled study. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006;27:327-32
  • Sachdev PS, Loo CK, Mitchell PB, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: a double-blind controlled investigation. Psychol Med 2007;37:1645-9
  • Alonso P, Pujol J, Cardoner N, Right prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in bsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(7):1143-5
  • Anderson D, Ahmed A. Treatment of patients with intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder with anterior capsular stimulation. Case report. J Neurosurg 2003;98:1104-8
  • Gabriels L, Cosyns P, Nuttin B, Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychopathological and neuropsychological outcome in three cases. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;107:275-82
  • Nuttin BJ, Gabriels LA, Cosyns PR, Long-term electrical capsular stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosurgery 2003;52:1263-74
  • Aouizerate B, Cuny E, Martin-Guehl C, Deep brain stimulation of the ventral caudate nucleus in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. Case report. J Neurosurg 2004;101:682-6
  • Sturm V, Lenartz D, Koulousakis A, The nucleus accumbens: a target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive- and anxiety-disorders. J Chem Neuroanat 2003;26:293-9
  • Yaryura-Tobias JA, Stevens KP, Perez-Rivera R, Negative outcome after neurosurgery for refractory obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2000;1:197-203
  • Oliver B, Gascon J, Aparicio A, Bilateral anterior capsulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorders. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2003;81:90-5
  • Dougherty DD, Baer L, Cosgrove GR, Prospective long-term follow-up of 44 patients who received cingulotomy for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:269-75
  • Kim CH, Chang JW, Koo MS, Anterior cingulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;107:283-90
  • Montoya A, Weiss AP, Price BH, Magnetic resonance imaging-guided stereotactic limbic leukotomy for treatment of intractable psychiatric disease. Neurosurgery 2002;50:1043-52
  • Woerdeman PA, Willems PW, Noordmans HJ, Frameless stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2006;148:633-7
  • Maletzky B, McFarland B, Burt A. Refractory obsessive compulsive disorder and ECT. Convulsive Ther 1994;10:34-42
  • Lavin MR, Halligan P. ECT for obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1652-3
  • Thomas SG, Kellner CH. Remission of major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder after a single unilateral ECT. J ECT 2003;19:50-1
  • Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Mittleman BB, Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154(11):1630-1
  • Marazziti D, Presta S, Pfanner C, Immunological alterations in adult obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1999;46(6):810-4
  • Marazziti D, Perez J, Cassano GB. Is obsessive-compulsive disorder caused by a second-messenger imbalance? CNS Spectr 2001;6(3):206-9
  • McDougle CJ. Update on pharmacologic management of OCD: agents and augmentation. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58(12):11-7

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.