96
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Bipolar disorders: new approaches to therapy

&
Pages 601-612 | Published online: 24 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • WEISSMAN MM, BLAND RC, CANINO GJ et al: Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA (1996) 276(0293–299.
  • INSKIP H, HARRIS E, BARRACLOUGH B: lifetime risk of suicide for affective disorder, alcoholism and schizo-phrenia. Br. J Psychiatry (1998) 172:35–37.
  • •Suggests lower suicide mortality than previous studies.
  • JAMISON K: Suicide and bipolar disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 9:47–51.
  • •Review of an important topic.
  • KRAEPELIN E: Psychiatric em n lehrbuch fur studierende und arzte. Barth, Leipzig, Germany (1899).
  • FERRIER IN, STANTON BR, KELLY TP, SCOTT J: Neuropsy-chological function in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry (1999) 175:246–251.
  • MCELROY S, ALTSHULER L, SUPPES T et al.: Axis I Psychi-atric co-morbidity and its relationship to historical illness variables in 288 patients with bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (2001) 158:420–426.
  • KAY JH, ALTSHULER LL, VENTURA J, MINTZ J: Prevalenceof axis II comorbidity in bipolar patients with and without alcohol use disorders. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry (1999) 11(4):187–195.
  • CADE J: Lithium salts in the treatment of psychoticexcitement. Med. J. Aust. (1949) 14:349–352.
  • PRIEN RF, CAFFEY EM, JR., KLETT CJ: Prophylacticefficacy of lithium carbonate in manic-depressive illness. Report of the Veterans Administration and National Institute of Mental Health collaborative study group. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1973) 28(3):337–341.
  • LICHT R: 2-years outcome in bipolar disorder patientsbeginning prophylactic treatment. Acta Neuropsychiat-rica (2000) 12(3):162.
  • •Prospective naturalistic follow-up study of patients attending a lithium clinic.
  • BURGESS S, GEDDES J, HAWTON K, TOWNSEND E, JAMIESON K, GOODWIN G: lithium for treatment of mood disorders. Cochrane Review (2001). (In Press).
  • BOWDEN CL, CALABRESE JR, MCELROY SL et al: A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Divalproex Maintenance Study Group. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2000) 57 (5):481–489.
  • ••The largest parallel group trial of lithium vs. valproate inbipolar prophylaxis, prompted considerable discussion about the methodology of such trials.
  • THASE M, SACHS G: Bipolar depression: Pharmaco- ther apy and related therapeutic strategies. Biol. Psychiatry (2000) 4 8 (6) :558–572.
  • •Reviews the clinical research for this difficult to treat condition.
  • SHELTON RC: Mood-stabilizing drugs in depression. J.Clin. Psychiatry (1999) 60 (Suppl. 5):37–40.
  • COPPEN A, FARMER R: Suicide mortality in patients onlithium maintenance therapy. J Affect. Disord. (1998) 50 (2-3):261–267.
  • NILSSON A: Lithium therapy and suicide risk. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1999) 60 (Suppl. 2):85–88.
  • CALABRESE JR, WOYSHVILLE MJ: Lithium therapy: limitations and alternatives in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry (1995) 7 (2):103–112.
  • DUNNER DL, PATRICK V, FIEVE RR: Rapid cycling manic depressive patients. Compr. Psychiatry (1977) 18 (6):561–566.
  • GOODWIN G: Recurrence of mania after lithium withdrawal. Br. J Psychiatry (1994) 164:149–152.
  • KECK P, MCELROY S: Outcome in the pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol (1996) 1 6 (2 Suppl. 1):15S–23S.
  • JOHNSON G: The role of lithium in the affective disorders. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry (1996) 30(6):715–719.
  • KELLER MB, LAVORI PW, CORYELL W et al.: Differential outcome of pure manic, mixed cycling and pure depressive episodes in patients with bipolar illness. Journal of the American Medical Association (1986) 255:3138–3142.
  • LICHT RW, GOULIAEV G, VESTERGAARD P, DYBBRO J, LUND H, MERINDER L: Treatment of manic episodes in Scandinavia: the use of neuroleptic drugs in a clinical routine setting. J Affect. Disord. (1994) 32 (3) :179–185.
  • CHOU J, ZIVKOV M, VOLDBY H, CREELMAN W, ALTERMAN D, DAHL S: Neuroleptics in acute mania: a pharmocoepidemiological study. Ann. Pharmacother. (1996) 30:1396–1398.
  • AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION: Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (1994) 151(12 Suppl.):1–36.
  • LICHT RW: Drug treatment of mania: a critical review. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (1998) 97(6):387–397.
  • KECK PE, MENDLWICZ J, CALABRESE JR et al.: Areview of randomized, controlled clinical trials in acute mania. J. Affect. Disord. (2000) 59 (Suppl. 1):S31–S37.
  • SEGAL J, BERK M, BROOK S: Risperidone compared with both lithium and haloperidol in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin. Neurophar-macol. (1998) 21 (3) :176–180.
  • BIEDERMAN J, LERNER Y, BELMAKER RH: Combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in schizo-affective disorder: a controlled study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1979) 36 (3):327–333.
  • JOHNSTONE EC, CROW TJ, FRITH CD, OWENS DG: The Northwick Park 'functional' psychosis study: diagnosis and treatment response. Lancet (1988) 2(8603):119–125.
  • AHMED Z, ANDERSON IM: Treatment of bipolar affective disorder in clinical practice. J Psychopharma-cology (2000) 14 (Suppl.)(3):A24.
  • BROTMAN MA, FERGUS EL, POST RM, LEVERICH GS: High exposure to neurolep tics in bipolar patients: a retrospective review. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 61 (1):68–72.
  • KECK P, LICHT R: Antipsychotic medication in the treatment of mood disorders. In: Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders: The Drug Therapies in Clinical Practice. Buckley P, Waddington J (Eds.), Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford (2000):199–211.
  • SACHS G, RISPERIDONE BIPOLAR STUDY GROUP: Safety and efficacy of risperidone vs. placebo as add-on therapy to mood stabilizers in the treatment of manic phase of bipolar disorder. Presented at the 38th annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharma-cology. (1999).
  • •The place of the newer antipsychotics in mood disorders is under intensive investigation. This industry-sponsored trial supports risperidone's use.
  • TOHEN M, SANGER TM, MCELROY SL et al.: Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. Olanzapine HGER Study Group. Am. J. Psychiatry (1999) 156 (5):702–709.
  • •First olanzapine monotherapy trial in mania.
  • TOHEN M, JACOBS TG, GRUNDY SL et al: Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Olanzipine HGGW Study Group. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2000)57 (9):841–849.
  • •Trial demonstrating the efficacy of olanzapine in mania.
  • BERK M, ICHIM L, BROOK S: Olanzapine compared to lithium in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol (1999) 14(6)339–343.
  • •Small study supporting olanzapine use in mania.
  • SACHS G, THASE M, LEAHY L et al: The Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Abstract.
  • •Shows value of adding risperidone to mood stabiliser.
  • TOHEN M, JACOBS T, MEYERS T: Efficacy of olanzapine combined with mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder. The International Journal of Neuropsy-chopharmacology (2000) 3 (Suppl. 1):S335.
  • •Presented at the CINP.
  • SHARMA V, PISTOR L: Treatment of bipolar mixed state with olanzapine. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. (1999) 24 (1):40–44.
  • KETTER TA, WINSBERG ME, DEGOLIA SG, DUNAI M, TATE DL, STRONG CM: Rapid efficacy of olanzapine augmentation in nonpsychotic bipolar mixed states. J Clin. Psychiatry (1998) 59(2):83–85.
  • CALABRESE JR, GAJWANI P: 1motrigine and clozapine for bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (2000) 157 (9):1523.
  • •Case report showing the value of combination therapy.
  • GREEN Al, TOHEN M, PATEL JK et al: Clozapine in the treatment of refractory psychotic mania. Am. J. Psychiatry (2000) 157 (6):982–986.
  • •Demonstrates the value of clozapine in patients who are treatment-resistant.
  • SUPPES T, WEBB A, PAUL B, CARMODY T, KRAEMER H, RUSH AJ: Clinical outcome in a randomized 1-year trial of clozapine versus treatment as usual for patients with treatment-resistant illness and a history of mania. Am. J Psychiatry (1999) 156(8):1164–1169.
  • DUNAYEVICH E, STRAKOWSKI SM: Quetiapine for treatment-resistant mania. Am. J. Psychiatry (2000) 157 (8):1341.
  • •Case reports showing successful use of quetiapine.
  • GHAEMI SN, KATZOW JJ: The use of quetiapine for treatment-resistant bipolar disorder: a case series. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry (1999) 11 (3):137–140.
  • •Case reviews of quetiapine in treatment-resistant mania.
  • KECK PJ, ICE K: A three week, double blind, random- ised trial of Ziprasidone in the acute treatment of mania. The American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting New Research Program and Abstracts. (2000116–117
  • BOCCHETTA A, BERNARDI F, BURRAI C, PEDDITZI M, DEL ZOMPO M: A double-blind study of L-sulpiride versus amitriptyline in lithium-maintained bipolar depressives. ActaPsychiatr. Scand. (1993) 88(6)434–439.
  • POST RM, UHDE TVV, PUTNAM FW, BALLENGER JC, BERRETTINI WH: Kindling and carbamazepine in affective illness. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. (1982) 170 (12) :717–731.
  • BOWDEN CL, BRUGGER AM, SWANN AC et al.: Efficacy of divalproex vs. lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. The Depakote Mania Study Group. JAMA (1994) 271 (12):918–924.
  • SWANN AC, BOWDEN CL, MORRIS D et al.: Depression during mania. Treatment response to lithium or divalproex. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1997) 54(0:37–42.
  • MCELROY SL, KECK PE, STANTON SP, TUGRUL KC, BENNETT JA, STRAKOWSKI SM: A randomized comparison of divalproex oral loading versus haloperidol in the initial treatment of acute psychotic mania. j Clin. Psychiatry (1996) 57 (4) :142–146.
  • FREEMAN TVV, CLOTHIER JL, PAZZAGLIA P, LESEM MD,SWANN AC: A double-blind comparison of valproate and lithium in the treatment of acute mania. Am. J Psychiatry (1992) 149 (1) :108–111.
  • CALABRESE JR, WOYSHVILLE MJ, KIMMEL SE, RAPPORTDJ: Predictors of valproate response in bipolar rapid cycling. J. Clin. Psychopharmacology (1993) 13(4) :280–283.
  • PETTY F: GABA and mood disorders -a brief review and hypothesis. J. Affect Disord. (1995) 34(4):275–281.
  • MONTGOMERY SA, SCHATZBERG AF, GUELFI JD et al.: Pharmacotherapy of depression and mixed states in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. (2000) 59 (Suppl. 1):S39–S56.
  • POST R: Mood disorders: Treatment of bipolar disorders. In: Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Sadock B, Sadock V (Eds.), Williams and Wilkins, New York (2000):1385–1430.
  • BOWDEN CL: Dosing strategies and time course of response to antimanic drugs. j Clin. Psychiatry (1996) 57 (Suppl. 13):4–9; discussion 10–12.
  • HIRSCHFELD RM, ALLEN MH, MCEVOY JP, KECK PE, Jr.,RUSSELL JM: Safety and tolerability of oral loading divalproex sodium in acutely manic bipolar patients.J. Clin. Psychiatry (1999) 60(12):815–818.
  • YOUNG AH, MACRITCHIE KA, CALABRESE JR: Treatment of bipolar affective disorder. New drug treatments are emerging, but more clinical evidence is required. Br. Med. J. (2000) 321 (7272):1302–1303.
  • MOLEMAN P, HARTONG EGTM, HOOGDUIN CAL, BROEKMAN TG, NOLEN WA AND THE LIT CAR GROUP: lithium and carbamazepine in bipolar disorder. Acta Neuropsychiatrica (2000) 12 (3):120–121.
  • ••Meticulously conducted comparator trial demonstrated therelative efficacy of lithium but also a strikingly low recurrence rate after the first 3 months of lithium maintenance.
  • GREIL W, LUDWIG-MAYERHOFER W, ERAZO N et al: lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders - a randomised study. J Affect. Dis. (1997) 43(2):151–161.
  • POST RM, UHDE TW, ROY-BYRNE PP, JOFFE RT: Correlates of antimanic response to carbamazepine. Psychiatry Res. (1987) 21(0:71–83.
  • POST RM: Non-lithium treatment for bipolar disorder. Clin. Psychiatry (1990)51 (Suppl.):9-16; discussion 17–19.
  • BALLENGER JC, POST RM: Therapeutic effects of carbamazepine in affective illness: a preliminary report. Commun. Psychopharmacol. (1978) 2(2):159–175.
  • SRISURAPANONT M, YATHAM LN, ZIS AP: Treatment of Acute Bipolar Depression - a Review of the literature. Can. J. Psychiatry (1995) 40 (9) :533–544.
  • DENICOFF KD, SMITH-JACKSON EE, DISNEY ER, ALI SO, LEVERICH GS, POST RM: Comparative prophylactic efficacy of lithium, carbamazepine and the combina-tion in bipolar disorder. J Clin. Psychiatry (1997) 58(10:470–478.
  • FREEMAN MP, STOLL AL: Mood stabilizer combinations: a review of safety and efficacy. Am. J Psychiatry (1998) 155 (1):12–21.
  • SOLOMON DA, RYAN CE, KEITNER GI et al.: A pilo t study of lithium carbonate plus divalproex sodium for the continuation and maintenance treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin. Psychiatry (1997) 58(3):95–99.
  • SMALL JG, KLAPPER MH, MARHENKE JD, MILSTEIN V, WOODHAM GC, KELLAMS JJ: lithium combined with carbamazepine or haloperidol in the treatment of mania. Psychopharmacol. Bull. (1995) 31 (2):265–272.
  • KRAMLINGER KG, POST RM: Adding lithium carbonate to carbamazepine: antimanic efficacy in treatment-resistant mania. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (19 8 9) 79 (4):378–385.
  • NEMEROFF C, DEVANE C, POLLOCK B: Newer antide-pressants and the cytochrome P450 system. Am. J Psychiatry (1996) 153(3):311–320.
  • LEACH MJ, MARDEN CM, MILLER AA: Pharmacological studies on lamotrigine, a novel potential antiepilep tic drug: II. Neurochemical studies on the mechanism of action. Epilepsia (1986) 27 (5):490–497.
  • BESAG FM, NG GY, POOL F: Successful re-introductionof lamotrigine after initial rash. Seizure (2000) 9 (4):282–286.
  • DUBOVSKY SL, BUZAN RD: Novel alternatives and supplements to lithium and anticonvulsants for bipolar affective disorder. J Clin. Psychiatry (1997) 58(5):224–242.
  • ICHIM L, BERK M, BROOK S: lamotrigine compared with lithium in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 12(0:5–10.
  • BOWDEN CL, CALABRESE JR, MCELROY SL et al.: The efficacy of lamotrigine in rapid cycling and non-rapid cycling patients with bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry (1999) 45(8):953–958.
  • CALABRESE J, SUPPES T, BOWDEN C et al.: Adouble blindplacebo controlled, prophylaxis study of lamotrigine in rapid cycling disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 61 (10:841–580.
  • CALABRESE JR, BOWDEN CL, SACHS GS, ASCHER JA, MONAGHAN E, RUDD GD: A double-blind placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine monotherapy in outpatients with bipolar I depression. lamictal 602 Study Group. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1999) 60(2):79–88.
  • FRYE M, KETTER T, KIMBRELL T et al.: A placebo-controlled evaluation of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. J Clin. Psychopharmacology (2000) 20 (6):607–614
  • DICHTER MA, BRODIE MJ: New antiepileptic drugs. N Engl. J. Med. (1996) 3 34 (24):1583–1590.
  • ERFURTH AKC, GRUNZE H, NORMANN C, WALDEN J: An open label study of gabapentin in the treatment of acute mania. J Psychiatric Res. (1998) 32(5):261–264.
  • KNOLL JS K, SUPPES T: Clinical experience using gabapentin adjunctively in patients with a history of mania or hypomania. J Affect. Dis. (1998) 49(3)229–233.
  • GHAEMI SN, KATZOW JJ, DESAI SP, GOODWIN FK: Gabapentin treatment of mood disorders: a prelimi-nary study. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1998) 59(8):426–429.
  • PANDE A, CROCKATT J, JANNEY C, WERTH J, TSAROUCHA G, GROUP AT GBDS: Combination treatment in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders (2000) 2:249–255.
  • MCELROY SL, SUPPES T, KECK PE et al.: Open-label adjunctive topiramate in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Biol. Psychiatry (2000) 47 (12):1025–1033.
  • MARCOTTE D: Use of topiramate, a new anti-epileptic as a mood stabilizer. J. Affect. Disord. (1 9 9 8) 50 (2–3):245–251.
  • GRUNZE H, NORMANN C, SCHAEFER M, SCHLOESSER S, MARCUSE A, WALDEN J: Topiramate shows efficacy against mania in an open study with an on-off-on protocol. The Journal of the European College of Neuropsy-chopharmacology (2000) 10 (3):s246
  • VIETA E, GILABERT A, RODR1GUEZ A et al.: Topiramate in the adjunctive treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. The International Journal of Neuropsychophar-macology (2000) 3(1):s333.
  • SACHS G, KOSLOW G, ORSINI C etal.: Topiramate shows efficacy in the treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. The International Journal of Neuropsychophar-macology (2000) 3(1):s335.
  • NORMANN C, LANGOSCH J, SCHAERER LO, GRUNZE H, WALDEN J: Treatment of acute mania with topiramate. Am. J. Psychiatry (1999) 156(12):2014.
  • ERFURTH A, KUHN G: Topiramate monotherapy in the maintenance treatment of bipolar I Disorder: Effects on mood, weight and serum lipids. Neuropsychobiology (2000) 42 (Suppl. 0:50–51.
  • KETTER T, KIMBRELL T, LITTLE J et al.: Cerebral function in bipolar depression. 153rd Annual American Associa-tion Meeting (2000):Abstract 8B.
  • SCHAFFER LC, SCHAFFER CB: Tiagabine and the treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (1999) 156(12):2014–2015.
  • KAUFMAN KR: Adjunctive tiagabine treatment of psychiatric disorders: three cases. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry (1998) 10 (0181–184.
  • GRUNZE H, ERFURTH A, MARCUSE A, AMANN B, NORMANN C, WALDEN J: Tiagabine appears not to be efficacious in the treatment of acute mania. J Clin. Psychiatry (1999) 60 (11):759–762.
  • FINK M: Convulsive therapy: a review of the first 55 years. J Affect. Dis. (2001) 63:1–15.
  • MUKHERJEE S, SACKEIM HA, SCHNUR DB: Electrocon-vulsive therapy of acute manic episodes: a review of 50 years' experience. Am. J. Psychiatry (1994) 151 (2):169–176.
  • LANGSLEY D, ENTERLINE J, HICKERSON G: A comparison of chlorpromazine and ECT in treatment of schizophrenic and manic patients. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry (1959) 81 :384–391.
  • SMALL JG, KLAPPER MH, MILSTEIN V, MARHENKE JD, SMALL IF: Comparison of therapeutic modalities for mania. Psychopharmacol. Bull. (1996) 32 (0623–627.
  • ERFURTH A, MICHAEL N, MOSTERT C, AROLT V: Euphoric mania and rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation. Am. J. Psychiatry (2000) 157 (5):835–836.
  • GRISARU N, CHUDAKOV B, YAROSLAVSKY Y, BELMAKER RH: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in mania: a controlled study [see comments]. Am. J Psychiatry (1998) 155(10:1608–1610.
  • NEDJAT S, FOLKERTS HVV: Induction of a reversible state of hypomania by rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left prefrontal lobe. J ECT (1999) 15(2):166–168.
  • GARCIA-TORO M: Acute manic symptomatology during repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a patient with bipolar depression [letter]. Br]. Psychiatry (1999) 175:491.
  • FRYE M, DENICOFF K, BRYAN A et al.: Association between lower serum free T4 and greater mood instability and depression in lithium-maintained bipolar patients. Am. J. Psychiatry (1 9 9 9) 156(12):1909–1914.
  • BAUER MS, WHYBROW PC: Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. II. Treatment of refractory rapid cycling with high-dose levothyroxine: a preliminary study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1990) 47(5):435–440.
  • STANCER HC, PERSAD E: Treatment of intractable rapid-cycling manic-depressive disorder with levothy-roxine. Clinical observations. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1982) 39(3):311–312.
  • LEIBOW D: L-thyroxine for rapid-cycling bipolar illness. Am. J. Psychiatry (1983) 140 (9):1255.
  • STOLL AL, SEVERUS WE, FREEMAN MP et al.: Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1999) 56(5):407–412.
  • CALABRESE JR, RAPPORT DJ, SHELTON MD: Fish oils and bipolar disorder: a promising but untested treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1999) 56(5):413–414; discussion 415–416.
  • GOODWIN FK: The biology of recurrence: new directions for the pharmacologic bridge. J Clin. Psychiatry (1989) 50 (Suppl.):40-44; discussion 45–47.
  • SACHS G, PRINTZ D, KAHN D, CARPENTER D, DOCHERTY J: The Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Medication Treatment of Bipolar Disorder 2000. Postgrad. Med. (2000):1–104.
  • ••Large review of the treatment of bipolar disorder based onthe advice of North American experts.
  • SUPPES T, BALDESSARINI RJ, FAEDDA GL, TOHEN M: Risk of recurrence following discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1991) 48(12):1082–1088.
  • BALDESSARINI R, TONDO L, HENNEN J: Effects of lithium treatment and its discontinuation on suicidal behavior in bipolar manic-depressive disorders. J Clin. Psychiatry (1999) 60 (Suppl. 2):77–84
  • CORYELL W, ENDICOTT J, KELLER M: Rapidly cycling affective disorder. Demographics, diagnosis, family history and course. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1992) 49(2):126–131
  • GOODNICK PJ, FIEVE RR, SCHLEGEL A, KAUFMAN K: Lithium level and inter-episode symptoms in affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (1987) 75(6):601–603.
  • CALABRESE JR, KIMMEL SE, WOYSHVILLE MJ et al.: Clozapine for treatment-refractory mania. Am. J Psychiatry (1996) 153(6):759–764.
  • BOWDEN CL, LECRUBIER Y, BAUER M et al.: Maintenance therapies for classic and other forms of bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. (2000) 59 (Suppl. 1):S57–S67.
  • COPPEN A: Depression as a lethal disease: prevention strategies. j Clin. Psychiatry (1994) 55 (Suppl):37–45.
  • DILSAVER SC, CHEN YVV, SWANN AC, SHOAIB AM, TSAI-DILSAVER Y, KRAJEWSKI KJ: Suicidality, panic disorder and psychosis in bipolar depression, depressive-mania and pure-mania. Psychiatry Res. (1997) 73(1-2):47–56.
  • COMPTON MT, NEMEROFF CB: The treatment of bipolar depression. J Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 61 (Suppl. 9):57–67.
  • LISH JD, DIME-MEENAN S, WHYBROW PC, PRICE RA, HIRSCHFELD RM: The National Depressive and Manic-depressive Association (DMDA) survey of bipolar members. J. Affect. Disord. (1994) 31 (4):28I-294.
  • CALABRESE J: Recent clinical research in bipolar depression. Program and abstracts from the 153rd Annual American Psychiatric Association Meeting. (2000):Abstract 8C.
  • •Authoritative review presented at the APA.
  • NEMEROFF C, EVANS D, GYULAI L, SACHS G, BOWDEN C, GERGEL I: A double blind placebo controlled comparison of imipramine and paroxetine in the treatment of bipolar depression. Am. J Psychiatry (2000). (In Press).
  • YOUNG L, JOFFE R, ROBB J, MACQUEEN G, MARRIOTT M, PATELIS-SIOTIS I: Double-blind comparison of addition of a second mood stabilizer versus an antidepressant to an initial mood stabilizer for treatment of patients with bipolar depression. Am. J. Psychiatry (2000) 157(0:124–126.
  • BOTTLENDER R, RUDOLF D, STRAUB A, MOLLER H: Mood-stabilisers reduce the risk of developing antidepressant-induced maniform states in acute treatment of bipolar I depressed patients. J Affect. Dis. (2001) 63:79–83.
  • SACHS GS, LAFER B, STOLL AL, BANOV M, THIBAULT AB, TOHEN M, ROSENBAUM JF: A double-blind trial of bupropion versus desipramine for bipolar depres-sion. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1994) 55(9):391–393.
  • HAYKAL RF, AKISKAL HS: Bupropion as a promising approach to rapid cycling bipolar II patients. J Psychiatry (1990) 51 (10:450–455.
  • FOGELSON DL, BYSTRITSKY A, PASNAU R: Bupropion in the treatment of bipolar disorders: the same old story? Clin. Psychiatry (1992) 53(12):443–446.
  • PEET M: Induction of mania with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Br. J. Psychiatry (1994) 164(4):549–550.
  • AMSTERDAM J: Efficacy and safety of ven lafax in e in the treatment of bipolar II major depressive episode. J Psychopharmacol (1998) 18 (5):414–417.
  • SWANN AC, BOWDEN CL, CALABRESE JR, DILSAVER SC, MORRIS DD: Mania: differential effects of previous depressive and manic episodes on response to treatment. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (2000) 101 (6) :444–451.
  • MCELROY SL, KECK PE, Jr., POPE HG, Jr., HUDSON JI, FAEDDA GL, SWANN AC: Clinical and research implica-tions of the diagnosis of dysphoric or mixed mania or hypomania. Am. J. Psychiatry (1992) 149(12):1633–1644.
  • SWANN AC, SECUNDA SK, KATZ MM et al.: Specificity of mixed affective states: clinical comparison of dysphoric mania and agitated depression./ Affect. Dis. (1993) 28(2):81–89.
  • GOLDBERG JF, GARNO JL, LEON AC, KOCSIS JH, PORTERA L: Association of recurrent suicidal ideation with non-remission from acute mixed mania. Am. J Psychiatry (1998) 155 (12) :1753–1755.
  • SWANN AC: Mixed or dysphoric manic states: psycho-pathology and treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1995) 56 (Suppl. 3):6–10.
  • WINOKUR G, TURVEY C, AKISKAL H et al.: Alcoholism and drug abuse in three groups - bipolar I, unipolars and their acquaintances. J. Affect. Disord. (1998) 50 (2-3) :81–89.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.