Functional constipation in childhood: current pharmacotherapy and future perspectives

Bibliography

• Mugie SM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults: a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011;25:3-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loening-Baucke V. Chronic constipation in children. Gastroenterology 1993;105:1557-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar D, Taitz LS, Urwin OM, Wales JK. Anorectal manometry results in defecation disorders. Arch Dis Child 1983;58:257-61
   Google Scholar
• Taitz LS, Wales JK, Urwin OM, Molnar D. Factors associated with outcome in management of defecation disorders. Arch Dis Child 1986;61:472-7
   Google Scholar
• Di Lorenzo C. Childhood constipation: finally some hard data about hard stools! J Pediatr. 2000;136:4-7
   Google Scholar
• Benninga MA, Voskuijl WP, Taminiau JAJM. Childhood constipation: is there new light in the tunnel? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;39:448-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardisa-Ezcurra L, Ullman R, Gordon J. Diagnosis and management of idiopathic childhood constipation: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2010;340:c2585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef NN, Langseder AL, Verga BJ, Chronic childhood constipation is associated with impaired quality of life: a case-controlled study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;41:56-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke MCC, Chow CS, Chase JW, Quality of life in children with slow transit constipation. J Pediatr Surg 2008;43:320-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongers MEJ, Benninga MA, Maurice-Stam H, Grootenhuis MA. Health-related quality of life in young adults with symptoms of constipation continuing from childhood into adulthood. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009;7:20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pijpers MAM, Bongers MEJ, Benninga MA, Berger MY. Functional constipation in children: a systematic review on prognosis and predictive factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;50:256-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongers MEJ, van Wijk MP, Reitsma JB, Benninga MA. Long-term prognosis for childhood constipation: clinical outcomes in adulthood. Pediatrics 2010;126:e156-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugie SM, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA. Constipation in childhood. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;8:502-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasquin A, Di Lorenzo C, Forbes D, Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1527-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wering HM, Tabbers MM, Benninga MA. Are constipation drugs effective and safe to be used in children? A review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012;11:71-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pijpers MAM, Tabbers MM, Benninga MA, Berger MY. Currently recommended treatments of childhood constipation are not evidence based: a systematic literature review on the effect of laxative treatment and dietary measures. Arch Dis Child 2009;94:117-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker S, Liptak G, Colletti R. Clinical practice guideline. Evaluation and treatment of constipation in infants and children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;43:1-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tabbers MM, Boluyt N, Berger MY, Benninga MA. Clinical practice: diagnosis and treatment of functional constipation. Eur J Pediatr 2011;170:955-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benninga MA, Candy DCA, Catto-Smith AG, The Paris Consensus on Childhood Constipation Terminology (PACCT) Group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;40:273-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borowitz SM, Cox DJ, Kovatchev B, Treatment of childhood constipation by primary care physicians: efficacy and predictors of outcome. Pediatrics 2005;115:873-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef NN, Peters JM, Henderson W, Dose response of PEG 3350 for the treatment of childhood fecal impaction. J Pediatr 2002;141:410-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolia V, Lin C, Elitsur Y. A prospective randomized study with mineral oil and oral lavage solution for treatment of faecal impaction in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993;7:523-9
   Google Scholar
• Candy DCA, Edwards D, Geraint M. Treatment of faecal impaction with polyethelene glycol plus electrolytes (PGE + E) followed by a double-blind comparison of PEG + E versus lactulose as maintenance therapy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;43:65-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleghorn EE, Heyman MB, Rudolph CD. No-Enema Therapy for Idiopathic Constipation and Encopresis. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1991;30:669-72
   Google Scholar
• Ingebo KB. Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution for intestinal clearance in children with refractory encopresis. a safe and effective therapeutic program. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1988;142:340-2
   Google Scholar
• Halabi IM. Cisapride in management of chronic pediatric constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;28:199-202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest JF, Candy DC, Clegg JP, Clinical and economic impact of using macrogol 3350 plus electrolytes in an outpatient setting compared to enemas and suppositories and manual evacuation to treat paediatric faecal impaction based on actual clinical practice in England and Wales. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:2213-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekkali NL, van den Berg MM, Dijkgraaf MGW, Rectal fecal impaction treatment in childhood constipation: enemas versus high doses oral PEG. Pediatrics 2009;124:e1108-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MK, Dowd MD, Friesen CA, Walsh-Kelly CM. A randomized trial of enema versus polyethylene glycol 3350 for fecal disimpaction in children presenting to an emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012;28:115-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farahmand F, Eftekhari K, Modarresi V, Comparing oral route paraffin oil versus rectal route for disimpaction in children with chronic constipa. Iran J Pediatr 2010;20:291-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benninga MA, Berger MY, Boluyt N, Tabbers MM. Richtlijn obstipatie bij kinderen van 0 tot 18 jaar 2009. NVK; Utrecht: 2009
   Google Scholar
• Hansen SE, Whitehill JL, Goto CS, Safety and efficacy of milk and molasses enemas compared with sodium phosphate enemas for the treatment of constipation in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011;27:1118-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker M, Warner BW, Brilli RJ, Jacobs BR. Cardiopulmonary compromise associated with milk and molasses enema use in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003;36:144-8
   Google Scholar
• Sheibani S, Gerson LB. Chemical colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008;42:115-21
   Google Scholar
• Burgers R, Bonanno E, Madarena E, The care of constipated children in primary care in different countries. Acta Paediatr 2012;101:677-80
   Google Scholar
• Schiller LR. Review article: the therapy of constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:749-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkin JM. Constipation in childhood: a controlled comparison between lactulose and standardized senna. Curr Med Res Opin 1977;4:540-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino AM, Pesce F, Rosati U. The effects of lactitol in the treatment of intestinal stasis in childhood. Minerva Pediatr 1992;44:319-23
   Google Scholar
• Pitzalis G, Deganello F, Mariani P, Lactitol in chronic idiopathic constipation in children. Pediatr Med Chir 1995;17:223-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kokke FTM, Scholtens PAMJ, Alles MS, A dietary fiber mixture versus lactulose in the treatment of childhood constipation: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008;47:592-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady CE, DiPalma JA, Morawski SG, Urinary excretion of polyethylene glycol 3350 and sulfate after gut lavage with a polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution. Gastroenterology 1986;90:1914-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaussade S, Minic M. Comparison of efficacy and safety of two doses of two different polyethylene glycol-based laxatives in the treatment of constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:165-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomson MA, Jenkins HR, Bisset WM, Polyethylene glycol 3350 plus electrolytes for chronic constipation in children: a double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Arch Dis Child 2007;92:996-1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurko S, Youssef N, Sabri M. PEG3350 in the treatment of childhood constipation: a multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr 2008;153:254-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plunkett A, Phillips CP, Beattie RM. Management of chronic functional constipation in childhood. Paediatr Drugs 2007;9:33-46
   Google Scholar
• Dupont C, Leluyer B, Maamri N, Double-blind randomized evaluation of clinical and biological tolerance of polyethylene glycol 4000 versus lactulose in constipated children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;41:625-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gremse DA, Hixon J, Crutchfield A. Comparison of Polyethylene Glycol 3350 and Lactulose for Treatment of Chronic Constipation in Children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2002;41:225-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voskuijl W, de Lorijn F, Verwijs W, PEG 3350 (Transipeg) versus lactulose in the treatment of childhood functional constipation: a double blind, randomised, controlled, multicentre trial. Gut 2004;53:1590-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang BX, Wang MG, Jiang MZ, Forlax in the treatment of childhood constipation: a randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical study. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2007;9:429-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang Y, Wang B, Jiang X, Polyethylene glycol 4000 treatment for children with constipation: a randomized comparative multicenter study. Exp Ther Med 2012;3:853-6
   Google Scholar
• Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL. Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;7:CD007570
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon M, Naidoo K, Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;7:CD009118
   Google Scholar
• Quitadamo P, Coccorullo P, Giannetti E, A randomized, prospective, comparison study of a mixture of acacia fiber, psyllium fiber, and fructose vs polyethylene glycol 3350 with electrolytes for the treatment of chronic functional constipation in childhood. J Pediatr 2012;161(4):710-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae SH. Long-term safety of PEG 4000 in children with chronic functional constipation: a biochemical perspective. Korean J Pediatr 2010;53:741-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pashankar DS, Loening-Baucke V, Bishop WP. Safety of polyethylene glycol 3350 for the treatment of chronic constipation in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003;157:661-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donowitz M. Current concepts of laxative action: mechanisms by which laxatives increase stool water. J Clin Gastroenterol 1979;1:77-84
   Google Scholar
• Donowitz M, Rood R. Magnesium hydroxide: new insights into the mechanism of its laxative effect and the potential involvement of prostaglandin E2. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992;14:20-6
   Google Scholar
• Ikarashi N, Ushiki T, Mochizuki T, Effects of magnesium sulphate administration on aquaporin 3 in rat gastrointestinal tract. Biol Pharm Bull 2011;34:238-42
   Google Scholar
• Gomes PB, Duarte MA, de Melo MCB. Comparison of the effectiveness of polyethylene glycol 4000 without electrolytes and magnesium hydroxide in the treatment of chronic functional constipation in children. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2011;87:24-8
   Google Scholar
• Loening-Baucke V, Pashankar DS. A randomized, prospective, comparison study of polyethylene glycol 3350 without electrolytes and milk of magnesia for children with constipation and fecal incontinence. Pediatrics 2006;118:528-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratanamongkol P. Polyethylene glycol 4000 without electrolytes versus milk of magnesia for the treatment of functional constipation in infants and young children: a randomized controlled trial. Asian Biomed (Res Rev News) 2009;3:391-9
   Google Scholar
• Alison LH, Bulugahapitiya D. Laxative induced magnesium poisoning in a 6 week old infant. BMJ 1990;300:125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mofenson HC, Caraccio TR. Magnesium intoxication in a neonate from oral magnesium hydroxide laxative. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1991;29:215-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan JE, Berman BW. The pediatric forum: hypermagnesemia with lethargy and hypotonia due to administration of magnesium hydroxide to a 4-week-old infant. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154:1272-4
   Google Scholar
• Kutsal E, Aydemir C, Eldes N, Severe hypermagnesemia as a result of excessive cathartic ingestion in a child without renal failure. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007;23:570-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmanuel AV, Tack J, Quigley EM, Talley NJ. Pharmacological management of constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009;21(Suppl 2):41-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharif F, Crushell E, O'Driscoll K, Bourke B. Liquid paraffin: a reappraisal of its role in the treatment of constipation. Arch Dis Child 2001;85:121-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urganci N, Akyildiz B, Polat T. A comparative study: the efficacy of liquid paraffin and lactulose in management of chronic functional constipation. Pediatr Int 2005;47:15-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farahmand F. A randomised trial of liquid paraffin versus lactulose in the treatment of chronic functional constipation in children. Acta Med Iran 2007;45:183-8
   Google Scholar
• Rafati M, Karami H, Salehifar E, Karimzadeh A. Clinical efficacy and safety of polyethylene glycol 3350 versus liquid paraffin in the treatment of pediatric functional constipation. Daru 2011;19:154-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondheimer J, Gervaise E. Lubricant versus laxative in the treatment of chronic functional constipation of children: a comparative study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1982;1:223-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandla HP, Davis SH, Hopkins NE. Lipoid pneumonia: a silent complication of mineral oil aspiration. Pediatrics 1999;103:E19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanetti G, Marchiori E, Gasparetto TD, Lipoid pneumonia in children following aspiration of mineral oil used in the treatment of constipation: high-resolution CT findings in 17 patients. Pediatr Radiol 2007;37:1135-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabbers MM, Boluyt N, Berger MY, Benninga MA. Constipation in children. Clin Evid 2010;04:303
   Google Scholar
• Tack J. Current and future therapies for chronic constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011;25:151-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald A. Is chronic use of stimulant laxatives harmful to the colon? J Clin Gastroenterol 2003;36:386-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller-Lissner SA, Kamm MA, Scarpignato C, Wald A. Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:232-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamm MA, Muller-Lissner S, Wald A, Oral bisacodyl is effective and well-tolerated in patients with chronic constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:577-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller-Lissner SA, Kamm MA, Wald A, Multicenter, 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sodium picosulfate in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:897-903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manabe N, Cremonini F, Camilleri M, Effects of bisacodyl on ascending colon emptying and overall colonic transit in healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:930-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewe K. Einfluss eines diphenolischen Laxans (Bisacodyl) auf den Wasser- und Elektrolyttransport im menschlichen Colon. Klin Wochenschr 1974;52:827-33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price KJ, Elliot TM. What is the role of stimulant laxatives in the management of childhood constipation and soiling? Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;3:CD002040
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wald A. Chronic constipation: advances in management. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007;19:4-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leng-Peschlow E. Sennoside-induced secretion and its relevance for the laxative effect. Pharmacology 1993;47(Suppl 1):14-21
   Google Scholar
• Tack J, Muller-Lissner S, Stanghellini V, Diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation–a European perspective. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;23:697-710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg I, Forsythe I, Holt P, Watts J. A controlled trial of “Senokot” in faecal soiling treated by behavioural methods. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1983;24:543-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongers MEJ, van den Berg MM, Reitsma JB, A randomized controlled trial of enemas in combination with oral laxative therapy for children with chronic constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:1069-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liem O, Benninga MA, Mousa HM, Di Lorenzo C. Novel and alternative therapies for childhood constipation. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2007;9:214-18
   Google Scholar
• Emmanuel A. Current management strategies and therapeutic targets in chronic constipation. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2011;4:37-48
   Google Scholar
• Benninga MA, Candy DCA, Taminiau JA. New treatment options in childhood constipation? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;41(Suppl 1):S56-7
   Google Scholar
• Gershon MD, Tack J. The serotonin signaling system: from basic understanding to drug development for functional GI disorders. Gastroenterology 2007;132:397-414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Maeyer JH, Lefebvre RA, Schuurkes JAJ. 5-HT4 receptor agonists: similar but not the same. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;20:99-112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tack J, Camilleri M, Chang L, Systematic review: cardiovascular safety profile of 5-HT(4) agonists developed for gastrointestinal disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35:745-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboumarzouk O, Agarwal T. Cisapride for intestinal constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;1:CD007780
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liem O, Mousa HM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Tegaserod use in children: a single-center experience. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008;46:54-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlano RI, Sidler MA, Beglinger C. P0465 Tegaserod: a pro-kinetic agent for the treatment of chronic functional constipation in children? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;39:S233
   Google Scholar
• Tack J, Corsetti M. Prucalopride: evaluation of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety in the treatment of chronic constipation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012;8:1327-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford AC, Suares NC. Effect of laxatives and pharmacological therapies in chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2011;60:209-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter HS, Ausma J, Vandeplassche L. An open label follow-up study of prucalopride solution in pediatric subjects with functional fecal retention. Gastroenterology 2009;136:129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg M, Li Y-P, Johanson JF, Clinical trial: the efficacy and tolerability of velusetrag, a selective 5-HT4 agonist with high intrinsic activity, in chronic idiopathic constipation - a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:1102-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HS, Choi EJ, Park H. The effect of mosapride citrate on proximal and distal colonic motor function in the guinea-pig in vitro. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;20:169-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camilleri M. Alvimopan, a selective peripherally acting mu-opioid antagonist. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005;17:157-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camilleri M, Bharucha AE, Ueno R, Effect of a selective chloride channel activator, lubiprostone, on gastrointestinal transit, gastric sensory, and motor functions in healthy volunteers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006;290:G942-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacy BE, Levy LC. Lubiprostone: a chloride channel activator. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007;41:345-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiou E, Nurko S. Management of functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;4:293-304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkman H. Neurotrophin-3 improves functional constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1338-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spriggs M, Caldwell PHY. The ethics of paediatric research. J Paediatr Child Health 2011;47:664-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell PHY, Butow PN, Craig JC. Pediatricians' attitudes toward randomized controlled trials involving children. J Pediatr 2002;141:798-803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell PHY, Butow PN, Craig JC. Parents' attitudes to children's participation in randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr 2003;142:554-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell PHY, Murphy SB, Butow PN, Craig JC. Clinical trials in children. Lancet 2004;364:803-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppu K, Anabwani G, Garcia-Bournissen F, The status of paediatric medicines initiatives around the world–What has happened and what has not? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012;68:1-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy S, Choonara I, Impicciatore P, Survey of unlicensed and off label drug use in paediatric wards in European countries. European network for drug investigation in children. BMJ 2000;320:79-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandolfini C, Bonati M. A literature review on off-label drug use in children. Eur J Pediatr 2005;164:552-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrzan R, Klijn AJ, Vijverberg MAW, Colonic washout enemas for persistent constipation in children with recurrent urinary tract infections based on dysfunctional voiding. Urology 2008;71:607-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar