822
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Current strategies for the treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections

, PharmD BCPS, , PharmD BCPS & , MD PhD FACS FCCM
Pages 1933-1947 | Published online: 22 Jul 2013

Bibliography

  • Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:133-64
  • Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley J, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infections in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of North America. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2010;11:79-109
  • Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007;298:1763-71
  • Brook I. Microbiology of polymicrobial abscesses and implications for therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;50:805-10
  • Goldstein EJC, Snydman DR. Intra-abdominal infections: review of the bacteriology, antimicrobial susceptibility and the role of ertapenem in their therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53:ii29-36
  • Roehrborn A, Thomas L, Potreck O, et al. The microbiology of postoperative peritonitis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1513-19
  • Sotto A, Lefrant JY, Fabbro-Peray P, et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial therapy management of 120 consecutive patients with secondary peritonitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;50:569-76
  • Montravers P, Lepape A, Dubreuil L, et al. Clinical and microbiological profiles of community-acquired and nosocomial intra-abdominal infections: results of the French prospective, observational EBIIA study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;63:785-94
  • Swenson BR, Metzger R, Hedrick TL, et al. Choosing antibiotics for intra-abdominal infections: what do we mean by “high risk”? Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2009;10:29-39
  • Sartelli M, Catena F, Ansaloni L, et al. Complicated intra-abdominal infections in Europe: preliminary data from the first three months of the CIAO Study. World J Emerg Surg 2012;7:15
  • Sitges-Serra A, López MJ, Girvent M, et al. Postoperative enterococcal infection after treatment of complicated intra-abdominal sepsis. Br J Surg 2002;89:361-7
  • Gauzit R, Péan Y, Barth X, et al. Epidemiology, management, and prognosis of secondary non-postoperative peritonitis: a French prospective observational multicenter study. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2009;10:119-27
  • Montravers P, Dupont H, Gauzit R, et al. Candida as a risk factor for mortality in peritonitis. Crit Care Med 2006;34:646-52
  • Sandven P, Qvist H, Skovlund E, et al. Significance of Candida recovered from intraoperative specimens in patients with intra-abdominal perforations. Crit Care Med 2002;30:541-7
  • Hawser SP, Bouchillon SK, Hoban DJ, Badal RE. Epidemiologic trends, occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production, and performance of ertapenem and comparators in patients with intra-abdominal infections: analysis of global trend data from 2002–2007 from the SMART study. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2010;11:371-8
  • Bush K, Jacoby GA, Medeiros AA. A functional classification scheme for beta-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:1211-33
  • Hall BG, Barlow M. Revised Ambler classification of beta-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:1050-1
  • Kanj SS, Kanafani ZA. Current concepts in antimicrobial therapy against resistant gram-negative organisms: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mayo Clin Proc 2011;86:250-9
  • Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin Micribiol Rev 2005;18:657-86
  • Paterson DL, Rossi F, Baquero F, et al. In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: the 2003 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:965-73
  • Hawser SP, Bouchillon SK, Hoban DJ, Badal RE. Epidemiologic trends, occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production, and performance of ertapenem and comparators in patients with intra-abdominal infections: analysis of global trend data from 2002–2007 from the SMART study. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2010;11:371-8
  • Yang Q, Wang H, Chen M, et al. Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of aerobic and facultative Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections in China: the 2002–2009 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;36:507-12
  • Hawser S, Hoban D, Bouchillon S, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of intraabdominal gram-negative bacilli from Europe: SMART Europe 2008. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30:173-9
  • Hawser SP, Bouchillon SK, Lascols C, et al. Susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from intra-abdominal infections and molecular characterization of ertapenem-resistant isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3917-21
  • Hawser SP, Badal RE, Bouchillon SK, Hoban DJ. Trending eight years of in vitro activity of ertapenem and comparators against Escherichia coli from intra-abdominal infections in North America–SMART 2002–2009. J Chemother 2011;23:266-72
  • Hawser SP, Bouchillon SK, Lascols C, et al. Susceptibility of European Escherichia coli clinical isolates from intra-abdominal infections, extended-spectrum beta-lactamse occurrence, resistance distribution, and molecular characterization of ertapenem-resistant isolates (SMART 2008-2009). Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:253-9
  • Hawser SP, Bouchilon SK, Hoban DJ, et al. Low frequency of ertapenem-resistant intra-abdominal isolates of Escherichia coli from Latin America: susceptibility, ESBL-occurrence, and molecular chacterisation (SMART 2008-2009). J Chemother 2012;24:6-11
  • Hawser SP, Badal RE, Bouchillon SK, et al. Monitoring the global in vitro activity of ertapenem against Escherichia coli from intra-abdominal infections: SMART 2002-2010. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013;41:224-8
  • Huang CC, Chen YS, Toh HS, et al. Impact of revised CLSI breakpoints for susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems among Enterobacteriaceae isolates in the Asia-Pacific region: results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART), 2002-2010. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;40(Suppl):S4-10
  • Huang CC, Chen YS, Toh HS, et al. Impact of revised CLSI breakpoints for susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems among Enterobacteriaceae isolates in the Asia-Pacific region: results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART), 2002-2010. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;40(Suppl):S4-10
  • Lascols C, Peirano G, Hackel M, et al. Surveillance and molecular epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that produce carbapenemases: first report of OXA-48-Like Enzymes in North America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:130-6
  • Castanheira M, Mendes RE, Woosley LN, Jones RN. Trends in carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. From Europe and the Americas: report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance programme (2007–09). J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:1409-11
  • Queenan AM, Bush K. Carbapenemases: the versatile beta-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20:440-58
  • Tzouvelekis S, Markogiannakis A, Psichogiou M, et al. Carbapenemases in Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Enterobacteriaceae: an evolving crisis of global dimensions. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012;25:682
  • Patel G, Bonomo RA. Status report on carbapenemases: challenges and prospects. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011;9:555-70
  • Cornaglia G, Giamarellou H, Rossolini GM. Metallo-beta-lactamases: a last frontier for beta-lactams? Lancet Infect Dis 2011;11:381-93
  • Hanson ND, Hossain A, Buck L, et al. First occurrence of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate in the United States producing an IMP metallo-beta-lactamase, IMP-18. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:2272-3
  • Toleman MA, Rolston K, Jones RN, Walsh TR. blaVIM-7, an evolutionarily distinct metallo-beta-lactamase gene in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:329-32
  • Lolans K, Queenan AM, Bush K, et al. First nosocomial outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing an integron-borne metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM-2) in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:3538-40
  • Augustin P, Kermarrec N, Muller-Serieys C, et al. Risk factors for multidrug resistant bacteria and optimization of empirical antibiotic therapy in postoperative peritonitis. Crit Care 2010;14:R20
  • Seguin P, Laviolle B, Chanavaz C, et al. Factors associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria in secondary peritonitis: impact on antibiotic therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12:980-5
  • Seguin P, Fédun Y, Laviolle B, et al. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients with post-operative peritonitis requiring intensive care. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:342-6
  • Marshall JC. Intra-abdominal infections. Microbes Infect 2004;6:1015-25
  • Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2013;41:580-637
  • Marshall JC, Maier RV, Jimenez M, Dellinger EP. Source control in the management of severe sepsis and septic shock: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 2004;32(Suppl 11):S513-26
  • Grunau G, Heemken R, Hau T. Predictors of outcome in patients with postoperative intra-abdominal infection. Eur J Surg 1996;162:619-25
  • Wacha H, Hau T, Dittmer R, et al. Risk factors associated with intra-abdominal infections: a prospective multicenter study. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1999;384:24-32
  • Mulier S, Penninckx F, Verwaest C, et al. Factors affecting mortality in generalized postoperative peritonitis: multivariate analysis in 96 patients. World J Surg 2003;27:379-84
  • Tellor B, High E, Skrupky L, et al. Characteristics of intra-abdominal infections (IAI) with an associated bacteremia in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2012;40(Suppl):680
  • Akinci D, Akhan O, Ozmen MN, et al. Percutaneous drainage of 300 intraperitoneal abscesses with long-term follow-up. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005;28:744-50
  • Theisen J, Bartels H, Weiss W, et al. Current concepts of percutaneous abscess drainage in postoperative retention. J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9:280-3
  • Betsch A, Wiskirchen J, Trübenbach J, et al. CT-guided percutaneous drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses: APACHE III score stratification of 1-year results. Eur Radiol 2002;12:2883-9
  • Alamili M, Gögenur I, Rosenberg J. Acute complicated diverticulitis managed by laparoscopic lavage. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52:1345-9
  • Rotondo MF, Schwab CW, McGonigal MD, et al. ‘Damage control': an approach for improved survival in exsanguinating penetrating abdominal injury. J Trauma 1993;35:375-83
  • Subramanian A, Balentine C, Palacio CH. Outcomes of damage-control celiotomy in elderly nontrauma patients with intra-abdominal catastrophes. Am J Surg 2010;200:783-9
  • Waibel BH, Rotondo MR. Damage control in trauma and abdominal sepsis. Crit Care Med 2010;38(Suppl):S421-30
  • Van Ruler O, Mahler CW, Boer KR, et al. Comparison of on-demand vs planned relaparotomy strategy in patients with severe peritonitis. A randomized trial. JAMA 2007;298:865-73
  • Montravers P, Gauzit R, Muller C, et al. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in cases of peritonitis after intraabdominal surgery affects the efficacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:486-94
  • Ortega M, Marco F, Soriano A, et al. Epidemiology and prognostic determinants of bacteraemic biliary tract infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67:1508-13
  • Krobot K, Yin D, Zhang Q, et al. Effect of inappropriate initial empiric antibiotic therapy on outcome of patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections requiring surgery. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:682-7
  • Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006;34:1589-96
  • Eckmann C, Dryden M, Montravers P, et al. Antimicrobial treatment of “complicated” intra-abdominal infections and the new IDSA guidelines—a commentary and an alternative European approach to clinical definitions. Eur J Med Res 2011;16:115-26
  • Sartelli M, Viale P, Catena F, et al. 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg 2013;8:3
  • Zhanel GG, Wiebe R, Dilay L, et al. Comparative review of the carbapenems. Drugs 2007;67:1027-52
  • Rex JH. Candida in the peritoneum: passenger or pathogen? Crit Care Med 2006;34:902-3
  • Tenover FC, Kalsi RK, Williams PP, et al. Carbapenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae not detected by automated susceptibility testing. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1209-13
  • Qureshi ZA, Paterson DL, Potoski BA, et al. Treatment outcome of bacteremia due to KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: superiority of combination antimicrobial regimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56:2108-13
  • Tumbarello M, Viale P, Viscoli C, et al. Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae: importance of combination therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:943-50
  • Plachouras D, Karvanen M, Friberg LE, et al. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:3430-6
  • Garonzik SM, Li J, Thamlikitkul V, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in critically ill patients from a multicenter study provide dosing suggestions for various categories of patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3284-94
  • Dalfino L, Puntillo F, Mosca A, et al. High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:1720-6
  • Vicari G, Bauer SR, Neuner EA, Lam SW. Association between colistin dose and microbiologic outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:398-404
  • Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Ioannidou E, et al. Colistin therapy for microbiologically documented multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections: a retrospective cohort study of 258 patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;35:194-9
  • Biswas S, Brunel JM, Dubus JC, et al. Colistin: an update on the antibiotic of the 21st century. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012;10:917-34
  • Antoniadou A, Kontopidou F, Poulakou G, et al. Colistin-resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae emerging in intensive care unit patients: first report of a multiclonal cluster. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;59:786-90
  • Capone A, Giannella M, Fortini D, et al. High rate of colistin resistance among patients with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection accounts for an excess of mortality. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013;19:E23-30
  • Lodise TP Jr, Lomaestro B, Drusano GL. Piperacillin-tazobactam for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: clinical implications of an extended-infusion dosing strategy. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:357-63
  • Falagas ME, Tansarli GS, Ikawa K, Vardakas KZ. Clinical outcomes with extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:272-82
  • Arnold HM, Hollands JM, Skrupky LP, et al. Prolonged infusion antibiotics for suspected gram-negative infections in the ICU: a before-after study. Ann Pharmacother 2013;47:170-80
  • Kollef MH, Chastre J, Clavel M, et al. A randomized trial of 7-day doripenem versus 10-day imipenem-cilastatin for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2012;16:R218
  • Hedrick TL, Evans HL, Smith RL, et al. Can we define the ideal duration of antibiotic therapy? Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2006;7:419-32
  • Basoli A, Chirletti P, Cirino E, et al. A prospective, double-blind, multicenter, randomized trial comparing ertapenem 3 vs ≥5 days in community-acquired intraabdominal infection. J Gastrointest Surg 2008;12:592-600
  • Bush K. Improving known classes of antibiotics: an optimistic approach for the future. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012;12:527-34
  • Coates AR, Halls G. Antibiotics in phase II and III clinical trials. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012;211:167-83
  • Coleman K. Diazabicyclooctanes (DBOs): a potent new class of non-beta-lactam beta-lactamase inhibitors. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011;14(5):550-5
  • Drawz SM, Bonomo RA. Three decades of beta-lactamase inhibitors. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010;23:160-201
  • Hirsch EB, Tam VH. Detection and treatment options for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs): an emerging cause of multidrug- resistant infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:1119-25
  • Stachyra T, Pe´chereau MC, Bruneau JM, et al. Mechanistic studies of the inactivation of TEM-1 and P99 by NXL104, a novel non- beta-lactam beta-lactamase inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:5132-513
  • Bonnefoy A, Dupuis-Hamelin C, Steier V, et al. In vitro activity of AVE1330A, an innovative broad-spectrum non- beta-lactam beta-lactamase inhibitor. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54:410-17
  • Endimiani A, Hujer KM, Hujer AM, et al. Evaluation of ceftazidime and NXL104 in two murine models of infection due to KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:82-5
  • Wiskirchen DE, Crandon JL, Furtado GH, et al. In vivo efficacy of a human-simulated regimen of ceftarolinecombined with NXL104 against extended-spectrum-betalactamase (ESBL)-producing and non-ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3220-5
  • Hirsch EB, Ledesma KR, Chang KT, et al. In vitro activity of MK-7655, a novel beta-lactamase inhibitor, in combination with imipenem against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56:3753-7
  • Zhanel GG, Lawson CD, Adam H, et al. Ceftazidime-Avibactam: a novel cephalosporin/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination. Drugs 2013; Epub ahead of print
  • A Study Comparing Ceftazidime-Avibactam + Metronidazole Versus Meropenem in Adults With Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01500239
  • Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of MK-7655 + Imipenem/Cilastatin Versus Imipenem/Cilastatin Alone to Treat Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infection [cIAI] (MK-7655-004 AM2). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01506271
  • Safety and Efficacy Study to Compare IV CXA 101/Tazobactam and Metronidazole With Meropenem in Complicated Intraabdominal Infections. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01147640
  • Zhanel GG, Lawson CD, Zelenitsky S, et al. Comparison of the next-generation aminoglycoside plazomicin to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012;10:459-73
  • Livermore DM, Mushtaq S, Warner M, et al. Activity of aminoglycosides, including ACHN-490, against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:48-53
  • Landman D, Kelly P, Backer M, et al. Antimicrobial activity of a novel aminoglycoside, ACHN-490, against Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from New York City. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:332-4
  • Galani I, Souli M, Daikos GL, et al. Activity of plazomicin (ACHN-490) against MDR clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter spp. from Athens, Greece. J Chemother 2012;24:191-4
  • Cass RT, Brooks CD, Havrilla NA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of single and multiple doses of ACHN-490 injection administered intravenously in healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:5874-80
  • Sutcliffe JA. Antibiotics in development targeting protein synthesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2011;1241:122-52
  • Study to Compare TP-434 and Ertapenem in CA Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01265784
  • Jones RN, Sader HS, Flamm RK. Update of dalbavancin spectrum and potency in the USA: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2011). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013;75:304-7
  • Arhin FF, Draghi DC, Pillar CM, et al. Comparative in vitro activity profile of oritavancin against recent gram-positive clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:4762-71
  • Zhanel GG, Calic D, Schweizer F, et al. New lipoglycopeptides: a comparative review of dalbavancin, oritavancin and telavancin. Drugs 2010;70:859-86
  • Kanafani ZA, Corey GR. Tedizolid (TR-701): a new oxazolidinone with enhanced potency. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012;21:515-22
  • Locke JB, Finn J, Hilgers M, et al. Structure–activity relationships of diverse oxazolidinones for linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains possessing the cfr methyltransferase gene or ribosomal mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:5337-43
  • Rodriguez-Avial I, Culebras E, Betriu C, et al. In vitro activity of tedizolid (TR-700) against linezolid-resistant staphylococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67:167-9
  • Livermore DM, Mushtaq S, Warner M, Woodford N. Activity of oxazolidinone TR-700 against linezolid-susceptible and -resistant staphylococci and enterococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;63:713-15
  • Prokocimer P, Bien P, Surber J, et al. A phase 2 randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study evaluating the safety, tolerability, population pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of oral torezolid phosphate in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:583-92
  • TR-701 FA vs Linezolid for the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01421511
  • TR-701 FA vs. Linezolid for the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections (ABSSSI). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01170221
  • Safety and Efficacy Study of Oxazolidinone to Treat Pneumonia. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00640926
  • Safety and Efficacy Study of Oxazolidinones to Treat Uncomplicated Skin Infections. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00646958
  • Raymond DP, Kuehnert MJ, Sawyer RG. Preventing antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections in surgical patients. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2002;3:375-85
  • Rice LB. The Maxwell Finland Lecture: for the duration: rational antibiotic administration in an era of antimicrobial resistance and Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:491-6

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.