Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Volume 2, 2001 - Issue 11
Submit an article Journal homepage
43
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Miscellaneous

Current practice in the treatment of hyperlipidaemias

Patrick Duriez Département d’Athérosclérose, Inserm U545, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille, France, Tel.: +33 320 877 886; Fax: +33 320 877 360;, E-mail: [email protected]
Pages 1777-1794 | Published online: 24 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S).Lancet (1994) 344:1383–1389.
  • Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group.N Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339:1349–1357.
  • FLAKER GC, WARNICA JW, SACKS FM et al.: Pravastatin prevents clinical events in revascularized patients with average cholesterol concentrations. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events CARE Investigators.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1999) 34:106–112.
  • SHEPHERD J, COBBE SM, FORD I et al.: Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group.N Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:1301–1307.
  • DOWNS JR, CLEARFIELD M, WEIS S et al.: Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study.JAMA (1998) 279:1615–1622.
  • RUBINS HB, ROBINS SJ, COLLINS D et al.: Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group.N Engl. J. Med. (1999) 341:410–418.
  • Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised study.Lancet (2001) 357:905–910.
  • EUROASPIRE: A European Society of Cardiology survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: principal results. EUROASPIRE Study Group. European Action on Secondary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events.Eur. Heart J. (1997) 18:1569–1582.
  • GRUNDY SM, BALADY GJ, CRIQUI MHetal.: Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: guidance from Framingham: a statement for healthcare professionals from the AHA Task Force on Risk Reduction. American Heart Association.Circulation (1998) 97:1876–1887.
  • ASSMANN G, CULLEN P, JOSSA F, LEWIS B, MANCINI M: Coronary heart disease: reducing the risk: the scientific background to primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. A worldwide view. International Task force for the Prevention of Coronary Heart disease.Arteritarter. Th1-0171b. V3SC. Biol. (1999) 19:1819–1824.
  • ASSMANN G, CULLEN P, SCHULTE H: The Munster Heart Study (PROCAM). Results of follow-up at 8 years.Eur. Heart J. (1998) 19(Suppl. A):A2–A1 1.
  • STEINER G: The Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS): a study conducted in cooperation with the World Health Organization. The DAIS Project Group.Diabetologia (1996) 39:1655–1661.
  • CALLOW MJ, VERSTUYFT J, TANGIRALA R, PALINSKI W, RUBIN EM: Atherogenesis in transgenic mice with human apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein (a).J. CM]. Invest. (1995) 96: 1639-1646.
  • SUPERKO HR: Small, Dense, Low-density Lipoprotein and Atherosclerosis.Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. (2000) 2:226–231.
  • BODEN WE: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as an independent risk factor in disease: assessing the data from Framingham to the veterans affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial.Am. J. Cardiol (2000) 86:19–22.
  • LUC G, BARD JM, LUSSIER-CACAN S et al.: High-density lipoprotein particles in octogenarians.Metabolism (1991) 40:1238–1243.
  • AUSTIN MA, HOKANSON JE, EDWARDS KL: Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor.Am. J. Cardiol (1998) 81:7B–12B.
  • SEMAN LJ, DELUCA C, JENNER JL et al.: Lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol and coronary heart disease in the Framingham Heart Study.Clin. Chem. (1999) 45:1039–1046.
  • SEMAN LJ, MCNAMARA JR, SCHAEFER EJ: Lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, and remnant-like particles: emerging risk factors.Curr. Opin. Cardiol (1999) 14:186–191.
  • BOSTOM AG, CUPPLES LA, JENNER JL et al: Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease in men aged 55 years and younger. A prospective study.JAMA (1996) 276:544–548.
  • GENEST J, MCNAMARA JR, ORDOVAS JM et al: Lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I and B and lipoprotein (a) abnormalities in men with premature coronary artery disease.J. Am. Coll Cardiol (1992) 19:792–802.
  • RETZLAFF BM, WALDEN CE, MCNENEY WB, BUCK BL, MCCANN BS, KNOPP RH: Nutritional intake of women and men on the NCEP Step I and Step II diets.J. Am. Coll. Num. (1997) 16:52–61.
  • ENDO A, KURODA M, TSUJITA Y: ML-236A, ML-236B, and ML-236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogenesis produced by Penicillium citrinium. IAntibiot. (Tokyo) (1976) 29:1346–1348.
  • PITT B, WATERS D, BROWN WVet Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease. Atorvastatinversus Revascularization Treatment Investigators.N Engl. J. Med. (1999) 341:70–76.
  • SCHWARTZ GG, OLSSON AG, EZEKOWITZ MD et al.: Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial.JAMA (2001) 285:1711–1718.
  • WATERS D, HIGGINSON L, P, BOCCUZZI SJ, COOK T, LESPERANCE J: Effects of cholesterol lowering on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in women. A Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial (CCAIT) substudy.Circulation (1995) 92:2404–2410.
  • JUKEMA JW, BRUSCHKE AV, VAN BOVEN AJ et al.: Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS).Circulation (1995) 91:2528–2540.
  • The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts. The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators.N Engl. J. Med. (1997) 336:153–162.
  • HERD JA, BALLANTYNE CM, FARMER JAetal.: Effects of fluvastatin on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with mild to moderate cholesterol elevations (Lipoprotein and Coronary Atherosclerosis Study FLCAS1).Am. J. Cardiol. (1997) 80:278–286.
  • STEWART BE BROWN BG, ZHAO XQet al.: Benefits of lipid-lowering therapy in men with elevated apolipoprotein B are not confined to those with very high low density lipoprotein cholesterol. ..J.Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1994) 23:899–906.
  • BROWN MS, GOLDSTEIN JL: A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis.Science (1986) 232:34–47.
  • EDWARDS PA, ERICSSON J: Sterols andisoprenoids: signaling molecules derived from the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.Amu. Rev Biochem. (1999) 68:157–185.
  • BROWN MS, GOLDSTEIN JL: A proteolytic pathway that controls the content of membranes, cells, and blood.Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:11041–11048.
  • BROWN MS, GOLDSTEIN JL: The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor.Cell (1997) 89:331–340.
  • DEBOSE-BOYD RA, BROWN MS, LI WP, NOHTURFFT A, GOLDSTEIN JL, ESPENSHADE PJ: Transport-dependent proteolysis of SREBP: relocation of site-1 protease from Golgi to ER obviates the need for SREBP transport to Golgi.Cell (1999) 99:703–712.
  • HERNANDEZ-PERERA O, PEREZ-SALA D, NAVARRO-ANTOLIN Jet al.: Effects of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin, on the expression of endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells.J. Clin. Invest. (1998) 101:2711–2719.
  • DESKUR-SMIELECKA E, WYKR TA, KEMPA M, FURMANIUK J, WYSOCKI H: The influence of short-term treatment with simvastatin on the inflammatory profile of patients with hypercholesterolaemia.Carom Artery Dis. (2001) 12:143–148.
  • ALBERT MA, DANIELSON E, RIFAI N, RIDKER PM: Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study.JAMA (2001) 286:64–70.
  • VISANI G, OTTAVIANI E, DANOVA M, MAN GIAROTTI R, TOSI P, TURA S: The expression of proliferation and quiescence associated antigens in acute myeloid leukemia correlates with survival duration: analysis of 15 refractory cases.Haematologica (1997) 82:338–340.
  • VAN BOVEN AJ, BRUGEMANN J, DE GRAEFF PA, MAY JF, CRIJNS HJ: The 4S study. Implications for prescribing.Drugs (1996) 51:507–514.
  • FENTON JW, SHEN GX, MINNEAR FL, BREZNIAK DVetal.: Statin drugs and dietary isoprenoids as antithrombotic agents.Hematol. °ma Chia. North Am. (2000) 14:483-90, xi.
  • JAEGER BR, MEISER B, NAGEL Detal.: Aggressive lowering of fibrinogen and cholesterol in the prevention of graft vessel disease after heart transplantation.Circulation (1997) 96:2–8.
  • KAPLINSKY E, BRUNNER D: The bezafibrate infarction prevention (BIP) study results.XXth Congress of the European Socieh,of Cardiology Vienne (August 22–26 1998). Abstract.
  • ERICSSON CG, NILSSON J, GRIP L, SVANE B, HAMSTEN A: Effect of bezafibrate treatment over five years on coronary plaques causing 20% to 50% diameter narrowing (The Bezafibrate Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial lBECAITI).Am. J. Cardiof (1997) 80:1125–1129.
  • FRICK MH, SYVANNE M, NIEMINEN MSet al.: Prevention of the angiographic progression of coronary and vein-graft atherosclerosis by gemfibrozil after coronary bypass surgery in men with low levels of HDL cholesterol. Lopid Coronary Angiography Trial (LOCAT) Study Group.Circulation (1997) 96:2137–2143.
  • BRAISSANT O, FOUFELLE F, SCOTTO C, DAUCA M, WAHLI W: Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): tissue distribution of PPAR-alpha, -beta, and -gamma in the adult rat.Endocrinology (1996) 137:354–366.
  • KREY G, BRAISSANT O, L'HORSET Fet al.: Fatty acids, eicosanoids, and hypolipidemic agents identified as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors by coactivator-dependent receptor ligand assay.Ma. Eridocrinol. (1997) 11:779–791.
  • ISSEMANN I, GREEN S: Activation of amember of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators.Nature (1990) 347:645–650.
  • WILLSON TM, BROWN PJ, STERNBACH DD, HENKE BR: The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery.J. Med. Chem. (2000) 43:527–550.
  • CATTIN L, DA COL PG, FERUGLIO FS>et al.: Efficacy of ciprofibrate in primary type II and IV hyperlipidemia: the Italian multicenter study.Clin. Ther. (1990) 12:482–488.
  • TILLY-KIESI M, TIKKANEN MJ: Low density lipoprotein density and composition in hypercholesterolaemic men treated with HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and gemfibrozil.../.Intern. Med. (1991) 229:427–434.
  • SCHOONJANS K, STAELS B, AUWERX J: The peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) and their effects on lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1996) 1302:93–109.
  • MARTIN G, SCHOONJANS K, LEFEBVRE AM, STAELS B, AUWERX J: Coordinate regulation of the expression of the fatty acid transport protein and acyl-CoA synthetase genes by PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators.J. Biol. Chem. (1997) 272:28210–28217.
  • KESANIEMI YA, GRUNDY SM: Influence of gemfibrozil and cloflbrate on metabolism of cholesterol and plasma triglycerides in man.JAMA (1984) 251:2241–2246.
  • HAHN SE, GOLDBERG DM: Modulation of lipoprotein production in Hep G2 cells by fenofibrate and cloflbrate.Biochem. Pharmacol (1992) 43:625–633.
  • DESAGER JP, HORSMANS Y, VANDENPLAS C, HARVENGT C: Pharmacodynamic activity of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, and pharmacokinetic parameters measured in normolipidaemic subjects receiving ciprofibrate (100 or 200 mg/day) or micronised fenofibrate (200 mg/clay) therapy for 23 days.Atherosclerosis (1996) 124(Suppl.):S65–S73.
  • FOGER B, DREXEL H, Tet al: Fenofibrate improves postprandial chylomicron clearance in II B hyperlipoproteinemia.Chit. Investig. (1994) 72:294–301.
  • WINDLER E, CHAO Y, HAVEL RJ: Regulation of the hepatic uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the rat. Opposing effects of homologous apolipoprotein E and individual C apoproteins. jBiol. Chem. (1980) 255:8303–8307.
  • CLAVEY V, LESTAVEL-DELATTRE S,COPIN C, BARD JM, FRUCHART JC: Modulation of lipoprotein B binding to the LDL receptor by exogenous lipids and apolipoproteins CI, CII, CIII, and E.Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1995) 15:963–971.
  • AALTO-SETALA K, FISHER EA, CHEN al.: Mechanism of hypertriglyceridemia in human apolipoprotein (apo) CIII transgenic mice. Diminished very low density lipoprotein fractional catabolic rate associated with increased ApoCIII and reduced ApoE on the particles.J. Chit. Invest. (1992) 90:1889–1900.
  • AALTO-SETALA K, WEINSTOCK PH,BISGAIER CL, WU L, SMITH JD, BRESLOW JL: Further characterization of the metabolic properties of triglyceride- rich from human and mouse apoC- transgenic mice.J. Lipid Res. (1996) 37: 1802-1811.
  • EBARA T, RAMAKRISHNAN R, STEINER G, SHACHTER NS: Chylomicronemia due to apolipoprotein CIII overexpression in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Apolipoprotein CIII-induced hypertriglyceridemia is not mediated by effects on apolipoprotein E.J. Chit. Invest. (1997) 99:2672–2681.
  • BARD JM, PARRA HJ, CAMARE Ret al: A multicenter comparison of the effects of simvastatin and fenofibrate therapy in severe primary hypercholesterolemia, with particular emphasis on lipoproteins defined by their apolipoprotein composition.Metabolism (1992) 41:498–503.
  • PETERS JM, HENNUYER N, STAELS Bet al: Alterations in lipoprotein metabolism in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-deficient mice. _J.Biol. Chem. (1997) 272:27307–27312.
  • KAHRI J, SANE T, VAN TOL A, TASKINEN MR: Effect of gemfibrozil on the regulation of HDL subfractions in hypertriglyceridaemic patients.J. Intern. Med. (1995) 238:429–436.
  • ZAMBON D, ROS E, RODRIGUEZ-VILLAR Cetal.: Randomized crossover study of gemfibrozil versus lovastatin in familial combined hyperlipidemia: additive effects of combination treatment on lipid regulation.Metabolism (1999) 48:47–54.
  • STEINMETZ A, SCHWARTZ T, HEHNKE U, KAFFARNIK H: Multicenter comparison of micronized fenofibrate and simvastatin in patients with primary type IIA or IIB hyperlipoproteinemia. ICardiovasc. Pharmacol (1996) 27:563–570.
  • SCHAEFER EJ, LAMON-FAVA S, COLE Tet al.: Effects of regular and extended-release gemfibrozil on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic patients with decreased HDL cholesterol levels.Atherosclerosis (1996) 127:113–122.
  • MALMENDIER CL, DELCROIX C: Effects of fenofibrate on high and low density lipoprotein metabolism in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.Atherosclerosis (1985) 55:161–169.
  • BERTHOU L, SALADIN R, YAQ00B Pet al: Regulation of rat liver apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein A-II and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase gene expression by fibrates and dietary fatty acids.Eur. I Biochem. (1995) 232:179–187.
  • VU-DAC N, SCHOONJANS K, KOSYKH Vet al.: Fibrates increase human apolipoprotein A-II expression through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.J. Chit. Invest. (1995) 96:741–750.
  • VU-DAC N, SCHOONJANS K, LAINE B, FRUCHART JC, AUWERX J, STAELS B: Negative regulation of the human apolipoprotein A-I promoter by fibrates can be attenuated by the interaction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor with its response element. IBiol. Chem. (1994) 269:31012–31018.
  • BERTHOU L, DUVERGER N, EMMANUE1Fet al.: Opposite regulation of human versus mouse apolipoprotein A-I by fibrates in human apolipoprotein A-I transgenic mice.J. Chu. Invest. (1996) 97:2408–2416.
  • KOCKX M, PRINCEN HM, KOOISTRA T: Fibrate-modulated expression of fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and apolipoprotein A-I in cultured cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes: role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- alpha.Thromb. Haemost. (1998) 80:942–948.
  • HENNUYER N, POULAIN E MADSEN al.: Beneficial effects of fibrates on apolipoprotein A-I metabolism occur independently of any peroxisome proliferative response.Circulation (1999) 99:2445–2451.
  • CHINETTI G, GBAGUIDI FG, GRIGLIO Set al: CLA-1/SR-BI is expressed in atherosclerotic lesion macrophages and regulated by activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.Circulation (2000) 101:2411–2417.
  • CHINETTI G, LESTAVEL S, BOCHER Vet al: PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma activators induce cholesterol removal from human macrophage foam cells through stimulation of the ABCA1 pathway.Nat. Med. (2001) 7:53–58.
  • GUERRE-MILLO M, GERVOIS P, RASPE Eetal.: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activators improve insulin sensitivity and reduce adiposity.Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:16638–16642.
  • DURRINGTON PN, MACKNESS MI, BHATNAGAR Det al.: Effects of two different fibric acid derivatives on lipoproteins, cholesteryl ester transfer, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor and paraoxonase activity in type IIb.Atherosclerosis (1998) 138:217–225.
  • KOCKX M, DE MAAT MP, KNIPSCHEER HCet al: Effects of gemfibrozil and ciprofibrate on plasma levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrinogen in hyperlipidaemic patients.Thromb. Haemost. (1997) 78:1167–1172.
  • KOCKX M, GERVOIS P, POULAIN Pet al.: Fibrates suppress fibrinogen gene expression in rodents via activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha.Blood (1999) 93:2991–2998.
  • NEVE BP, CORSEAUX D, CHINETTI Get al.: PPARalpha Agonists Inhibit Tissue Factor Expression in Human Monocytes and Macrophages.Circulation (2001) 103:207–212.
  • MARX N, MACKMAN N, SCHONBECK Uetal.: PPARalpha Activators Inhibit Tissue Factor Expression and Activity in Human Monocytes.Circulation (2001) 103:213–219.
  • CHINETTI G, GRIGLIO S, ANTONUCCI Met al: Activation of proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma induces apoptosis of human monocyte-derived macrophages.j. Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:25573–25580.
  • DEVCHAND PR, KELLER H, PETERS JM, VAZQUEZ M, GONZALEZ FJ, WAHLI W: The PPARa-leukotriene B4 to inflammation control.Nature (1996) 384:39–43.
  • COLVILLE-NASH PR, QURESHI SS, WILLIS D, WILLOUGHBY DA: Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: correlation with induction of heme oxygenase 1.1Immunol. (1998) 161:978–984.
  • STAELS B, KOENIG W, HABIB Aet al: Activation of human aortic smooth-muscle cells is inhibited by PPARa but not by PPARy activators.Nature (1998) 393:790–793.
  • DELERIVE P, MARTIN-NIZARD F, CHINETTI Getal.: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators inhibit thrombin-induced endothelin-1 production in human vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting the activator protein-1 signaling pathway.Circ. Res. (1999) 85:394–402.
  • DELERIVE P, DE BOSS CHER K, BESNARD Set al.: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha negatively regulates the vascular inflammatory gene response by negative cross-talk with transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1.1Bia. Chem. (1999) 274:32048–32054.
  • NEWMAN TB, HULLEY SB: Carcinogenicity of lipid-lowering drugs.JAMA (1996) 275:55–60.
  • PIERCE LR, WYSOWSKI DK, GROSS: Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis associated with lovastatin-gemfibrozil combination therapy.JAMA (1990) 264:71–75.
  • Summary of the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II).JAMA (1993) 269:3015–3023.
  • MILLER M, SEIDLER A, PO, PEARSON TA: Long-term predictors of subsequent cardiovascular events with coronary artery disease and 'desirable levels of plasma total cholesterol.Circulation (1992) 86:1165–1170.
  • STEINER G: Lipid intervention trials indiabetes.Diabetes Care (2000) 23\(Suppl. 2):B49-53. sites

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.