New approaches to combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder

Bibliography

• Kessler RC, Chiu W, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;12:617-27
   Google Scholar
• Creamer M, Burgess PP, McFarlane AC. Post-traumatic stress disorder: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Psychol Med 2001;31:1237-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso JJ, Angermeyer MC, Bernert SS, Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004;109:21-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darves-Bornoz J, Alonso J, de Girolamo G, Main traumatic events in Europe: PTSD in the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders Survey. J Trauma Stress 2008;21:455-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenfeld FB, Marmar CR, Neylan TC. Current concepts in pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Serv 2004;55:519-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R. Post-traumatic stress disorder. N Engl J Med 2002;346:108-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litz BT, Gray MJ, Bryant RA, Adler AB. Early intervention for trauma: current status and future directions. Clin Psychol 2002;9:112-34
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell JT. When disaster strikes… The critical incident stress debriefing process. JEMS 1983;13:49-52
   Google Scholar
• Rose S. History, methods and development of psychological debriefing. In: Tehrani N, editor. Psychological Debriefing After a Traumatic Event. Leicester; British Psychological Society: 2002:2-7
   Google Scholar
• Friedman MJ. Post-traumatic and Acute Stress Disorders: the Latest Assessment and Treatment Strategies. 4th edition. Compact Clinicals; Kansas City: 2006
   Google Scholar
• Tehrani N, Westlake R. Debriefing individuals affected by violence. Couns Psychol Q 1994;7:251-9
   Google Scholar
• Stein D, Hollander E, Rothbaum B. editors. Textbook of Anxiety Disorders. 2nd edition. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; Arlington, VA: 2010
   Google Scholar
• Foa EB, Keane TM, Friedman MJ, Cohen JA. Effective treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: practice guidelines from the international society for traumatic stress studies. 2nd edition. Guilford Publications; New York: 2009
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs M, Mayou R, Harrison B, Worlock P. A randomised controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of road traffic accidents. BMJ 1996;313:1438-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayou RA, Ehlers A, Hobbs M. Psychological debriefing for road traffic accidents: three-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2000;176:589-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sijbrandij M, Olff M, Reitsma JB, Emotional or educational debriefing after psychological trauma. Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2003;189:150-5
   Google Scholar
• Roberts NP, Kitchiner NJ, Kenardy J, Bisson JI. Systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple-session early interventions following traumatic events. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:293-301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman J. Trauma and recovery: aftermath of violence from domestic abuse to political terror. Basic Books; New York: 1992
   Google Scholar
• Dunning CM. Fostering resilience in rescue workers. In: Kaluyjian A.A. (Ed.). Disaster and mass trauma: global perspectives on post disaster mental health management. Long Branch, NJ: Vista Press: 1995;174-84
   Google Scholar
• Bisson JI, Jenkins PL, Alexander J, Bannister C. Randomised controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of acute burn trauma. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:78-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa E, Keane T, Friedman M. editors. Effective Treatments for PTSD: practice guidelines from the International Society for traumatic stress studies. Guilford Press; New York: 2000
   Google Scholar
• Stuhlmiller C, Dunning C. Concerns about Debriefing. In: B. Raphael and Wilson J.P. (Eds.), Psychological debriefing – theory, practice and evidence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000;305-7
   Google Scholar
• Kornor H, Winje D, Ekeberg O, Early trauma-focused cognitive-behaviour therapy to prevent chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and related symptoms. A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2008;8:81
   Google Scholar
• Schafer A, Snider L, van Ommeren M. Psychological first aid pilot: haiti emergency response. Intervention 2010;8:245-54
   Google Scholar
• Ruzek JI, Brymer MJ, Jacobs AK, Psychological first aid. J Ment Health Couns 2007;29:17-49
   Google Scholar
• Brymer M, Jacobs A, Layne C, Psychological first aid: field operations guide, 2nd edition. National Child Traumatic Stress Network and National Center for PTSD, 2006. Available from: www.nctsn.org [Last accessed 24 June 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Roberts NP, Kitchiner NJ, Kenardy J, Bisson JI. Systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple-session early interventions following traumatic events. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:293-301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Port C, Engdahl B, Frazier P. A longitudinal and retrospective study of PTSD among older prisoners of war. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1474-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon Z, Dekel R. Posttraumatic stress disorder among Israeli ex-prisoners of war 18 and 30 years after release. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:1031-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant RA, Harvey AG, Dang ST. Treatment of acute stress disorder: a comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998;66:862-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant RA, Sackville T, Dang ST. Treating acute stress disorder: an evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy and supporting counseling techniques. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1780-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant RA, Moulds ML, Nixon RD. Cognitive behaviour therapy of acute stress disorder: a four-year follow-up. Behav Res Ther 2003;41:489-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher S, Creamer M, Forbes D. Preventing post traumatic stress disorder: are drugs the answer? Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2010;44:1064-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charney DS. Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:195-216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Kloet ER, Oitz MS, Vermetten E. Stress hormones and post traumatic stress disorder basic studies and clinical perspectives. Prog Brain Res 2007;167:1-320
   Google Scholar
• Vaiva G, Ducrocq F, Jezequel K. Immediate treatment with propranolol decreases posttraumatic stress disorder two months after trauma: erratum. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:947-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet A, Orr SP, Tremblay J, Effect of post-retrieval propranolol on psychophysiologic responding during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2008;42:503-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein MB, Kerridge C, Dimsdale JE, Hoyt DB. Pharmacotherapy to prevent PTSD: results from a randomized controlled proof-of-concept trial in physically injured patients. J Trauma Stress 2007;20:923-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook T, Galarneau MR, Dye JL, Morphine use after combat injury in Iraq and post-traumatic stress disorder. N Engl J Med 2010;362:110-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxe G, Stoddard F, Courtney D, Relationship between acute morphine and the course of PTSD in children with burns. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:915-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant RA, Creamer M, O'Donnell M, A study of the protective function of acute morphine administration on subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65:438-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein MB, Kerridge C, Dimsdale JE, Hoyt DB. Pharmacotherapy to prevent PTSD: results from a randomized controlled proof-of-concept trial in physically injured patients. J Trauma Stress 2007;20:923-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raison CL, Miller AH. When not enough is too much: the role of insufficient glucocorticoid signalling inthe pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1554-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kloet CS, Bermetten E, Geuze E, Assessment of HPA-axis function in posttraumatic stress disorder: pharmacological and non-pharmacological challenge tests, a review. J Psychiatr Res 2006;40:550-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelling G, Stoll C, Kapfhammer HP, The effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone during septic shock on posttraumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life in survivors. Crit Care Med 1991;27:2678-83
   Google Scholar
• de Quervain DF, Aerni A, Schelling G, Roozendaal B. Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory in health and disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009;30:358-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelling G, Roozendaal B, Krauseneck T, Efficacy of Hydrocortisone in Preventing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Critical Illness and Major Surgery. In R Yehuda, R Yehuda. (Eds.). Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorders. A decade of progress. Boston: Blackwell Publishing, 2006;46-53
   Google Scholar
• Schelling G, Kilger E, Roozendaal B, Stress doses of hydrocortisone, traumatic memories, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized study. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55:627-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weis F, Kilger E, Roozendaal B, Stress doses of hydrocortisone reduce chronic stress symptoms and improve health-related quality of life in high-risk patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:277-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delahanty D, Ostrowski S, Nugent N, Hydrocortisone as a secondary intervention to prevent subsequent PTSD symptoms [abstract 1755]. Presented at the American Psychosomatic Society (APS) 69th Annual Scientific Meeting, 9 – 12 March 2011, San Antonio, Texas, USA
   Google Scholar
• Zohar J, Yahalom H, Kozlovsky N, High dose hydrocortisone immediately after trauma may alter the trajectory of PTSD: Interplay between clinical and animal studies. European Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; Jul 7 [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delahanty DL, Raimonde A, Spoonster E. Initial posttraumatic urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48:940-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane AC, Atchinson M, Yehuda R. The acute stress response following motor vehicle accidents and its relation to PTSD. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;821:437-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitman RK, Delahanty DL. Conceptually driven pharmacologic approaches to acute trauma. CNS Spectr 2005;10:99-106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon A, Gorman J. Psychopharmacological possibilities in the acute disaster setting. Psychiatry Clin North Am 2004;27:425-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). 4th edition. American Psychiatric Association; Washington, DC: 2000
   Google Scholar
• ICD-9-CM: International Classification of Diseases, 9th rev.; Clinical Modification. 6th edition. Practice Management Information Corp. (PMIC); Los Angeles: 2006
   Google Scholar
• Hayes SC, Folette WC, Follette VM. Behavior therapy: A contextual approach. In: AS Gurman, SB Messer. (Eds.). Essential psychotherapies: Theory and practice. New York: Guilford Press, 1995:128-81
   Google Scholar
• Pitman RK, Orr SP, Forgue DF, de Jong J. Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:970-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre M. Effective psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review and critique. CNS Spectr 2009;14:32-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basoglu M, Salcioglu E, Livanou M, Single-session behavioral treatment of earthquake-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized waiting list controlled trial. J Trauma Stress 2005;18:1-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Difede J, Cukor J, Jayasinghe N, Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following September 11, 2001. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:1639-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane TM, Fairbank JA, Caddell JM, Zimering RT. Implosive (flooding) therapy reduces symptoms of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Behav Ther 1989;20:245-60
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudewyns PA, Hyer L. Physiological response to combat memories and preliminary treatment outcome in Vietnam veteran PTSD patients treated with direct therapeutic exposure. Behav Ther 1990;21:63-87
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa EB, Hembree EA, Cahill S, Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: outcome at academic and community clinics. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005;73:953-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa EB, Rothbaum BO, Riggs DS, Murdock TB. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: a comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;59:715-23
   Google Scholar
• Foa EB, Dancu CV, Hembree EA, A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999;67:194-200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Engel CC, Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;297:820-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers MB, Halpern JM, Ferenschak MP, A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 2010;30:635-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley R, Greene J, Russ E, A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:214-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards DA, Lovell K, Marks IM. Post-traumatic stress disorder: evaluation of a behavioral treatment program. J Trauma Stress 1994;7:669-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echeburua E, de Corral P, Zubizarreta I, Sarasua B. Psychological treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of sexual aggression. Behav Modif 1997;21:433-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks I, Lovell K, Noshirvani H, Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by exposure and/or cognitive restructuring: a controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:317-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor S, Thordarson DS, Maxfield L, Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003;71:330-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick DG, Veronen LJ, Resnick PA. Psychological sequelae to rape: Assessment and treatment strategies. In: DM Dolays, Meredith RL. (Eds.). Behavioral medicine: Assessment and treatment strategies. New York; Plenum Press: 1982:473-97
   Google Scholar
• Chemtob CM, Novaco RW, Hamada RS, Gross DM. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for severe anger in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997;65:184-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers A, Clark DM. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther 2000;38:319-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy M, Gillespie K, Clark DM. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of terrorism and other civil conflict in Northern Ireland: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007;334:147-50
   Google Scholar
• Ehlers A, Clark DM, Hackmann A, A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet, and repeated assessments as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:1024-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers A, Clark DM, Hackmann A, Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: development and evaluation. Behav Res Ther 2005;43:413-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank E, Anderson B, Stewart BD, Dancu C. Efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy and systematic desensitization in the treatment of rape trauma. Behav Ther 1998;19:403-20
   Google Scholar
• Tarrier N, Sommerfield C, Pilgrim H, Humphreys L. Cognitive therapy or imaginal exposure in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1999;175:571-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chard KM. An evaluation of cognitive processing therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005;73:965-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson CM, Schnurr PP, Resick PA, Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006;74:898-907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick PA, Nishith P, Weaver TL, A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003;70:867-79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick PA, Galovski TE, Uhlmansiek M, A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008;76:243-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JL, Wright DC. Randomized clinical trial for treatment of chronic nightmares in trauma-exposed adults. J Trauma Stress 2007;20:123-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fecteau G, Nicki R. Cognitive behavioural treatment of post traumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accident. Behav Cogn Psychother 1999;27:201-14
   Google Scholar
• Glynn SM, Eth S, Randolph ET, A test of behavioral family therapy to augment exposure for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999;67:243-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton DE, Chhean D, Pich V, A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavior therapy for cambodian refugees with treatment-resistant PTSD and panic attacks: a cross-over design. J Trauma Stress 2005;18:617-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubany ES, Hill EE, Owens JA. Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD: preliminary findings. J Trauma Stress 2003;16:81-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubany ES, Hill EE, Owens JA, Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW). J Consult Clin Psychol 2004;72:3-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maercker A, Zollner T, Menning H, Dresden PTSD treatment study: Randomized controlled trial of motor vehicle accident survivors. BMC Psychiatry 2006;6:1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Devineni T, A controlled evaluation of cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress in motor vehicle accident survivors. Behav Res Ther 2003;41:79-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Difede J, Malta LS, Best S, A randomized controlled clinical treatment trial for World Trade Center attack-related PTSD in disaster workers. J Nerv Ment Dis 2007;195:861-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Xie H, A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008;76:259-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto MW, Hinton D, Korbly NB, Treatment of pharmacotherapy-refractory posttraumatic stress disorder among Cambodian refugees: a pilot study of combination treatment with cognitive-behavior therapy vs sertraline alone. Behav Res Ther 2003;41:1271-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frommberger U, Stieglitz R, Nyberg E, Comparison between paroxetine and behaviour therapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a pilot study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2004;8:19-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Bierer LM, Pratchett LC, Pelcovitz MR. Using biological markers to inform clinically meaningful treatment response. Ann NY Acad Sci 2010;1208:158-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paunovic N, Ost L. Cognitive-behavior therapy vs exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD in refugees. Behav Res Ther 2010;39:1183-97
   Google Scholar
• Bryant RA, Moulds ML, Guthrie RM, Imaginal exposure alone and imaginal exposure with cognitive restructuring in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003;71:706-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant RA, Moulds ML, Guthrie RM, A randomized controlled trial of exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008;76:695-703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro F. Eye movement desensitization: a new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1989;20:211-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson SA, Becker LA, Tinker RH. Fifteen-month follow-up of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997;6:1047-56
   Google Scholar
• Jensen JA. An investigation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R) as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of Vietnam combat veterans. Behav Ther 1994;25:311-25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbaum B, Astin MC, Marsteller F. Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD Rape Victims. J Trauma Stress 2005;18:607-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power K, McGoldrick T, Brown K, A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring versus waiting list in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother 2002;9:299-318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidler GH, Wagner FE. Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Med 2006;36:1515-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renfrey G, Spates CR. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A partial dismantling procedure. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Exp Psychiatry 1994;25:231-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudewyns PA, Hyer LA. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clin Psychol Psychother 1996;3:185-95
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson PR, Parker KH. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69:305-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gersons BPR, Carlier IVE. Treatment of work related trauma in police officers: Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic decline. In: MB Williams, JF Sommer. (Eds.). Handbook of posttraumatic therapy. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1994:325-33
   Google Scholar
• Gersons BR, Carlier IE, Lamberts RD, van der Kolk BA. Randomized clinical trial of brief eclectic psychotherapy for police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2000;13:333-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindauer RL, Vlieger E, Jalink M, Effects of psychotherapy on hippocampal volume in out-patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: a MRI investigation. Psychol Med 2005;35:1421-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindauer R, Gersons B, Meijel E, Effects of brief eclectic psychotherapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: randomized clinical trials. J Trauma Stress 2005;18:205-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner F, Schauer M, Elbert T, Roth WT. Narrative exposure treatment in a Macedonian refugee camp: case report. J Behav Cogn Psychother 2002;30:205-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bichescu D, Neuner F, Schauer M, Elbert T. Narrative exposure therapy for political imprisonment-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Behav Res Ther 2007;45:212-20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner F, Schauer M, Klaschik C, A comparison of narrative exposure therapy, supportive counseling, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in an African refugee settlement. J Consult Clin Psychol 2004;72:579-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner F, Onyut P, Ertl V, Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement: a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008;76:686-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner F, Kurreck S, Ruf M, Can asylum-seekers with posttraumatic stress disorder be successfully treated? A randomized controlled pilot study. Cogn Behav Ther 2010;39:81-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krakow B, Kellner R, Pathak D, Lambert L. Imagery rehearsal treatment for chronic nightmares. Behav Res Ther 1995;33:837-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakow B, Hollifield M, Johnston L, Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;286:537-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulmer CS, Edinger JD, Calhoun PS. A multi-component cognitive-behavioral intervention for sleep disturbance in veterans with PTSD: a pilot study. J Clin Sleep Med 2011;7:57-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhudy JL, Davis JL, Williams AE, Cognitive-behavioral treatment for chronic nightmares in trauma-exposed persons: assessing physiological reactions to nightmare-related fear. J Clin Psychol 2010;66:365-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martell CR, Addis ME, Jacobson NS. Depression in context: strategies for guided action. WW Norton & Co; New York: 2001
   Google Scholar
• Wagner AW, Zatzick DF, Ghesquiere A, Jurkovich GJ. Behavioral activation as an early intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among physically injured trauma survivors. Cogn Behav Pract 2007;14:341-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakupcak M, Wagner A, Paulson A, Behavioral activation as a primary care-based treatment for PTSD and depression among returning veterans. J Trauma Stress 2010;4:491-5
   Google Scholar
• Hollifield M, Sinclair-Lian N, Warner TD, Hammerschlag R. Acupuncture for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Nerv Ment Dis 2007;195:504-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck J, Coffey SF, Foy DW, Group cognitive behavior therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: an initial randomized pilot study. Behav Ther 2009;40:82-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Engel CC, Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;297:820-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirai M, Clum GA. An internet-based self-change program for traumatic event related fear, distress, and maladaptive coping. J Trauma Stress 2005;18:631-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange A, Rietdijk D, Hudcovicova M, Interapy: a controlled randomized trial of the standardized treatment of posttraumatic stress through the internet. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003;71:901-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange A, van de Ven J, Schrieken B, Emmelkamp PG. Interapy. Treatment of posttraumatic stress through the internet: a controlled trial. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2001;32:73-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litz BT, Engel CC, Bryant RA, Papa A. A randomized, controlled proof-of-concept trial of an internet-based, therapist-assisted self-management treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1676-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons TD, Rizzo AA. Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: a meta-analysis. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2008;39:250-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers MB, Emmelkamp PG. Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2008;22:561-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Difede J, Hoffman HG. Virtual reality exposure therapy for World Trade Center post-traumatic stress disorder: a case report. Cyberpsychol Behav 2002;5:529-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothbaum B, Hodges L, Alarcon R, Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD Vietnam veterans: a case study. J Trauma Stress 1999;12:263-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Difede J, Cukor J, Jayasinghe N, Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following September 11, 2001. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:1639-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwick S, Paige S, Morgan C, Neurotransmitter alterations in PTSD: catecholamines and serotonin. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 1999;4:242-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Post RM, Weiss SRB, Li H, A sensitization components of post-traumatic stress disorder: implications for therapeutics. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 1999;4:282-94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Kolk BA. The psychobiology and psychopharmacology of PTSD. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001;16:49-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwick SM, Bremner D, Krystal JH, Charney DS. Psychobiologic research in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1994;17:251-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa EB, Keane TM, Friedman MJ. Effective Treatments for PTSD, Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. 2nd edition. Guilford Press; New York: 2009
   Google Scholar
• Ipser J, Seedat S, Stein DJ. Pharmacotherapy for post- traumatic stress disorder – a systematic review and meta-analysis. S Afr Med J 2006;96:1088-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein DJ, Ipser J, McAnda N. Pharmacotherapy of post- traumatic stress disorder: a review of meta-analyses and treatment guidelines. CNS Spectr 2009;14:25-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ursano RJ, Bell C, Eth S, Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004;164:3-31
   Google Scholar
• Londborg PD, Hegel MT, Goldstein S, Sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: results of 24 weeks of open-label continuation treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:325-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Post-Traumatic stress disorder: the management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 26. Cromwell Press Ltd; London: 2005
   Google Scholar
• Davis LL, Suris A, Lambert MT, Post-traumatic stress disorder and serotonin: new directions for research and treatment. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1997;22:318-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan G, Neria Y. Pharmacotherapy of PTSD: current status and controversies. Psychiatr Ann 2009;39:342-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballenger JC. Remission rates in patients with anxiety disorders treated with paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:1696-707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker P, Zaninelli R, Yehuda R, Paroxetine in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a placebo-controlled, flexible-dosage trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:860-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk BA, Dreyfuss D, Michaels M, Fluoxetine in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55:517-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmar CR, Schoenfeld F, Weiss DS, Open trial of fluvoxamine treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:66-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisook S, Chentsova-Dutton YE, Smith-Vaniz A, Nefazodone in patients with treatment-refractory posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:203-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten TR, Frank JB, Dan E, Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder using phenelzine or imipramine. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991;179:366-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman MJ. Drug treatment for PTSD: answers and questions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;821:359-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman MJ, Davidson JT. Pharmacotherapy for PTSD. In: MJ Friedman, TM Keane, PA Resick. (Eds.). Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice. New York; Guilford Press: 2007;376-405
   Google Scholar
• Marshall RD, Beebe KL, Oldham M, Zaninelli R. Efficacy and safety of paroxetine treatment for chronic PTSD: a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1982-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martenyi F, Brown EB, Zhang H, Fluoxetine v. placebo in prevention of relapse in post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2002;181:315-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohar J, Amital D, Miodownik C, Double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of sertraline in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;22:190-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed S, Rosenheck RA. Pharmacotherapy of PTSD in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: diagnostic- and symptom- guided drug selection. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:959-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamner MB, Faldowski RA, Ulmer HG, Adjunctive risperidone treatment in post-traumatic stress disorder: a preliminary controlled trial of effects on comorbid psychotic symptoms. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;18:1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbaum BO, Killeen TK, Davidson JT, Placebo-controlled trial of risperidone augmentation for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant civilian posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:520-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnelly EP, Ciraulo DA, Knapp C, Keane T. Low-dose risperidone as adjunctive therapy for irritable aggression in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:193-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger W, Mendlowicz MV, Marques-Portella C, Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33:169-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipper S, Davidson JR, Grady TA, Edinger JD. Preliminary study of carbamazepine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatics 1986;27:849-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf ME, Alavi A, Mosnaim AD. Posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans – clinical and EEG findings: possible therapeutic effects of carbamazepine. Biol Psychiatry 1998;23:642-4
   Google Scholar
• Berlant J, van Kammen DP. Open-label topiramate as primary or adjunctive therapy in chronic civilian posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary report. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:15-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman CP, McCarthy LC, Condon JT, Topiramate in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: an open-label pilot study. Ann Pharmacother 2009;43:635-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Yang RK, Golier JA, Effect of topiramate on glucocorticoid receptors in mononuclear leukocytes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:433-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis LL, Davidson JR, Ward LC, Divalproex in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in a veteran population. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:84-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Antelman SM. Criteria for rationally evaluating animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1993;33:479-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olff M, de Vries G, Guzelcan Y, Changes in cortisol and DHEA plasma levels after psychotherapy for PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007;32:619-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Bierer LM, Sarapas C, Cortisol metabolic predictors of response to psychotherapy for symptoms of PTSD in survivors of the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009;34:1304-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Xie H, A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008;76:259-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto MW, Hinton D, Korbly NB, Treatment of pharmacotherapy-refractory posttraumatic stress disorder among Cambodian refugees: a pilot study of combination treatment with cognitive-behavior therapy vs sertraline alone. Behav Res Ther 2003;41:1271-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbaum BO, Cahill SP, Foa EB, Augmentation of sertraline with prolonged exposure in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2006;19:625-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledgerwood L, Richardson R, Cranney J. D-cycloserine facilitates extinction of learned fear: effects on reacquisition and generalized extinction. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57:841-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker DL, Ressler KJ, Lu K, Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions of D-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats. J Neurosci 2002;22:2343-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guastella AJ, Richardson R, Lovibond PF, A randomized controlled trial of D-cycloserine enhancement of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:544-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann SG, Meuret AE, Smits JJ, Augmentation of exposure therapy with d-cycloserine for social anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:298-304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushner MG, Kim S, Donahue C, D-cycloserine augmented exposure therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:835-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ressler KJ, Rothbaum BO, Tannenbaum L, Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:1136-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henn-Haase HC, Best BS, Metzler MT, Exposure based CBT therapy and D-cycloserine treatment for PTSD in veterans and civilians. Symposium presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 26th Annual Meeting, 3 – 5 November 2010, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
   Google Scholar
• Guay GS, Marchand MA, Landry LP, Results from a six-month Follow-Up of a randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy combined with D-cycloserine for treating PTSD. Symposium presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 26th Annual Meeting, 3 – 5 November 2010, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
   Google Scholar
• Abrari KK, Rashidy-Pour AA, Semnanian SS, Fathollahi YY. Administration of corticosterone after memory reactivation disrupts subsequent retrieval of a contextual conditioned fear memory: dependence upon training intensity. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008;89:178-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai W, Blundell J, Han J, Postreactivation glucocorticoids impair recall of established fear memory. J Neurosci 2006;26:9560-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordero M, Kruyt ND, Merino J, Sandi C. Glucocorticoid involvement in memory formation in a rat model for traumatic memory. Stress 2002;5:73-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohda K, Harada K, Kato K, Glucocorticoid receptor activation is involved in producing abnormal phenotypes of single-prolonged stress rats: a putative post-traumatic stress disorder model. Neuroscience 2007;148:8211-33
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronel S, Alberini CM. Persistent disruption of a traumatic memory by postretrieval inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors in the amygdala. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:33-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deQuervain DF, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. Stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory. Nature 1998;394:787-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Quervain DF, Roozendaal B, Nitsch RM, Acute cortisone administration impairs retrieval of long-term declarative memory in humans. Nat Neurosci 2000;3:313-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Quervain DJ, Aerni A, Roozendal B, Preventive effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on glucocorticoid-induced memory retrieval deficits. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:967-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhlmann S, Piel M, Wolf OT. Impaired memory retrieval after psychosocial stress in healthy young men. J Neurosci 2005;25:2977-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hembree EA, Foa EB, Dorfan NM, Do patients drop out prematurely from exposure therapy for PTSD? J Trauma Stress 2003;16:555-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soravia LM, Heinrichs M, Aerni A, Glucocorticoids reduce phobic fear in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:5585-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner D, Vermetten E, Kelley ME. Cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and estradiol measured over 24 hours in women with childhood sexual abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2007;195:919-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R. Current status of cortisol findings in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Clin N Am 2002;25:341-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelling G, Kilger E, Roozendaal B, Stress doses of hydrocortisone, traumatic memories, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized study. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55:627-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aerni A, Traber R, Hock C, Low-dose cortisol for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:1488-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Bierer LM, Pratchett L, Malowney M. Glucocorticoid augmentation of prolonged exposure therapy: rationale and case report. European Journal of Traumatology 2010;1:5643-50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar