1,231
Views
65
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Current pharmacological treatments for tinnitus

&
Pages 2495-2509 | Published online: 04 Nov 2012

Bibliography

  • Shargorodsky J, Curhan GC, Farwell WR. Prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus among US adults. AmJ Med 2010;123:711-18
  • Axelsson A, Ringdahl A. Tinnitus–a study of its prevalence and characteristics. Br J Audiol 1989;23:53-62
  • Krog NH, Engdahl B, Tambs K. The association between tinnitus and mental health in a general population sample: results from the HUNT Study. J Psychosom Res 2010;69:289-98
  • Lasisi AO, Abiona T, Gureje O. Tinnitus in the elderly: profile, correlates, and impact in the Nigerian Study of Ageing. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;143:510-15
  • Michikawa T, Nishiwaki Y, Kikuchi Y, Prevalence and factors associated with tinnitus: a community-based study of Japanese elders. J Epidemiol 2010;20:271-6
  • Khedr EM, Ahmed MA, Shawky OA, Epidemiological study of chronic tinnitus in assiut, Egypt. Neuroepidemiology 2010;35:45-52
  • Langguth B. A review of tinnitus symptoms beyond 'ringing in the ears': a call to action. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27:1635-43
  • Vio MM, Holme RH. Hearing loss and tinnitus: 250 million people and a US$10 billion potential market. Drug Discov Today 2005;10:1263-5
  • Lobarinas E, Sun W, Stolzberg D, Human brain imaging of tinnitus and animal models. Semin Hear 2008;29:333-49
  • Norena AJ. An integrative model of tinnitus based on a central gain controlling neural sensitivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011;35:1089-109
  • Eggermont JJ, Roberts LE. The neuroscience of tinnitus. Trends Neurosci 2004;27:676-82
  • Yang S, Weiner BD, Zhang LS, Homeostatic plasticity drives tinnitus perception in an animal model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:14974-9
  • Richardson BD, Brozoski TJ, Ling LL, Caspary DM. Targeting inhibitory neurotransmission in tinnitus. Brain Res 2012; in press
  • Brozoski T, Odintsov B, Bauer C. Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid levels in the auditory pathway of rats with chronic tinnitus: a direct determination using high resolution point-resolved proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS). Front Syst Neurosci 2012;6:9
  • Rauschecker JP, Leaver AM, Muhlau M. Tuning out the noise: limbic-auditory interactions in tinnitus. Neuron 2010;66:819-26
  • Simpson JJ, Davies WE. A review of evidence in support of a role for 5-HT in the perception of tinnitus. Hear Res 2000;145:1-7
  • Caperton KK, Thompson AM. Activation of serotonergic neurons during salicylate-induced tinnitus. Laryngoscope 2010;120(Suppl 4):S203
  • Roberts LE, Eggermont JJ, Caspary DM, Ringing ears: the neuroscience of tinnitus. J Neurosci 2010;30:14972-9
  • Vielsmeier V, Strutz J, Kleinjung T, Temporomandibular joint disorder complaints in tinnitus: further hints for a putative tinnitus subtype. PLoS One 2012;7:e38887
  • Llinas RR, Ribary U, Jeanmonod D, Thalamocortical dysrhythmia: a neurological and neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by magnetoencephalography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:15222-7
  • Weisz N, Wienbruch C, Dohrmann K, Elbert T. Neuromagnetic indicators of auditory cortical reorganization of tinnitus. Brain 2005;128:2722-31
  • De Ridder D, Elgoyhen AB, Romo R, Langguth B. Phantom percepts: tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:8075-80
  • Schlee W, Hartmann T, Langguth B, Weisz N. Abnormal resting-state cortical coupling in chronic tinnitus. BMC Neurosci 2009;10:11
  • Vanneste S, Plazier M, van der Loo E, The neural correlates of tinnitus-related distress. Neuroimage 2010;52:470-80
  • De Ridder D, Fransen H, Francois O, Amygdalohippocampal involvement in tinnitus and auditory memory. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2006(556):50-3
  • Eggermont JJ. Hearing loss, hyperacusis, or tinnitus: What is modeled in animal research? Hear Res 2012; in press
  • Adamchic I, Langguth B, Hauptmann C, Tass PA. Psychometric evaluation of Visual Analog Scale for the assessment of chronic tinnitus. Am J Audiol 2012; in press
  • Zeman F, Koller M, Figueiredo R, Tinnitus handicap inventory for evaluating treatment effects: which changes are clinically relevant? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011
  • Adamchic I, Tass PA, Langguth B, Linking the Tinnitus Questionnaire and the subjective Clinical Global Impression: which differences are clinically important? Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012;10:79
  • Meikle MB, Henry JA, Griest SE, The tinnitus functional index: development of a new clinical measure for chronic, intrusive tinnitus. Ear Hear 2012;32:153-76
  • Langguth B, Goodey R, Azevedo A, Consensus for tinnitus patient assessment and treatment outcome measurement: tinnitus Research Initiative meeting, Regensburg, July 2006. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:525-36
  • Landgrebe M, Azevedo A, Baguley D, Methodological aspects of clinical trials in tinnitus: a proposal for an international standard. J Psychosom Res 2012;73:112-21
  • Vanneste S, De Ridder D. The auditory and non-auditory brain areas involved in tinnitus. an emergent property of multiple parallel overlapping subnetworks. Front Syst Neurosci 2012;6:31
  • Schlee W, Kleinjung T, Hiller W, Does tinnitus distress depend on age of onset? PLoS One 2011;6:e27379
  • Mardini MK. Ear-clicking "tinnitus" responding to carbamazepine. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1542
  • Landgrebe M, Zeman F, Koller M, The Tinnitus Research Initiative (TRI) database: a new approach for delineation of tinnitus subtypes and generation of predictors for treatment outcome. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2010;10:42
  • Tyler R, Coelho C, Tao P, Identifying tinnitus subgroups with cluster analysis. Am J Audiol 2008;17:S176-84
  • Schecklmann M, Lehner A, Poeppl TB, Cluster analysis for identifying sub-types of tinnitus: a positron emission tomography and voxel-based morphometry study. Brain Res 2012; in press
  • Cima RF, Maes IH, Joore MA, Specialised treatment based on cognitive behaviour therapy versus usual care for tinnitus: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;379:1951-9
  • Martinez-Devesa P, Perera R, Theodoulou M, Waddell A. Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD005233
  • Hobson J, Chisholm E, El Refaie A. Sound therapy (masking) in the management of tinnitus in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD006371
  • Schaette R, Konig O, Hornig D, Acoustic stimulation treatments against tinnitus could be most effective when tinnitus pitch is within the stimulated frequency range. Hear Res 2010;269:95-101
  • Phillips JS, McFerran D. Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD007330
  • Tyler RS. Patient preferences and willingness to pay for tinnitus treatments. J Am Acad Audiol 2012;23:115-25
  • Hall DA, Lainez MJ, Newman CW, Treatment options for subjective tinnitus: self reports from a sample of general practitioners and ENT physicians within Europe and the USA. BMC Health Serv Res 2011;11:302
  • Langguth B. Tinnitus: the end of therapeutic nihilism. Lancet 2012;379:1926-8
  • Dolgin E. Sound medicine. Nat Med 2012;18:642-5
  • Hoare DJ, Kowalkowski VL, Kang S, Hall DA. Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials examining tinnitus management. Laryngoscope 2011;121:1555-64
  • Dobie RA. A review of randomized clinical trials in tinnitus. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1202-11
  • Hesser H. Methodological considerations in treatment evaluations of tinnitus distress: a call for guidelines. J Psychosom Res 2010;69:305-7
  • Bennett MH, Kertesz T, Yeung P. Hyperbaric oxygen for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;CD004739
  • Baldo P, Doree C, Lazzarini R, Antidepressants for patients with tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;CD003853
  • Hilton M, Stuart E. Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;CD003852
  • Hoekstra CE, Rynja SP, van Zanten GA, Rovers MM. Anticonvulsants for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;CD007960
  • Melding PS, Goodey RJ, Thorne PR. The use of intravenous lignocaine in the diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus. J Laryngol Otol 1978;92:115-21
  • Trellakis S, Lautermann J, Lehnerdt G. Lidocaine: neurobiological targets and effects on the auditory system. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:303-22
  • Gil-Gouveia R, Goadsby PJ. Neuropsychiatric side-effects of lidocaine: examples from the treatment of headache and a review. Cephalalgia 2009;29:496-508
  • Darlington CL, Smith PF. Drug treatments for tinnitus. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:249-62
  • Savastano M. Lidocaine intradermal injection–a new approach in tinnitus therapy: preliminary report. Adv Ther 2004;21:13-20
  • Slattery WH, Fisher LM, Iqbal Z, Intratympanic steroid injection for treatment of idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;133:251-9
  • Slattery WH, Fisher LM, Iqbal Z, Liu N. Oral steroid regimens for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132:5-10
  • Shim HJ, Song SJ, Choi AY, Comparison of various treatment modalities for acute tinnitus. Laryngoscope 2011;121:2619-25
  • Narozny W, Kuczkowski J, Kot J, Prognostic factors in sudden sensorineural hearing loss: our experience and a review of the literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2006;115:553-8
  • Stokroos RJ, Albers FW, Tenvergert EM. Antiviral treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Acta Otolaryngol 1998;118:488-95
  • Westerlaken BO, Stokroos RJ, Dhooge IJ, Treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with antiviral therapy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2003;112:993-1000
  • Hu A, Parnes LS. Intratympanic steroids for inner ear disorders: a review. Audiol Neurootol 2009;14:373-82
  • Spear SA, Schwartz SR. Intratympanic steroids for sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;145:534-43
  • Lim DJ. Effects of noise and ototoxic drugs at the cellular level in the cochlea: a review. Am J Otolaryngol 1986;7:73-99
  • Puel JL, Ruel J, Guitton M, Pujol R. The inner hair cell afferent/efferent synapses revisited: a basis for new therapeutic strategies. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2002;59:124-30
  • Holley MC. Keynote review: the auditory system, hearing loss and potential targets for drug development. Drug Discov Today 2005;10:1269-82
  • Lynch ED, Kil J. Compounds for the prevention and treatment of noise-induced hearing loss. Drug Discov Today 2005;10:1291-8
  • Attias J, Weisz G, Almog S, Oral magnesium intake reduces permanent hearing loss induced by noise exposure. Am J Otolaryngol 1994;15:26-32
  • Lin CY, Wu JL, Shih TS, N-Acetyl-cysteine against noise-induced temporary threshold shift in male workers. Hear Res 2010;269:42-7
  • Kramer S, Dreisbach L, Lockwood J, Efficacy of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in protecting ears exposed to loud music. J Am Acad Audiol 2006;17:265-78
  • Kopke RD, Jackson RL, Coleman JK, NAC for noise: from the bench top to the clinic. Hear Res 2007;226:114-25
  • Ewert DL, Lu J, Li W, Antioxidant treatment reduces blast-induced cochlear damage and hearing loss. Hear Res 2012;285:29-39
  • Ebselen in College Students. Available from: (http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01444846?term=ebselen&rank=1) 2012
  • Ebselen in Chemotherapy induced hearing loss. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01451853?term=ebselen&rank=2 2012
  • Muehlmeier G, Biesinger E, Maier H. Safety of intratympanic injection of AM-101 in patients with acute inner ear tinnitus. Audiol Neurootol 2011;16:388-97
  • Van de Heyning P, Cox T, Maier H, Efficacy and safety of AM-101 in the treatment of acute inner ear tinnitus - a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled phase II study [abstract]. Abstract Book of the 6th TRI Meeting 2012. 6:19
  • Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Stein MB. Antidepressant therapy in tinnitus. Hear Res 2007;226:221-31
  • Langguth B, Landgrebe M, Kleinjung T, Tinnitus and depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2011;12:489-500
  • Tonndorf J. The analogy between tinnitus and pain: a suggestion for a physiological basis of chronic tinnitus. Hear Res 1987;28:271-5
  • Mico JA, Ardid D, Berrocoso E, Eschalier A. Antidepressants and pain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006;27:348-54
  • Sullivan MD, Dobie RA, Sakai CS, Katon WJ. Treatment of depressed tinnitus patients with nortriptyline. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989;98:867-72
  • Sullivan M, Katon W, Russo J, A randomized trial of nortriptyline for severe chronic tinnitus. Effects on depression, disability, and tinnitus symptoms. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:2251-9
  • Katon W, Sullivan M, Russo J, Depressive symptoms and measures of disability: a prospective study. J Affect Disord 1993;27:245-54
  • Bayar N, Boke B, Turan E, Belgin E. Efficacy of amitriptyline in the treatment of subjective tinnitus. J Otolaryngol 2001;30:300-3
  • Podoshin L, Ben-David Y, Fradis M, Idiopathic subjective tinnitus treated by amitriptyline hydrochloride/biofeedback. Int Tinnitus J 1995;1:54-60
  • Mihail RC, Crowley JM, Walden BE, The tricyclic trimipramine in the treatment of subjective tinnitus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1988;97:120-3
  • Feder R. Tinnitus associated with amitriptyline. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:85-6
  • Mendis D, Johnston M. An unusual case of prolonged tinnitus following low-dose amitriptyline. J Psychopharmacol 2008;22:574-5
  • Tandon R, Grunhaus L, Greden JF. Imipramine and tinnitus. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48:109-11
  • Langguth B, Landgrebe M, Wittmann M, Persistent tinnitus induced by tricyclic antidepressants. J Psychopharmacol 2010;24:1273-5
  • Clewes J. A case report of onset of tinnitus following discontinuation of antidepressant and a review of the literature. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2012;14
  • Zoger S, Svedlund J, Holgers KM. The effects of sertraline on severe tinnitus suffering–a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:32-9
  • Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Bailey KA, Randomized placebo-controlled trial of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in the treatment of nondepressed tinnitus subjects. Psychosom Med 2005;67:981-8
  • Roberts C, Inamdar A, Koch A, A randomized, controlled study comparing the effects of vestipitant or vestipitant and paroxetine combination in subjects with tinnitus. Otol Neurotol 2011;32:721-7
  • Langguth B, Kleinjung T, Fischer B, Tinnitus severity, depression, and the big five personality traits. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:221-5
  • Johnson RM, Brummett R, Schleuning A. Use of alprazolam for relief of tinnitus. A double-blind study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;119:842-5
  • Jalali MM, Kousha A, Naghavi SE, The effects of alprazolam on tinnitus: a cross-over randomized clinical trial. Med Sci Monit 2009;15:I55-60
  • Kay NJ. Oral chemotherapy in tinnitus. Br J Audiol 1981;15:123-4
  • Bahmad FM Jr, Venosa AR, Oliveira CA. Benzodiazepines and GABAergics in treating severe disabling tinnitus of predominantly cochlear origin. Int Tinnitus J 2006;12:140-4
  • Gananca MM, Caovilla HH, Gananca FF, Clonazepam in the pharmacological treatment of vertigo and tinnitus. Int Tinnitus J 2002;8:50-3
  • Han SS, Nam EC, Won JY, Clonazepam Quiets tinnitus: a randomised crossover study with Ginkgo Biloba. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:821-7
  • Busto U, Fornazzari L, Naranjo CA. Protracted tinnitus after discontinuation of long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988;8:359-62
  • Busto U, Sellers EM, Naranjo CA, Withdrawal reaction after long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. N Engl J Med 1986;315:854-9
  • Eggermont JJ. Tinnitus: neurobiological substrates. Drug Discov Today 2005;10:1283-90
  • Melding PS, Goodey RJ. The treatment of tinnitus with oral anticonvulsants. J Laryngol Otol 1979;93:111-22
  • Sanchez TG, Balbani AP, Bittar RS, Lidocaine test in patients with tinnitus: rationale of accomplishment and relation to the treatment with carbamazepine. Auris Nasus Larynx 1999;26:411-17
  • Shea JJ, Harell M. Management of tinnitus aurium with lidocaine and carbamazepine. Laryngoscope 1978;88:1477-84
  • Donaldson I. Tegretol: a double blind trial in tinnitus. J Laryngol Otol 1981;95:947-51
  • Hulshof JH, Vermeij P. The value of carbamazepine in the treatment of tinnitus. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1985;47:262-6
  • Levine RA. Typewriter tinnitus: a carbamazepine-responsive syndrome related to auditory nerve vascular compression. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2006;68:43-6
  • Bauer CA, Brozoski TJ. Effect of gabapentin on the sensation and impact of tinnitus. Laryngoscope 2006;116:675-81
  • Witsell DL, Hannley MT, Stinnet S, Tucci DL. Treatment of tinnitus with gabapentin: a pilot study. Otol Neurotol 2007;28:11-15
  • Bakhshaee M, Ghasemi M, Azarpazhooh M, Gabapentin effectiveness on the sensation of subjective idiopathic tinnitus: a pilot study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008;265:525-30
  • Piccirillo JF, Finnell J, Vlahiotis A, Relief of idiopathic subjective tinnitus: is gabapentin effective? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;133:390-7
  • Dehkordi MA, Abolbashari S, Taheri R, Einolghozati S. Efficacy of gabapentin on subjective idiopathic tinnitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ear Nose Throat J 2011;90:150-8
  • Aazh H, El RA, Humphriss R. Gabapentin for tinnitus: a systematic review. Am J Audiol 2011;20:151-8
  • Hauser W, Bernardy K, Uceyler N, Sommer C. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with gabapentin and pregabalin–a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain 2009;145:69-81
  • Montgomery SA, Herman BK, Schweizer E, Mandel FS. The efficacy of pregabalin and benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder presenting with high levels of insomnia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;24:214-22
  • Russell IJ, Crofford LJ, Leon T, The effects of pregabalin on sleep disturbance symptoms among individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome. Sleep Med 2009;10:604-10
  • Simpson JJ, Gilbert AM, Weiner GM, Davies WE. The assessment of lamotrigine, an antiepileptic drug, in the treatment of tinnitus. Am J Otol 1999;20:627-31
  • Mansbach AL, Freyens P. Tinnitus: current data and treatment with sodium valproate. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1983;37:697-705
  • Menkes DB, Larson PM. Sodium valproate for tinnitus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:803
  • Guitton MJ, Wang J, Puel JL. New pharmacological strategies to restore hearing and treat tinnitus. Acta Otolaryngol 2004;124:411-15
  • Denk DM, Heinzl H, Franz P, Ehrenberger K. Caroverine in tinnitus treatment. A placebo-controlled blind study. Acta Otolaryngol 1997;117:825-30
  • Domeisen H, Hotz MA, Hausler R. Caroverine in tinnitus treatment. Acta Otolaryngol 1998;118:606-8
  • Ehrenberger K. Topical administration of Caroverine in somatic tinnitus treatment: proof-of-concept study. Int Tinnitus J 2005;11:34-7
  • Azevedo AA, Figueiredo RR. Treatment of tinnitus with acamprosate. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:273-7
  • Sharma DK, Kaur S, Singh J, Kaur I. Role of acamprosate in sensorineural tinnitus. Indian J Pharmacol 2012;44:93-6
  • Accamprosate. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00596531 2012
  • Figueiredo RR, Langguth B, Mello de OP, de Azevedo AA. Tinnitus treatment with memantine. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;138:492-6
  • Plazas PV, Savino J, Kracun S, Inhibition of the alpha9alpha10 nicotinic cholinergic receptor by neramexane, an open channel blocker of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;566:11-19
  • Suckfuell M, Althaus M, Ellers-Lenz B, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of neramexane in patients with moderate to severe subjective tinnitus. BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord 2011;11:1
  • Neramexane: Clin Trial. Availables from http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00739635, http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00772980, http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00827008 2011
  • Lopez-Gonzalez MA, Santiago AM, Esteban-Ortega F. Sulpiride and melatonin decrease tinnitus perception modulating the auditolimbic dopaminergic pathway. J Otolaryngol 2007;36:213-19
  • Lopez-Gonzalez MA, Moliner-Peiro F, Faro-Garcia J, Esteban-Ortega F. Sulpiride plus hydroxyzine decrease tinnitus perception. Auris Nasus Larynx 2007;34:23-7
  • de Azevedo AA, Langguth B, de Oliveira PM, Rodrigues FR. Tinnitus treatment with piribedil guided by electrocochleography and acoustic otoemissions. Otol Neurotol 2009;30:676-80
  • Sziklai I, Szilvassy J, Szilvassy Z. Tinnitus control by dopamine agonist pramipexole in presbycusis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Laryngoscope 2011;121:888-93
  • Szczepaniak WS, Moller AR. Effects of (-)-baclofen, clonazepam, and diazepam on tone exposure-induced hyperexcitability of the inferior colliculus in the rat: possible therapeutic implications for pharmacological management of tinnitus and hyperacusis. Hear Res 1996;97:46-53
  • Westerberg BD, Roberson JB Jr, Stach BA. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of baclofen in the treatment of tinnitus. Am J Otol 1996;17:896-903
  • Zheng Y, Vagal S, McNamara E, A dose-response analysis of the effects of L-baclofen on chronic tinnitus caused by acoustic trauma in rats. Neuropharmacology 2012;62:940-6
  • Smith PF, Zheng Y, Darlington CL. Revisiting baclofen for the treatment of severe chronic tinnitus. Front Neurol 2012;3:34
  • Coelho C, Figueiredo R, Frank E, Reduction of tinnitus severity by the centrally acting muscle relaxant cyclobenzaprine: an open-label pilot study. Audiol Neurootol 2012;17:179-88
  • Vanneste S, Figueiredo R, De Ridder D. Treatment of tinnitus with cyclobenzaprine: an open-label study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012;50:338-44
  • Olzowy B, Canis M, Hempel JM, Effect of atorvastatin on progression of sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus in the elderly: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Otol Neurotol 2007;28:455-8
  • Memin Y. Perceived efficacy of cyclandelate in the treatment of cochleovestibular and retinal disturbances related to cerebrovascular insufficiency. A study in general practice comprising 2772 patients. Drugs 1987;33(Suppl 2):120-4
  • Hester TO, Theilman G, Green W, Jones RO. Cyclandelate in the management of tinnitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:329-32
  • Risey JA, Guth PS, Amedee RG. Furosemide distinguishes central and peripheral tinnitus. Int Tinnitus J 1995;1:99-103
  • Drew S, Davies E. Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in treating tinnitus: double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2001;322:73
  • Rejali D, Sivakumar A, Balaji N. Ginkgo biloba does not benefit patients with tinnitus: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2004;29:226-31
  • Rosenberg SI, Silverstein H, Rowan PT, Olds MJ. Effect of melatonin on tinnitus. Laryngoscope 1998;108:305-10
  • Yilmaz I, Akkuzu B, Cakmak O, Ozluoglu LN. Misoprostol in the treatment of tinnitus: a double-blind study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:604-10
  • Davies E, Knox E, Donaldson I. The usefulness of nimodipine, an L-calcium channel antagonist, in the treatment of tinnitus. Br J Audiol 1994;28:125-9
  • Mazurek B, Haupt H, Szczepek AJ, Evaluation of vardenafil for the treatment of subjective tinnitus: a controlled pilot study. J Negat Results Biomed 2009;8:3
  • Yetiser S, Tosun F, Satar B, The role of zinc in management of tinnitus. Auris Nasus Larynx 2002;29:329-33
  • Coelho CB, Tyler R, Hansen M. Zinc as a possible treatment for tinnitus. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:279-85
  • Howland RH. Serendipity and psychopharmacology. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2010;48:9-12
  • Jastreboff PJ, Brennan JF, Coleman JK, Sasaki CT. Phantom auditory sensation in rats: an animal model for tinnitus. Behav Neurosci 1988;102:811-22
  • Jastreboff PJ, Brennan JF, Sasaki CT. Quinine-induced tinnitus in rats. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991;117:1162-6
  • Lobarinas E, Sun W, Cushing R, Salvi R. A novel behavioral paradigm for assessing tinnitus using schedule-induced polydipsia avoidance conditioning (SIP-AC). Hear Res 2004;190:109-14
  • Bauer CA, Brozoski TJ. Assessing tinnitus and prospective tinnitus therapeutics using a psychophysical animal model. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2001;2:54-64
  • Ruttiger L, Ciuffani J, Zenner HP, Knipper M. A behavioral paradigm to judge acute sodium salicylate-induced sound experience in rats: a new approach for an animal model on tinnitus. Hear Res 2003;180:39-50
  • Guitton MJ, Caston J, Ruel J, Salicylate induces tinnitus through activation of cochlear NMDA receptors. J Neurosci 2003;23:3944-52
  • Leaver AM, Renier L, Chevillet MA, Dysregulation of limbic and auditory networks in tinnitus. Neuron 2011;69:33-43
  • Gulledge AT, Stuart GJ. Excitatory actions of GABA in the cortex. Neuron 2003;37:299-309
  • Kaufmann SH. Paul Ehrlich: founder of chemotherapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008;7:373
  • Millan MJ. Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 2006;110:135-370
  • Elgoyhen AB, Langguth B, Vanneste S, De RD. Tinnitus: network pathophysiology-network pharmacology. Front Syst Neurosci 2012;6:1
  • Meeus O, De RD, Van de HP. Administration of the combination clonazepam-Deanxit as treatment for tinnitus. Otol Neurotol 2011;32:701-9
  • Hopkins AL. Network pharmacology: the next paradigm in drug discovery. Nat Chem Biol 2008;4:682-90
  • Azmi AS, Wang Z, Philip PA, Proof of concept: network and systems biology approaches aid in the discovery of potent anticancer drug combinations. Mol Cancer Ther 2010;9:3137-44
  • Yildirim MA, Goh KI, Cusick ME, Drug-target network. Nat Biotechnol 2007;25:1119-26
  • Lounkine E, Keiser MJ, Whitebread S, Large-scale prediction and testing of drug activity on side-effect targets. Nature 2012;486:361-7

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.