502
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Pharmacotherapy and management strategies for coeliac disease

, BSc (Med Sci) MBChB MRCP, , BSc PhD & , MBBS MD PhD FRCP
Pages 1731-1744 | Published online: 01 Jul 2011

Bibliography

  • Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity (‘celiac sprue’). Gastroenterology 1992;102:330-54
  • Oberhuber G, Granditsch G, Vogelsang H. The histopathology of coeliac disease: time for a standardized report scheme for pathologists. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;11:1185-94
  • Sollid LM, Thorsby E. HLA susceptibility genes in celiac disease: genetic mapping and role in pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 1993;105:910-22
  • Sollid LM. Coeliac disease: dissecting a complex inflammatory disorder. Nat Rev Immunol 2002;2:647-55
  • Zimmer KP, Fischer I, Mothes T, Endocytotic segregation of gliadin peptide 31-49 in enterocytes. Gut 2010;59:300-10
  • Johansen BH, Vartdal F, Eriksen JA, Identification of a putative motif for binding of peptides to HLA-DQ2. Int Immunol 1996;8:177-82
  • van de Wal Y, Kooy YM, Drijfhout JW, Peptide binding characteristics of the coeliac disease-associated DQ(alpha1*0501, beta1*0201) molecule. Immunogenetics 1996;44:246-53
  • Kwok WW, Domeier ML, Raymond FC, Allele-specific motifs characterize HLA-DQ interactions with a diabetes-associated peptide derived from glutamic acid decarboxylase. J Immunol 1996;156:2171-7
  • Suri A, Walters JJ, Gross ML, Unanue ER. Natural peptides selected by diabetogenic DQ8 and murine I-A(g7) molecules show common sequence specificity. J Clin Invest 2005;115:2077-9
  • Arentz-Hansen H, McAdam SN, Molberg O, Celiac lesion T cells recognise epitopes that cluster in regions of gliadins rich in proline residues. Gastroenterology 2002;123:803-9
  • Molberg O, McAdam SN, Korner R, Tissue transglutaminase selectively modifies gliadin peptides that are recognized by gut-derived T cells in celiac disease. Nat Med 1998;4:713-17
  • Shan L, Molberg O, Parrot I, Structural basis for gluten intolerance in celiac sprue. Science 2002;297:2275-9
  • Nissen EM, Lundin KE, Krajci P, Gluten specific, HLA-DQ restricted T cells from coeliac mucosa produce cytokines with Th1 or Th0 profile dominated by interferon gamma. Gut 1995;37:766-76
  • Troncone R, Gianfrani C, Mazzarella G, Majority of gliadin-specific T-cell clones from celiac small intestinal mucosa produce interferon-gamma and interleukin-4. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43:156-61
  • Daum S, Bauer U, Foss HD, Increased expression of mRNA for matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in intestinal biopsy specimens from patients with coeliac disease. Gut 1999;44:17-25
  • Sollid LM, Molberg O, McAdam S, Lundin KE. Autoantibodies in coeliac disease: tissue transglutaminase–guilt by association? Gut 1997;41:851-2
  • Gonzalez S, Gupta A, Cheng J, Prospective study of the role of duodenal bulb biopsies in the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;72:758-65
  • Jarry A, Cerf-Bensussan N, Brousse N, Subsets of CD3+ (TCRalphabeta or TCRgammadelta) and CD3- lymphocytes isolated from normal gut epithelium differ from their PBL counterparts. Eur J Immunol 1990;20:1097-103
  • Kutlu T, Brousse N, Rambaud C, Numbers of T cell receptor (TCR) alpha beta+ but not of TcR gamma delta intraepithelial lymphocytes correlate with the grade of villous atrophy in coeliac patients on a long term normal diet. Gut 1993;34:208-14
  • Maiuri L, Ciacci C, Auricchio S, Interleukin 15 mediates epithelial changes in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2000;119:996-1006
  • Maiuri L, Ciacci C, Ricciardelli I, Association between innate response to gliadin and activation of pathogenic T cells in coeliac disease. Lancet 2003;362:30-7
  • Mention JJ, Ben Ahmed M, Begue B, Interleukin 15: a key to disrupted intraepithelial lymphocytosis homeostasis and lymphomagenesis in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2003;125:730-45
  • Hue S, Mention JJ, Monteiro RC, A direct role for NKG2D/MICA interaction in villous atrophy during celiac disease. Immunity 2004;21:367-77
  • Malamut G, El Machhour R, Montcuquet N, IL-15 triggers an antiapoptotic pathway in human intraepithelial lymphocytes that is a potential new target in celiac disease-associated inflammation and lymphomagenesis. J Clin Invest 2010;120:2131-43
  • Ciccocioppo R, Di Sabatino A, Parroni R, Increased enterocyte apoptosis and Fas-Fas Ligand system in coeliac disease. Am J Clin Path 2001;115:494-503
  • Di Sabatino A, Ciccocioppo R, D'Alo S, Intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes show distinct patterns of apoptosis whereas both populations are active Fas based cytotoxicity in coeliac disease. Gut 2001;148:1351-7
  • Oberhuber G, Vogelsang H, Stolte M, Evidence that intraepithelial lymphocytes are activated cytotoxic T cells in celiac disease but not in Giardiasis. Am J Pathol 1996;148:1351-7
  • Olaussen RW, Johansen FE, Lundin KE, Interferon-gamma-secreting T cells localize to the epithelium in coeliac disease. Scand J Immunol 2002;56:652-64
  • Bhagat G, Naiyer AJ, Shah JG, Small intestinal CD8+TCRgammadelta+NKG2A+ intraepithelial lymphocytes have attributes of regulatory cells in patients with coealiac disease. J Clin Invest 2008;118:281-93
  • Wright DH. The major complications of coeliac disease. Ballieres Clin Gastroenterol 1995;9:351-69
  • West J, Logan RFA, Smith CJ, Malignancy and mortality in people with Coeliac Disease: population based cohort study. BMJ 2004;329:716-19
  • Lewis NR, Holmes GK. Risk of morbidity in contemporary celiac disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;4:767-80
  • Chott A, Dragostics B, Radaszbiewicz T. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas of the small intestine. Am J Path 1992;141:1361-71
  • Cellier C, Delabesse E, Helmer C, Refractory sprue, coeliac disease, and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Lancet 2000;356:203-8
  • Al-Toma A, Verbeek WH, Hadathi M, Survival in refractory celiac disease and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: retrospective evaluation of single-centre experience. Gut 2007;56:1373-8
  • Malamut G, Afchain P, Verkarre V, Presentation and long-term follow-up of refractory celiac disease: comparison of type I with type II. Gastroenterology 2009;136:81-90
  • Maurino E, Niveloni S, Chernavsky AC, Clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of patients with refractory sprue diagnosed at a single institution. Acta Gastroenterol Latinam 2006;36:10-22
  • Rubio-Tapia A, Kelly DG, Lahr BD, Clinical staging and survival in refractory celiac disease: a single centre experience. Gastroenterology 2009;136:99-107
  • Gale J, Simmonds PD, Mead GM, Enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma:clinical features and treatment of 31 patients in a single center. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:795-803
  • Dicke WK, Weijers HA, Van de Kamer JH. Coeliac disease II. The presence in wheat of a factor having a deleterious effect in cases of coeliac disease. Acta Pediatr 1953;42:34-42
  • Thompson T. Folate, iron and dietary fiber contents of the gluten-free diet. Am J Dietetic Assoc 2000;100:1389-96
  • Thompson T. Thiamin, riboflavin and niacin content of the gluten-free diet: IS there cause for concern? Am J Dietetic Assoc 1999;99:858-62
  • Thompson T, Dennis M, Higgins LA, Gluten-free diet survey: are Americans with celiac disease consuming recommended amount of fibre, iron, calcium and grain foods? J Hum Nutr Diet 2005;18:163-9
  • Bonamico M, Scire G, Mariani P, Short stature as the primary manifestation of monosymptomatic celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992;14:12-16
  • Holmes GKT, Prior P, Lane MR, Malignancy in coeliac disease- effect of a gluten free diet. Gut 1989;30:333-8
  • Freeman HJ. Reproductive changes associated with celiac disease. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:5810-14
  • Daum S, Cellier C, Mulder CJJ. Refractory celiac disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005;19:413-24
  • Al-Toma A, Verbeek WH, Mulder CJ. The management of complicated celiac disease. Dig Dis 2007;25:230-6
  • Cellier C, Cerf-Bensussan N. Treatment of clonal refractory celiac disease or cryptic intraepithelial lymphoma: a long road from bench to bedside. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:1320-1
  • Goerres MS, Meijer JWR, Wahab PJ, Azathioprine and prednisolone combination therapy in refractory celiac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18:487-94
  • Daum S, Ipczynski R, Heine B, Therapy with budesonide in patients with refractory sprue. Digestion 2006;73:60-8
  • Jamma S, Leffler D, Dennis M, Small intestinal mesalamine in the treatment of refractory celiac disease type 1. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011;45:30-3
  • Olaussen RW, Lovik A, Tollefsen S, Effect of elemental diet on mucosal immunopathology and clinical symptoms in type 1 refractory celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:875-85
  • Turner SM, Moorghen M, Probert CS. Refractory coeliac disease: remission with infliximab and immunomodulators. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepaol 2005;17:667-9
  • Donnelly SC, Ho-Yen C, Michell T, Refractory celiac disease outcomes in a single tertiary referral centre. Gastroenterology 2010;138(Suppl 1):378
  • Wahab PJ, Crusius JBA, Meijer JWR, Cyclosporin in the treatment of adults with refractory celiac disease- an open pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14:767-74
  • Al-Toma A, Goerres MS, Meijer JW, Cladribine therapy in refractory celiac disease with aberrant T cells. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:1322-7
  • Al-Toma A, Visser OJ, van Roessel HM, Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in refractory coeliac disease with aberrant T cells. Blood 2007;109:634-41
  • Tack GJ, Wondergem MJ, Al-Toma A, Auto-SCT in refractory celiac disease type II patients unresponsive to cladribine therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; [Epub ahead of print]; doi:10.1038/bmt.2010.199
  • Frisoni M, Corraza GR, Lafiandra D, Wheat deficient in gliadins: promising tool for coeliac disease. Gut 1995;36:375-8
  • Spaenij-Dekking L, Kooy-Winkelaar Y, van Veelen P, Natural variation in toxicity of wheat: potential for selection of nontoxic varieties for celiac patients. Gastroenterology 2005;128:797-806
  • Ciacci C, Maiuri L, Caporaso N, Celiac disease: in vitro and in vivo safety and palatability of wheat-free sorghum food products. Clin Nutr 2007;26:799-805
  • Molberg O, Uhlen AK, Jensen T, Mapping of gluten T-cell epitopes in the bread wheat ancestors: implications for celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005;128:393-401
  • Ciclitira PJ, Hunter JO, Lennox ES. Clinical testing of bread made from nullisomic 6A wheats in coeliac patients. Lancet 1980;2:234-6
  • van den Broeck HC, van Herpen TW, Schuit C, Removing celiac disease-related gluten proteins from bread wheat while retaining technological properties: a study with Chinese Spring deletion lines. BMC Plant Biol 2009;9:41
  • Ellis HJ, Pollock EL, Engel W, Investigation of the putative immunodominant T cell epitopes in coeliac disease. Gut 2003;52:212-17
  • Mitea C, Salentijn EMJ, van Veelen P, A universal approach to eliminate antigenic properties of alpha-gliadin peptides in celiac disease. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e15637
  • Pinier M, Verdu EF, Nasser-Eddine M, Polymeric binders suppress gliadin-induced toxicity in the intestinal epithelium. Gastroenterology 2009;136:288-98
  • Silano M, Di Benedetto R, Trecca A, A decapeptide from durum wheat prevents celiac peripheral blood lymphocytes from activation by gliadin peptides. Pediatr Res 2007;61:67-71
  • Silano M, Leonardi F, Trecca A, Prevention by a decapeptide from durum wheat of in vitro gliadin–induced apoptosis in small-bowel mucosa from coeliac patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007;42:786-7
  • Matysiak-Budnik T, Candalh C, Cellier C, Limited efficiency of protyl-endopeptidase in the detoxification of gliadin peptides in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005;129:786-96
  • Pyle GC, Paaso B, Anderson BE, Effect of pre-treatment of food gluten with propyl endopeptidase on gluten-induced malabsorption in celiac sprue. Cell Mol Life Sci 2007;64:345-55
  • Tack GJ, van de Water JM, Kooy-Winkelaar EM, Can propl endoprotease enzyme treatment mitigate the toxic effect of gluten in coeliac patients. Gastroenterology 2010;138(Suppl 1):S54
  • Stenman SM, Lindfors K, Venalainen JI, Degradation of coeliac disease-inducing rye secalin by germinating cereal enzymes: diminishing toxic effects in intestinal epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2010;161:242-9
  • Kiyosaki T, Matsumoto I, Asakura T, Gliadain, a gibberellins-inducible cysteine proteinase occurring in germinating seeds of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., specifically digests gliadin and is regulated by intrinsic cyctatins. FEBS J 2007;274:1908-17
  • Tye-Din JA, Anderson RP, French RA, The effects of ALV003 pre-digestion of gluten on immune response and symptoms in celiac disease in vivo. Clin Immunol 2010;134:289-95
  • De Angelis M, Rizzello CG, Fasano A, VSL#3 probiotic preparation has the capacity to hydrolyse gliadin polypeptides responsible for celiac sprue. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006;1762:80-93
  • Rizzello CG, De Angelis M, Di Cagno R, Highly efficient gluten degredation by Lactobacilli and fungal proteases during food processing: new perspectives for celiac disease. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:4499-507
  • Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, Aurrichio S, Sourdough bread made from wheat and nontoxic flours and started with selected lactobacilli is tolerated in celiac sprue patients. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70:1088-96
  • Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, Lavermicocca P, Proteolysis by sourdough lactic acid bacteria: effects of wheat flour protein fractions and gliadin peptides involved in human cereal intolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68:623-3
  • Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralizing activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gut 1999;44:212-17
  • Schuppan D, Junker Y, Barisari D. Celiac disease: from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Gastroenterology 2009;137:1912-33
  • Paterson BM, Lammers KM, Arrienta MC, The safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of single doses of AT-1001 in coeliac disease subjects: a proof of concept study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:757-66
  • Kelly CP, Green PH, Murray JA, Intestinal permeability of larazotide acetate in celiac disease: results of a phase IIB 6-week gluten-challenge clinical trial (abstr). Gastroenterology 2009;136(Suppl 1):M2048
  • Molberg O, McAdam S, Lundin KE, T cells from celiac disease lesions recognize gliadin epitopes deamidated in situ by endogenous tissue transglutaminase. Eur J Immunol 2001;31:1317-23
  • Vader W, Kooy Y, van Veelen P, The gluten response in children with celiac disease is directed toward multiple gliadin and glutenin peptides. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1729-37
  • Esposito C, Caputo I, Troncone R. New therapeutic targets for coeliac disease: tissue transglutaminase as a target. Curr Med Chem 2007;14:2572-80
  • Choi K, Seigel M, Pieper JL, Chemistry and biology of dihydroisoxazole derivatives: selective inhibitors of human tissue transglutaminase 2. Chem Biol 2005;12:469-75
  • Ruan Q, Johnston GV. Transglutaminase 2 in neurodegenerative disorders. Front Biosci 2007;12:891-904
  • Stamnaes J, Dorum S, Fleckenstein B, Gluten T cell epitope targeting by TG3 and TG6; implications for dermatitis herpetiformis and gluten ataxia. Amino Acids 2010;39:1183-91
  • Falcioni F, Ito K, Vidovic D, Peptidomimetic compounds that inhibit antigen presentation by autoimmune disease-associated class II major histocompatibility molecules. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:562-7
  • Ishioka GY, Adorini L, Guery JC, Failure to demonstrate long-lived MHC saturation both in vitro and in vivo. Implications for therapeutic potential of MHC-blocking peptides. J Immunol 1994;152:4310-19
  • Silano M, Vincentini O, Iapello A, Antagonist peptides of the gliadin T-cell stimulatory sequences: a therapeutic strategy for celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008;42(Suppl 3 Pt2):S191-2
  • Anderson RP, van Heel DA, Tye-Din JA, Antagonists and non toxic variants of the dominant wheat gliadin T cell epitope in coeliac disease. Gut 2006;55:485-91
  • Silano M, Di Benedetto R, Maialetti F, A 10-residue peptide from durum wheat promotes a shift from Th1-type response toward Th2-type response in celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:415-23
  • Elliot DE, Summers RW, Weinstock JV. Helminths as governors of immune-mediated inflammation. Int J Parisitol 2007;37:457-64
  • Summers RW, Elliot DE, Urban JF Jr. Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease. Gut 2005;54:87-90
  • Summers RW, Elliot DE, Urban JF Jr. Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2005;128:825-32
  • Daveson AJ, Jones DM, Gaze S, Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease - a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial. PLoS One 2011;6:e17366
  • Salvati VM, Mazzarella G, Gianfrani C, Recombinant human IL-10 suppresses gliadin dependant T-cell activation in ex vivo cultured celiac intestinal mucosa. Gut 2005;54:46-53
  • Mulder CJ, Wahab PJ, Meijer JW, Metselaar E. A pilot study of recombinant human interleukin-10 in adults with refractory coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;13:766-76
  • Colombel JF, Rutgeerts P, Malchow H, Interleukin-10 (Tenovil) in the prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gut 2001;49:42-6
  • Hommes DW, Mikhajlova TL, Stoinov S, Fontolizumab, a humanised anti-interferon gamma antibody, demonstrates safety and clinical activity in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Gut 2006;55:1131-7
  • Reinisch W, de Villiers W, Bene L, Fontolizumab in moderate to severe Crohn's disease: a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;16:233-42
  • Gillet HR, Arnot ID, McIntyre M, Successful infliximab treatment for steroid-refractory celiac disease: a case report. Gastroenterology 2002;122:800-5
  • Costantino G, della Torre A, Lo Presti MA, Treatment of life-threatening type 1 refractory celiac disease with long-term infliximab. Dig Liver Dis 2008;40:74-7
  • Ferrari-Lacraz S, Zanelli E, Neuberg M, Targeting IL-15 receptor-bearing cells with an antagonist mutant IL-15/Fc protein prevents disease development and progression in murine collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol 2004;173:5818-26
  • Baslund B, Tvede N, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Targeting interleukin-15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2686-92
  • Fraser JS, Engel W, Ellis HJ, Coeliac disease: in vivo toxicity of the putative immunodominant epitope. Gut 2003;52:1698-702
  • Shidrawi R, Day P, Przemioslo R, In vitro toxicity of gluten peptides in coeliac disease assessed by organ culture. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995;30:758-63
  • Sturgess R, Day P, Ellis HJ, Wheat peptide challenge in coeliac disease. Lancet 1994;343:756-61
  • Anderson RP, Degano P, Godkin AJ, In vivo antigen challenge in celiac disease identifies a single transglutaminase-modified peptide as the dominant A-gliadin T-cell epitope. Nat Med 2000;6:337-42
  • Arentz-Hansen H, Korner R, Molberg O, The intestinal T cell response to alpha-gliadin in adult celiac disease is focused on a single deamidated glutamine targeted by tissue transglutaminase. J Exp Med 2000;191:603-12
  • Martucci S, Fraser J, Biagi F, Characterizing one of the DQ2 candidate epitopes disease: a gliadin 51-70 toxicity assessed using an organ culture. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;15:1293-8
  • Mazzarella G, Magio M, Paparo F, An immunodominant DQ8 restricted gliadin peptide activates small intestinal immune response in in vitro cultured mucosa from HLA DQ8 positive but not HLA DQ8 negative coeliac patients. Gut 2003;52:57-62
  • Dewar DH, Amato M, Ellis HJ, The toxicity of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of wheat to patients with coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;18:483-91
  • Tye-Din JA, Stewart JA, Dromey JA, Comprehensive, quantitative mapping of T cell epitopes in gluten in celiac disease. Sci Transl Med 2010;2:41ra51
  • Camarca A, Anderson RP, Mamone G, Intestinal T cell responses to gluten peptides are largely heterogeneous: implications for a peptide-based therapy in celiac disease. J Immunol 2009;182:4158-66
  • Brown GJ, Daveson J, Marjason JK, A phase I study to determine safety, tolerability and bioactivity of Nexvax2® in HLA DQ2+ volunteers with celiac disease followinga long-term strict gluten free diet. Gastroenterology 2011;140(Suppl 1):Su1235
  • Gianfranci C, Levings MK, Sartirana C, Gliadin-specific type 1 regulatory cells from the intestinal mucosa of treated celiac patients inhibit pathogenic T cells. J Immunol 2006;177:4178-86
  • Rossi M, Maurano F, Caputo N, Intravenous or intranasal administration of gliadin is able to down-regulate the specific immune response in mice. Scan J Immunol 1999;50:177-82
  • Maurano F, Siciliano RA, De Giulio B, Intranasal administration of one alpha gliadin can downregulate the immune response to whole gliadin in mice. Scan J Immunol 2001;53:290-5
  • Senger S, Luongo D, Maurano F, Intranasal administration of recombinant alpha-gliadin down regulates the immune response to wheat gliadin in DQ8 transgenic mice. Immunol Lett 2003;88:127-34
  • Arulanandam T. Biological characteristics of anti-alpha4 integrin monoclonal antibody (natalizumab) a selective adhesion molecule (SAM) inhibitor for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease [SA23]. Inflamm Res 2004;53:3
  • Ghosh S, Panaccione R. Anti-adhesion molecule therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 2010;3:239-58
  • Takazoe M, Watanabe M, Kawaguchi T, Oral alpha-4 integrin inhibitor (AJM300) in patients with active Crohn's disease: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2009;136(Suppl):S1066
  • Feagan BG, Greenberg GR, Wild G, Treatment of ulcerative colitis with a humanized antibody to the alpha4beta7 integrin. N Eng J Med 2005;352:2499-507
  • Feagan BG, Greenberg GR, Wild G, Treatment of active Crohn's disease with MLN0002, a humanized antibody to the alpha4beta7 integrin. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:1370-7
  • Zhao J, de Vera J, Narushima S, R-spondin1, a novel intestinotropic mitogen, ameliorates experimental colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2007;132:1331-43
  • Di Cagno R, de Angelis M, Alfonsi G, Pasta made from durum wheat semolina fermented with selected lactobacilli as a tool for potential decrease in gluten intolerance. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:4393-402
  • Gianfrani C, Siciliano RA, Facchiano AM, Transamidation of wheat flour inhibits the response to gliadin of intestinal T cells in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2007;133:780-9
  • Gobbetti M, Giuseppe-Rizzello C, Di Cagno R, De Angelis M. Sourdough lactobacilli and celiac disease. Food Microbiol 2007;24:187-96
  • Di Cagno R, Rizzello CG, De Angelis M, Use of selected sourdough strains of lactobacillus for removing gluten and enhancing the nutritional properties of gluten-free breads. J Food Prot 2008;71:1491-5
  • Gass J, Bethune MT, Siegel M, Spencer A. Combination enzyme therapy for gastric digestion of dietary gluten in patients with celiac sprue. Gastroenterology 2007;113:472-80
  • Branski D, Fasano A, Troncone R. Latest development in the pathogenesis and treatment of celiac disease. J Paediatr 2006;149:295-300
  • Keech CL, Dromey J, Chen Z, Immune tolerance induced by peptide immunotherapy in an HLA-DQ2-dependent mouse model of gluten immunity. Gastroenterology 2009;136:A355

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.