Anticonvulsants in central pain

REFERENCES

• BOIVIE J: Central pain. In: Textbook of Pain, 4th edn. Wall PD, Melzack R, (Eds) Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh (1999):879–914.
   Google Scholar
• ••A comprehensive review of central pain, itscauses, mechanisms, and treatment.
   Google Scholar
• DEJERINE J, ROUSSY G: La syndrome thalamique. Rev Neura (1906) 14:521–532.
   Google Scholar
• BOIVIE J, LEIJON G, JOHANSSON I: Central post-stroke pain-a study of the mechanisms through analyses of the sensory abnormalities. Pain (1989) 37:173–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VESTERGAARD K, NIELSEN J, ANDERSEN G, INGEMAN-NIELSEN M, ARENDT-NIELSEN L, JENSEN TS: Sensory abnormalities in consecutive, unselected patients with central post-stroke pain. Pain (1995) 61:177–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOWSHER D: Central pain: clinical and physiological characteristics.j Neura Neurosurg. Psychiatry(1996) 61:62–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDERSEN G, VESTERGAARD K, INGEMAN NM, JENSEN TS: Incidence of central post-stroke pain. Pain (1995) 61:187–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANKE AG, STENEHJEM AE, STANGHELLE JK: Pain and life quality within 2 years of spinal cord injury. Paraplegia (1995) 33:555–559.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SIDDALL PJ, TAYLOR DA, MCCLELLAND JM, RUTKOWSKI SB, COUSINS MJ: Pain report and the relationship of pain to physical factors in the first 6 months following spinal cord injury. Pain (1999) 81:187–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FINNERUP NB, JOHANNESEN IL, SINDRUP SH, BACH FW, JENSEN TS: Pain and dysesthesia in patients with spinal cord injury: a postal survey. Sputa] Cord (2001) 39:256–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIDDALL PJ, YEZIERSKI RP, LOESER JD: Pain following spinal cord injury: clinical features, prevalence, and taxonomy. IASP newsletter (2000) 3:3–7.
   Google Scholar
• SIDDALL PJ, TAYLOR DA, COUSINS MJ: Classification of pain following spinal cord injury. Sputa] Cord (1997) 35:69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FINNERUP NB, SINDRUP SH, BACH FVV, JOHANNESEN IL, JENSEN TS: Lamotrigine in spinal cord injury pain: a randomized controlled trial. Pain (2002) 96:375–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EIDE PK, JORUM E, STENEHJEM AE: Somatosensory findings in patients with spinal cord injury and central dysaesthesia pain.' Neura Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1996) 60:411–415.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DEFRIN R, OHRY A, BLUMEN N, URCA G: Characterization of chronic pain and somatosensory function in spinal cord injury subjects. Pain (2001) 89:253–263.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VIERCK CJ, SIDDALL P, YEZIERSKI RP: Pain following spinal cord injury: animal studies and mechanistic studies. Pain (2000) 89:1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CANAVERO S: Dynamic reverberation, a unified mechanism for central and phantom pain. Med. Hypotheses (1994) 42:203–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DICKENSON AH, MATTHEWS EA, SUZUKI R: Neurobiology of neuropathic pain: mode of action of anticonvulsants. Eur. J. Pain (2002) 6(Suppl. A) :51–60.
   Google Scholar
• ••A review on the neurobiology of theactions of anticonvulsants in neuropathic pain.
   Google Scholar
• SODERPALM B: Anticonvulsants: aspects of their mechanisms of action. Eur. Pain (2002) 6(Suppl. A):3–9.
   Google Scholar
• JENSEN TS, GOTTRUP H, KASCH H, NIKOLAJSEN L, TERKELSEN AJ, WITTING N: Has basic research contributed to chronic pain treatment? Acta Anaesthesia Scand. (2001) 45:1128–1135.
   Google Scholar
• LOUBSER PG, DONOVAN WH: Diagnostic spinal anaesthesia in chronic spinal cord injury pain. Paraplegia (1991) 29:25–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ATTAL N, GAUDE V, BRASSEUR L et al.: Intravenous lidocaine in central pain: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, psychophysical study. Neura (2000) 54:564–574.
   Google Scholar
• •A paper providing insight into mechanisms of pain in CNS disease and the effect of systemic lidocaine.
   Google Scholar
• MAX MB, HAGEN NA: Do changes in brain sodium channels cause central pain? Neura (2000) 54:544–545.
   Google Scholar
• AUGUSTINE GJ, CHARLTON MP, SMITH SJ: Calcium action in synaptic transmitter release. Ann. Rev Neurosci. (1987) 10:633–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALMBERG AB, YAKSH TL: Voltage-sensitive calcium channels in spinal nociceptive processing: blockade of N- and P-type channels inhibits formalin-induced nociception. Neurosci. (1994) 14:4882–4890.
   Google Scholar
• CHAPLAN SR. Neuropathic pain: role of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Reg. Anesth. Pain. Med. (2000) 25:283–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MATTHEWS EA, DICKENSON AH: Effects of spinally delivered N- and P-type voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists on dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of neuropathy. Pain (2001) 92:235–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FIELD MJ, HUGHES J, SINGH L:. Further evidence for the role of the a(2)8 subunit of voltage dependent calcium channels in models of neuropathic pain. Br. Pharmaca (2000) 131:282–286.
   Google Scholar
• JAIN KK: An evaluation of intrathecal ziconotide for the treatment of chronic pain. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2000) 9:2403–2410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KONTINEN VK, DICKENSON AH: Effects of midazolam in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain in rats. Pain (2000) 85:425–431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BORMANN J: Electrophysiology of GABAA and GABAB receptor subtypes. Trends Neurosci. (1988) 11:112–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SIVILOTTI L, NISTRI A: GABA receptor mechanisms in the central nervous system. Frog. Neurobia (1991) 36:35–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOHNSTON GA: GABAc receptors: relatively simple transmitter-gated ion channels? Trends Pharmaca Sci. (1996) 17:319–323.
   Google Scholar
• SIVILOTTI L, WOOLF CJ: The contribution of GABAA and glycine receptors to central sensitization: disinhibition and touch-evoked allodynia in the spinal cord. Neurophysia (1994) 72:169–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIESENFELD HZ, ALDSKOGIUS H, GRANT G, HAO JX, HOKFELT T, XU XJ: Central inhibitory dysfunctions: mechanisms and clinical implications. Behav. Brain Sci. (1997) 20:420–425.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SLOPER JJ, JOHNSON P, POWELL TP: Selective degeneration of interneurons in the motor cortex of infant monkeys following controlled hypoxia: a possible cause of epilepsy. Brant Res. (1980) 198:204–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VIERCK CJ, JR HAMILTON DM, THORNBY JI: Pain reactivity of monkeys after lesions to the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord. Exp. Brant Res. (1971) 13:140–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAKSH TL: Behavioral and autonomic correlates of the tactile evoked allodynia produced by spinal glycine inhibition:
   Google Scholar
• •• effects of modulatory receptor systems and excitatory amino acid antagonists. Pain (1989) 37:111–123.
   Google Scholar
• ZHANG AL, HAO JX, SEIGER A et al.:Decreased GABA immunoreactivity in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons after transient spinal cord ischemia in the rat. Brain Res. (1994) 656:187–190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HAINS BC, EVERHART AW, FULLWOOD SD, HULSEBOSCH CE: Changes in serotonin, serotonin transporter expression and serotonin denervation supersensitivity: involvement in chronic central pain after spinal hemisection in the rat. Exp. Nemo]. (2002) 175:347–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HERMAN RM, D'LUZANSKY SC, IPPOLITO R: Intrathecal baclofen suppresses central pain in patients with spinal lesions. A pilot study. Clio. j Pain (1992) 8:338–345.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CANAVERO S, BONICALZI V, PAGNI CA et al.: Propofol analgesia in central pain: preliminary clinical observations.j Neurol (1995) 242:561–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILHORAT TH, KOTZEN RM, MU HT, CAPOCELLI-AL J, MILHORAT RH: Dysesthetic pain in patients with syringomyelia. Neurosurgery (1996) 38:940–946.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CANAVERO S, BONICALZI V: The neurochemistry of central pain: evidence from clinical studies, hypothesis and therapeutic implications. Pain (1998) 74:109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PIN J, DUVOISIN R: The metabotropic glutamate receptors: structure and functions. Neuropharmacol (1995) 34:1–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JI RR, WOOLF CJ: Neuronal Plasticity and Signal Transduction in Nociceptive Neurons: Implications for the Initiation and Maintenance of Pathological Pain. Neurobiol Dis. (2001) 8:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DICKENSON AH, SULLIVAN AF: Evidence for a role of the NMDA receptor in the frequency dependent potentiation of deep rat dorsal horn nociceptive neurones following C fibre stimulation. Neuropharmacol (1987) 26:1235–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES EG: Transmitter chemistry in the somatosensory thalamus. In: Pain and Central Nervous System Disease: The Central Pain Syndromes Casey KL, (Ed.) Raven Press, New York, NY (1991):201–218.
   Google Scholar
• WOOLF CJ, THOMPSON SW: The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation; implications for the treatment of post-injury pain hypersensitivity states. Pain (1991) 44:293–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EIDE PK, STUBHAUG A, STENEHJEM AE: Central dysesthesia pain after traumatic spinal cord injury is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. Neurosurgery (1995) 37:1080–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DICKENSON AH, CHAPMAN V, GREEN GM: The pharmacology of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid-mediated events in the transmission and modulation of pain in the spinal cord. Gen. Pharmacol (1997) 28:633–638.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MILLS CD, FULLWOOD SD, HULSEBOSCH CE: Changes in metabotropic glutamate receptor expression following spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol (2001) 170:244–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCQUAY H, CARROLL D, JADAD AR, WIFFEN P, MOORE A: Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain: a systematic review. Br. Med. (1995) 311:1047–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A general overview of anticonvulsants inneuropathic pain.
   Google Scholar
• SINDRUP SH, JENSEN TS: Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: an update and effect related to mechanism of drug action. Pain (1999) 83:389–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TREMONT-LUKATS IW, MEGEFF C, BACKONJA MM: Anticonvulsants for neuropathic pain syndromes: mechanisms of action and place in therapy. Drugs (2000) 60:1029–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BACKONJA MM: Anticonvulsants (antineuropathics) for neuropathic pain syndromes. Clio. j Pain (2000) 16\(Suppl. 2):S67–S72.
   Google Scholar
• JENSEN TS: Anticonvulsants in neuropathic pain: rationale and clinical evidence. Eur. j Pain. (2002) 6(Suppl. A):61–68.
   Google Scholar
• COOK RJ, SACKETT DL: The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect Br. Med. (1995) 310:452–454.
   Google Scholar
• MCQUAY HJ, TRAMER M, NYE BA, CARROLL D, WIFFEN PJ, MOORE RA: A systematic review of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. Pain (1996) 68:217–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACDONALD RL, KELLY KM: Antiepileptic drug mechanisms of action. Epilepsia (1995) 36\(Suppl. 2):S2–S12.
   Google Scholar
• YOSHIMURA R, YANAGIHARA N, TERAO T, MINAMI K, ABE K, IZUMI F: Inhibition by carbamazepine of various ion channels-mediated catecholamine secretion in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol (1995) 352:297–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OKADA M, HIRANO T, MIZUNO K et al.: Effects of carbamazepine on hippocampal serotonergic system. Epilepsy Res. (1998) 31:187–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEIJON G, BOI VIE J: Central post-stroke pain-a controlled trial of amitriptyline and carbamazepine. Pain (1989) 36(1):27–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIBSON JC, WHITE LE: Denervation hyperpathia: a convulsive syndrome of the spinal cord responsive to carbamazepine therapy. I Neurosurg. (1971) 35:287–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SANDFORD PR, LINDBLOM LB, HADDOX JD: Amitriptyline and carbamazepine in the treatment of dysesthetic pain in spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. (1992) 73:300–301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ALBERT ML: Treatment of pain in multiple sclerosis-preliminary report. N Engl. Merl (1969) 280:1395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ESPIR ML, MILLAC P: Treatment of paroxysmal disorders in multiple sclerosis with carbamazepine (Tegretol)..1. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1970) 33:528–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CANTOR FK: Phenytoin treatment of thalamic pain. Br. Med. J. (1972) 4:590.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MLADINICH EK: Letter: Diphenylhydantoin in the Wallenberg syndrome. JAMA (1974) 230:372–373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AGNEW DC, GOLDBERG VD: A brief trial of phenytoin therapy for thalamic pain. Bull. Los Angeles Neurol Soc. (1976) 41:9–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LOSCHER W: Valproate: a reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic properties and mechanisms of action. Frog. Neurobiol (1999) 58:31–59.
   Google Scholar
• JOHANNESSEN CU: Mechanisms of action of valproate: a commentatory. Neurochem.(2000) 37:103–110.
   Google Scholar
• DREWES AM, ANDREASEN A, POULSEN LH: Valproate for treatment of chronic central pain after spinal cord injury. A double-blind cross-over study. Paraplegia (1994) 32:565–569.
   Google Scholar
• ZACHARIAH SB, BORGES EF, VARGHESE R, CRUZ AR, ROSS GS: Positive response to oral divalproex sodium (Depakote) in patients with spasticity and pain. Am. j Med. Sri. (1994) 308:38–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TAYLOR CP, GEE NS, SU TZ et al: A summary of mechanistic hypotheses of gabapentin pharmacology. Epilepsy Res. (1998) 29:233–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FINK K, MEDER W, DOOLEY DJ, GOTHERT M: Inhibition of neuronal Ca(2+) influx by gabapentin and subsequent reduction of neurotransmitter release from rat neocortical slices. Br. J. Pharmacol (2000) 130:900–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSE MA, KAM PC: Gabapentin: pharmacology and its use in pain management. Anaesthesia (2002) 57:451–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BACKONJA M, BEYDOUN A, EDWARDS KR et al.: Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (1998) 280:1831–1836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROWBOTHAM M, HARDEN N, STACEY B, BERNSTEIN P, MAGNUS-MILLER L: Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (1998) 280:1837–1842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RICE AS, MATON S: Gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study. Pain (2001) 94:215–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAI Q, KIRSHBLUM S, CHEN B, MILLIS S, JOHNSTON M, DELISA JA: Gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial." Spinal. Cord. Med. (2002) 25:100–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ATTAL N, BRASSEUR L, PARKER F, CHAUVIN M, BOUHASSIRA D: Effects of gabapentin on the different components of peripheral and central neuropathic pain syndromes: a pilot study. Eur: Neurol (1998) 40:191–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TP, LIM TC, HILL ST et al.: Gabapentin for neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord (2002) 40:282–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PUTZKE JD, RICHARDS JS, KEZAR L, HICKEN BL, NESS TJ: Long-term use of gabapentin for treatment of pain after traumatic spinal cord injury. an. I Pain (2002) 18:116–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOUTCHENS MK, RICHERT JR, SAMI A, ROSE RV: Open label gabapentin treatment for pain in multiple sclerosis. Malt. Stier: (1997) 3:250–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOLARO C, LUNARDI GL, CAPELLO E et al.: An open-label trial of gabapentin treatment of paroxysmal symptoms in multiple sclerosis patients. Nemo]. (1998) 51:609–611.
   Google Scholar
• D'ALE0 G, RIFICI C, SESSA E, DI BELLA P, BRAMANTI P: R3 nociceptive reflex in multiple sclerosis patients with paroxysmal symptoms treated with gabapentin. Funct. Neurol (2000) 15:205–209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LEACH MJ, MARDEN CM, MILLER AA: Pharmacological studies on lamotrigine, a novel potential antiepileptic drug: II. Neurochemical studies on the mechanism of action. Epilepsia (1986) 27:490–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TEOH H, FOWLER LJ, BOWERY NG: Effect of lamotrigine on the electrically-evoked release of endogenous amino acids from slices of dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacol (1995) 34:1273–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZAKRZEWSKA JM, CHAUDHRY Z, NURMIKKO TJ, PATTON DW, MULLENS EL: Lamotrigine (lamictal) in refractory trigeminal neuralgia: results from a double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial. Pain (1997) 73:223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LURIA Y, BRECKER C, DAOUD D, ISHAY A, EISENBERG E: Lamotrigine in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Proceedings 9th World Congress on Pain (2000):857–862.
   Google Scholar
• SIMPSON DM, OLNEY R, MCARTHUR JC, KHAN A, GODBOLD J, EBEL-FROMMER K: A placebo-controlled trial of lamotrigine for painful HIV-associated neuropathy. Neurol (2000) 54:2115–2119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VESTERGAARD K, ANDERSEN G, GOTTRUP H, KRISTENSEN BT, JENSEN TS: Lamotrigine for central poststroke pain: a randomized controlled trial. Neurol (2001) 56:184–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CANAVERO S, BONICALZI V: Lamotrigine control of central pain. Pain (1996) 68:179–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARRIERI PB, PROVITERA V, LAVORGNA L, BRUNO R: Response of thalamic pain syndrome to lamotrigine. Eur. J. Nemo]. (1998) 5:625–626.
   Google Scholar
• MCCLEANE G: Lamotrigine can reduce neurogenic pain associated with multiple sclerosis. Clin. J. Pain (1998) 14:269–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIANCHETTI C, ZUDDAS A, RANDAZZO AP, PERRA L, MARROSU MG: Lamotrigine adjunctive therapy in painful phenomena in MS: preliminary observations. Nemo]. (1999) 53:433.
   Google Scholar
• ROSENFELD WE: Topiramate: a review of preclinical, pharmacolcinetic, and clinical data. Clin. Ther. (1997) 19:1294–1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARDEN RN, BRENMAN E, SALTZ S, HOULE TT: Topiramate in the management of spinal cord injury pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. In: Spinal Cord Injury Pain: Assessment, Mechanisms, Management. Progress M Pain Research and Management. Yezierski RP and Burchiel KJ, (Eds) IASP Press, Seattle, WA (2002) 23:393–407.
   Google Scholar
• CANAVERO S, BONICALZI V, PAOLOTTI R: Lack of effect of topiramate for central pain. Neurol (2002) 58:831–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'ALE0 G, SESSA E, DI BELLA P, RIFICI C, RESTIVO DA, BRAMANTI P: Topiramate modulation of R3 nociceptive reflex in multiple sclerosis patients suffering paroxysmal symptoms. J. Neurol (2001) 248:996–999.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MELDRUM BS, CHAPMAN AG: Basic mechanisms of Gabitril (tiagabine) and future potential developments. Ept/epsia (1999) 40\(Suppl. 9):52–56.
   Google Scholar
• SHORVON SD, VAN RIJCKEVORSEL K: A new antiepileptic drug. I Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry (2002) 72:426–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHIOU-TAN FY, TUEL SM, JOHNSON JC, PRIEBE MM, HIRSH DD, STRAYER JR: Effect of mexiletine on spinal cord injury dysesthetic pain. Am. I Phys. Med. Rehabil (1996) 75:84–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVIDOFF G, GUARRACINI M, ROTH E, SLIWA J, YARKONY G: Trazodone hydrochloride in the treatment of dysesthetic pain in traumatic myelopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain (1987) 29:151–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VESTERGAARD K, ANDERSEN G, JENSEN TS: Treatment of central post-stroke pain with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. an. I Pain (1996) 3\(Suppl. 5):169.
   Google Scholar
• CARDENAS DD, WARMS CA, TURNER JA, MARSHALL H, BROOKE MM, LOESER JD: Efficacy of amitriptyline for relief of pain in spinal cord injury: results of a randomized controlled trial. Pain (2002) 96:365–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCQUAY HJ, CARROLL D, JADAD AR et al.: Dextromethorphan for the treatment of neuropathic pain: a double-blind randomised controlled crossover trial with integral n-of-1 design. Pain (1994) 59:127–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar