Bibliography
- Opie LH. Calcium channel antagonists. Part IV: side effects and contraindications, drug interactions and combinations. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1988;2:177-89
- Weir MR. Incidence of pedal edema formation with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: issues and practical significance. J Clin Hypertens 2003;5:330-5
- Chrisant SG. Proactive compared with passive adverse event recognition: calcium channel blocker-associated edema. J Clin Hypertens 2008;10:716-22
- Gustaffsson D, Grande PE, Borgstrom P, Effects of calcium antagonists on myogenic and neurogenic control of resistance and capacitance vessels in cat skeletal muscle. J Cardiovsc Pharmacol 1988;12:413-22
- Messing M, Van Essen H, Smith TL, Microvascular actions of calcium channel antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol; 1991;198:189-95
- Salmasi AM, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN. Impaired venoarteriolar reflex as a possible cause for nifedipine-induced ankle edema. Int J Cardiol 1991;30:303-7
- Pedrinelli R, Dell'Olmo G, Melillo E, Amlodipine, enalapril and dependent led edema in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2000;35:621-5
- Fogari R, Malamani GD, Zoppi A, Comparative effect of lercanidipine and nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system on ankle volume and subcutaneous interstitial pressure in hypertensive patients: a double-blind, randomized, parallel group study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2000;61:850-62
- Fogari R. Ankle oedema and sympathetic activation. Drugs 2005;65(Suppl 2):21-7
- Weir M, Rosenberg C, Fink JC. Pilot study to evaluate a water displacement technique to compare effects of diuretics and Ace-inhibitors to alleviate lower extremity edema due to dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:963-8
- Guazzi MD, De Cesare N, Galli C, Calcium channel blockade with nifedipine and angiotensin converting enzyme with captopril in the therapy of patients with severe primary hypertension. Circulation 1984;70:279-84
- Messerli FH, Oparil S, Feng Z. Comparison of the efficacy and side-effects of combination therapy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (benazeperil) with calcium antagonist (either nifedipine or amlodipine) versus high dose calcium antagonist monotherapy for systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:1182-7
- Fogari R, Malamani GD, Zoppi A, Effect of benazepril addition to amlodipine on ankle oedema and subcutaneous tissue pressure in hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2003;17:207-12
- Fogari R, Malamani GD, Zoppi A, Effect on the development of ankle edema of adding delapril to manidipine in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension: a three-way cross-over study. Clin Ther 2007;29:413-18
- Philipp T, Smith TR, Glazer R, Two multicenter, 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of amlodipine and valsartan in combination and as monotherapy in adult patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Clin Ther 2007;29:563-80
- Fogari R, Zoppi A, Derosa G, Effect of valsartan addition to amlodipine on ankle oedema and subcutaneous tissue pressure in hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2007;21:220-4
- de la Sierra A. Mitigation of calcium canne blocker-related oedema in hypertension by antagonists of the renin-angiotensin system. J Hum Hypertens 2009;23:503-11
- Fogari R, Malamani GD, Corradi L, Effect of valsartan or olmesartan addition to amlodipine on ankle edema in hypertensive patients. Adv Ther 2010;27:48-55
- Jensen C, Herold P, Brunner HR. Aliskiren: the first renin inhibitor for clinical treatment. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008;7:399-410
- Abassi Z, Winaver J, Feuerstein GZ. The biochemical pharmacology of renin inhibitors: implications for translational medicine in hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and heart failure. Expectations and reality. Biochem Pharmacol 2009;78:933-40
- Rea RF, Eckberg DL, Fritsch JM, Relation of plasma norepinephrine and sympathetic traffic during hypotension in humans. Am J Physiol 1990;258:R982-6
- Abdelrahman AM, Burrel LM, Johnston CI. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system at different sites: effect on renin, angiotensin and aldosterone. J Hypertens 1993;11(Suppl 3):S49-52
- Hansson L, Hedner T, Dahlof B. Prospective, Randomized, Open, Blinded End point (PROBE) study: a novel design for intervention trials. Blood Press 1992;1:113-14
- Lauderer A. Die Gewebspannung in ihren Einfluss auf die Ortliche Blut-vud Lymphbewegung. Fogel FCW, Leipzig; 1884
- Burch GE, Sodeman WA. The estimation of subcutaneous pressure by direct method. J Clin Invest 1937;16:845-50
- Malamani V. Modificazioni della pressione dei tessuti nell'edema provocato. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1947;23:125-31
- Malamani V. La pressione dei tessuti. Tipografia Popolare, Pavia; 1957
- Remie R, Zaagsma J. A new technique for the study of vascular presynaptic receptors in freely moving rats. Heart Circ Physiol 1986;251:4463-7
- Hjemdahl P. Plasma catecholamines as markers for sympathoadrenal activity in human primary hypertension. Pharmacol Toxicol 1988;63(Suppl 1):S27-31
- Nussberger J, Fasanella d'Amore T, Porchet M, Repeated administration of the converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril to normal volunteers. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1987;9:39-44
- Pelet C, Mironneau C, Rakotoarisoa L, Angiotensin II receptor subtypes in portal vein smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 1995;279:15-24
- Fernades L, Loiola RA, Tostes RCA, Angiotensin II-induced venoconstriction involves both AT1 and AT2 receptors and is counterbalanced by nitric oxide. Peptides 2005;26:2458-63
- Tabizchi R, King KA, Pang CC. Direct and indirect effects of angiotensin II on venous tone in conscious rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1992;219:141-5
- Rothe CF, Maass-Moreno R. Active and passive liver microvascular responses from angiotensin, endothelin, norepinephrine and vasopressin. Am J Physiol 2000;279:H1147-56
- Weber MA, Giles TD. Inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system to prevent cardiovascular disorders: do we need a more comprehensive strategy? Rev Cardiovasc Med 2006;7:45-54
- Drummond W, Munger MA, Rafique Essop M, Antihypertensive efficacy of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren as add-on therapy in patients not responding to amlodipine monotherapy. J Clin Hypertens 2007;9:742-50
- Littlejohn TW III, Trenkwalder P, Hollanders G, Long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of combination therapy with aliskiren and amlodipine in patients with hypertension. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:951-9