Kidney stones: an update on current pharmacological management and future directions

Bibliography

• Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol 2012;62:160-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos D. Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Rev Urol 2010;12:e86-96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA 2005;293:455-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saigal CS, Joyce G, Timilsina AR. Direct and indirect costs of nephrolithiasis in an employed population: opportunity for disease management? Kidney Int 2005;68:1808-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rule AD, Bergstralh EJ, Melton LJ III, Kidney stones and the risk for chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:804-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madore F, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EG, Curhan GC. Nephrolithiasis and risk of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998;11:46-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rule AD, Roger VL, Melton LJ III, Kidney stones associate with increased risk for myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:1641-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland JW, Parks JH, Coe FL. Recurrence after a single renal stone in a community practice. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1985;11:267-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parks JH, Asplin JR, Coe FL. Patient adherence to long-term medical treatment of kidney stones. J Urol 2001;166:2057-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldfarb DS. Prospects for dietary therapy of recurrent nephrolithiasis. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2009;16:21-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink HA, Akornor JW, Garimella PS, Diet, fluid, or supplements for secondary prevention of nephrolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Urol 2009;56:72-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preminger GM, Tiselius HG, Assimos DG, Guideline for the management of ureteral calculi. Eur Urol 2007;52:1610-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller OF, Kane CJ. Time to stone passage for observed ureteral calculi: a guide for patient education. J Urol 1999;162:688-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigala S, Dellabella M, Milanese G, Evidence for the presence of alpha1 adrenoceptor subtypes in the human ureter. Neurourol Urodyn 2005;24:142-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita T, Wada I, Saeki H, Ureteral urine transport: changes in bolus volume, peristaltic frequency, intraluminal pressure and volume of flow resulting from autonomic drugs. J Urol 1987;137:132-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport K, Timoney AG, Keeley FX. A comparative in vitro study to determine the beneficial effect of calcium channel and alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonism on human ureteric activity. BJU Int 2006;98:651-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingsworth JM, Rogers MA, Kaufman SR, Medical therapy to facilitate urinary stone passage: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2006;368:1171-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermanns T, Sauermann P, Rufibach K, Is there a role for tamsulosin in the treatment of distal ureteral stones of 7 mm or less? Results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Urol 2009;56:407-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedro RN, Hinck B, Hendlin K, Alfuzosin stone expulsion therapy for distal ureteral calculi: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. J urol 2008;179:2244-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang DF, Osher RH, Wang L, Prospective multicenter evaluation of cataract surgery in patients taking tamsulosin (Flomax). Ophthalmology 2007;114:957-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellabella M, Milanese G, Muzzonigro G. Medical expulsive therapy for distal ureterolithiasis: randomized prospective study on the role of corticosteroids used in combination with tamsulosin-simplified treatment regimen and health-related quality of life. Urology 2005;66:712-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laerum E, Omundsen OE, Gronseth JE, Oral diclofenac in the prophylactic treatment of recurrent renal colic: a double blind comparison with placebo. Eur Urol 1995;28:108-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor D, Weitzel S, Mowad J, Use of indomethacin suppositories in the prophylaxis of recurrent ureteral colic. J Urol 1989;142:1428-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenabo L, Holmlund D. Indomethacin as prophylaxis against recurrent ureteral colic. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1984;18:325-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips E, Hinck B, Pedro R, Celecoxib in the management of acute renal colic: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Urology 2009;74:994-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CM, Wilson DM, O'Fallon WM, Renal stone epidemiology: a 25-year study in Rochester, Minnesota. Kidney Int 1979;16:624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe FL, Parks JH, Asplin JR. The pathogenesis and treatment of kidney stones. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1141-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worcester EM, Coe FL. New insights into the pathogenesis of idiopathic hypercalciuria. Semin Nephrol 2008;28:120-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis T, Vallon V, van der Kemp AW, Enhanced passive Ca2+ reabsorption and reduced Mg2+ channel abundance explains thiazide-induced hypocalciuria and hypomagnesemia. J Clin Invest 2005;115:1651-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laerum E, Larsen S. Thiazide prophylaxis of urolithiasis. A double-blind study in general practice. Acta Med Scand 1984;215:383-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson DR, Strauss AL, Manuel MA. Comparison of medical treatment for the prevention of recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis. Urol Res 1984;12:39-40
   Google Scholar
• Robertson WG, Williams RE, Hargreaves TB. A multicenter trial to evaluate three treatments for recurrent idiopathic calcium stone disease – a preliminary report. In: Schwille PO, Smith LH, Robertson WG, editors. Urolithiasis and related clinical research. Plenum Press, New York; 1985. p. 545-8
   Google Scholar
• Ettinger B, Citron JT, Livermore B, Chlorthalidone reduces calcium oxalate calculus recurrence but magnesium hydroxide does not. J Urol 1988;139:679-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkawa M, Tokunaga S, Nakashima T, Thiazide treatment for calcium urolithiasis in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Br J Urol 1992;69:571-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borghi L, Meschi T, Guerra A, Randomized prospective study of a nonthiazide diuretic, indapamide, in preventing calcium stone recurrences. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993;22(supppl 6):S78-86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez-Rodriguez A, Arrabal-Martin M, Garcia-Ruiz M, Role of thiazides in prophylaxis of relapsing calcium stones. Actas Urol Esp 2006;30:305-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mortensen JT, Schultz A, Ostergaard AH. Thiazides in the prophylactic treatment of recurrent idiopathic kidney stones. Int Urol Nephrol 1986;265-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brocks P, Dahl C, Wolf H, Do thiazides prevent recurrent idiopathic renal calcium stones? Lancet 1981;2:124-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz D, Schwille PO, Sigel A. Double-blind study with thiazide in recurrent calcium lithiasis. J Urol 1982;903-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigen R, Weideman RA, Reilly RF. Thiazide diuretics in the treatment of nephrolithiasis: are we using them in an evidence-based fashion? Int Urol Nephrol 2011;43:813-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicar MJ, Peterson R, Pak CY. Use of potassium citrate as potassium supplement during thiazide therapy of calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1984;131:430-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odvina CV, Preminger GM, Lindberg JS, Long-term combined treatment with thiazide and potassium citrate in nephrolithiasis does not lead to hypokalemia or hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Kidney Int 2003;63(1):240-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilberg IP, Weisinger JR. Bone disease in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006;15:394-402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe FL, Parks JH, Bushinsky DA, Chlorthalidone promotes mineral retention in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Kidney Int 1988;33:1140-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller HJ, Zerwekh JE, Gottschalk FA, Reduced bone formation and relatively increased bone resorption in absorptive hypercalciuria. Kidney Int 2007;71:808-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giusti A, Barone A, Pioli G, Alendronate and indapamide alone or in combination in the management of hypercalciuria associated with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial of two drugs and three treatments. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(5):1472-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicar MJ, Hill K, Pak CYC. Inhibition by citrate of spontaneous precipitation of calcium oxalate in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1987;2(3):215-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe OW, Preisig PA. Duel role of citrate in urine. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006;15:419-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemann Jr J, Pleuss JA, Gray R, Potassium administration decreases and potassium deprivation increases urinary calcium excretion in healthy adults. Kidney Int 1991;39:973-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barcelo P, Wuhl O, Servitge E, Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1993;150:1761-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinger B, Pak CY, Citron JT, Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1997;158:2069-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofbauer J, Hobarth K, Szabo N, Alkali citrate prophylaxis in idiopathic recurrent calcium oxalate urolithiasis-a prospective randomized study. Br J Urol 1994;73:362-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coe FL, Evan A, Worcester E. Pathophysiology-based treatment of idiopathic calcium kidney stones. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6:2083-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seltzer MA, Low RK, McDonald M, Dietary manipulation with lemonade to treat hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1996;156:907-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penniston KL, Steele TH, Nakada SY. Lemonade therapy increases urinary citrate and urine volumes in patients with recurrent calcium oxalate stone formation. Urology 2007;70:856-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagler L, Herman RH. Oxalate metabolism. I. Clin Nutr 1973;26:758-65
   Google Scholar
• Holmes RP, Goodman HO, Assimos DG. Contribution of dietary oxalate to urinary oxalate excretion. Kidney Int 2001;59:270-6
   Google Scholar
• Taylor EN, Curhan GC. Determinants of 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:1453-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med 1993;328:833-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danpure CJ. Advances in the enzymology and molecular genetics of primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Prospects for gene therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995;10(suppl 8):24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seargeant LE, deGroot GW, Dilling LA, Primary oxaluria type 2 (L-glyceric aciduria): a rare cause of nephrolithiasis in children. J Pediatr 1991;118:912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belostotsky R, Seboun E, Idelson GH, Mutations in DHDPSL are responsible for primary hyperoxaluria type III. Am J Hum Genet 2010;87:392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppe B, Langman CB. A United States survey on diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of primary hyperoxaluria. Pediatr Nephrol 2003;18:986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leumann E, Hoppe B. The primary hyperoxalurias. Semin Nephrol 2008;28:152-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monico CG, Rossetti S, Olson JB, Pyridoxine effect in type I primary hyperoxaluria is associated with the most common mutant allele. Kidney Int 2005;67:1704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumsby G. Primary hyperoxaluria type 2. In: Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, editors. Genereviews. University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle; 1993-2008
   Google Scholar
• Millan MT, Berquist WE, So SK, One hundred percent patient and kidney allograft survival with simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation in infants with primary hyperoxaluria: a single-center experience. Transplantation 2003;76:1458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeyarajah DR, McBride M, Klintmalm GB, Combined liver-kidney transplantation: what are the indications? Transplantation 1997;64:1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess B, Jost C, Zipperle L, High-calcium intake abolishes hyperoxaluria and reduces urinary crystallization during a 20-fold normal oxalate load in humans. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:2241-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith LH, Fromm H, Hofmann AF. Acquired hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, and intestinal disease: description of a syndrome. N Engl J Med 1972;286:1371-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caravaca F, Ruiz AB, Escola JM, Either calcium carbonate or sevelamer decreases urinary oxalate excretion in chronic renal failure patients. Nefrologia 2007;27:466-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieske JC, Regnier C, Dillon JJ. Use of sevelamer hydrochloride as an oxalate binder. J Urol 2008;179:1407-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe FL. Hyperuricosuric calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 1978;13:418-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pak CY, Barilla DE, Holt K, Effect of oral purine load and allopurinol on the crystallization of calcium salts in urine of patients with hyperuricosuric calcium urolithiasis. Am J Med 1978;65:593-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe FL, Parks JH. Hyperuricosuria and calcium nephrolithiasis. Urol Clin North Am 1981;8:227-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinger B, Tang A, Citron JT, Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1386-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabo C. Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol. Pharmacol Rev 2003;58:87-114
   Google Scholar
• Parks JH, Worcester EM, Coe FL, Clinical implications of abundant calcium phosphate in routinely analyzed kidney stones. Kidney Int 2004;66:777-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemann Jr J, Bushinsky DA, Hamm LL. Bone buffering of acid and base in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003;285:F811-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greischar A, Nakagawa Y, Coe FL. Influence of urine pH and citrate concentration on the upper limit of metastability for calcium phosphate. J Urol 2003;169:867-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preminger GM, Sakhaee K, Skurla C, Prevention of recurrent calcium stone formation with potassium citrate therapy in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis. J Urol 1985;134:20-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilderbrandt F, Sayer JA, Jungers P, Nephronophthisis-medullary cystic and medullary sponge kidney disease. In: Schrier RW, editor. Diseases of the kidney & urinary tract, 8th edition. Lippinicott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia; 2007. p. PP478
   Google Scholar
• Parks JH, Coe FL, Strauss AL. Calcium nephrolithiasis and medullary sponge kidney in women. N Engl J Med 1982;306:1088-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabris A, Lupo A, Bernich P, Long-term treatment with potassium citrate and renal stones in medullary sponge kidney. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1663-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004;13:181-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakhaee K, Adams-Huet B, Moe OW, Pathophysiologic basis for normouricosuric uric acid nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 2002;62:971-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks JH, Worcester EM, O’Connor RC, Urine risk factors in nephrolithiasis patients with and without bowel disease. Kidney Int 2003;63:255-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke AM, Mckenzie RG. Ileostomy and the risk of urinary uric acid stones. Lancet 1969;294:395-7
   Google Scholar
• Abate N, Chandalia M, Cabo-Chan AV Jr, The metabolic syndrome and uric acid nephrolithiasis: novel features of renal manifestation of insulin resistance. Kidney Int 2004;65:386-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straub M, Strohmaier WL, Berg W, Diagnosis and metaphylaxis of stone disease. Consensus concept of the National Working Committee on stone disease for the upcoming German urolithiasis guideline. World J Urol 2005;23:309-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shekarriz B, Stoller ML. Uric acid nephrolithiasis: current concepts and controversies. J Urol 2002;168:1207-14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall PM. Nephrolithiasis: treatment, causes, and prevention. Cleve Clin J Med 2009;76:583-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worcester EM, Coe FL. Nephrolithiasis. Prim Care 2008;35:369-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattoo A, Goldfarb DS. Cystinuria. Semin Nephrol 2008;28:181-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawhall JC, Scowen EF, Watts RW. Effect of penicillamine on cystinuria. Br Med J 1963;1:588-90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chow GK, Streem SB. Medical treatment of cystinuria: results of contemporary clinical practice. J Urol 1996;156:1576-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodman JS. Struvite stones. Nephron 1999;81:50-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingeman JE, Siegel YI, Steele B. Metabolic evaluation of infected renal lithiasis: clinical relevance. J Endourol 1995;9:51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preminger GM, Assimos DG, Lingeman JE, Chapter 1: AUA guideline on management of staghorn calculi: diagnosis and treatment recommendation. J Urol 2005;173:1991-2000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith DP, Gleeson MJ, Lee H, Randomized, double-blind trial of lithostat (acetohydroxamic acid) in the palliative treatment of infection-induced urinary calculi. Eur Urol 1991;20:243-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JJ, Rodman JS, Peterson CM. A randomized double-blind study of acid struvite nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med 1984;311:760-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith DP, Khonsari F, Skurnick JH, A randomized trial of acid the treatment and prevention of infection-induced urinary stones in spinal cord injury patients. J Urol 1988;140(2):318-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendt-Nordahl G, Sagi S, Bolenz C, Evaluation of cystine transport in cultured human kidney cells and establishment of cystinuria type 1 phenotype by antisense technology. Urol Res 2008;36:25-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rimer JD, An Z, Zhu Z, Crystal growth inhibitors for the prevention of L-cystine kidney stones through molecular design. Science 2010;330:337-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppe B, Beck B, Gatter N, Oxalobacter formigenes: a potential tool for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Kidney Int 2006;70:1305-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieske JC, Goldfarb DS, De Simone C, Use of a probiotic to decrease enteric hyperoxaluria. Kidney Int 2005;68:1244-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan HA, Cheng M, Aronson PS. Cholinergic signaling inhibits oxalate transport by human intestinal T84 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012;302:C46-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar