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Review

Clinical treatment regimens for chronic heart failure: a review

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Pages 1569-1576 | Published online: 25 Feb 2005

REFERENCES

  • REMME WJ, SWEDBERG K: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J. (2001) 22(17):1527–1560. ••Excellent overall guide to all aspects ofCHF.
  • Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) practice guidelines. HFSA guidelines for management of patients with heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction-pharmacological approaches. J. Card. Fail. (1999) 5(4):357–382. ••Explains neurohormonal theory of CHFparticularly well.
  • KRUM H: Guidelines for management of patients with chronic heart failure in Australia. Med. J. Aust. (2001) 174(9):459–466.
  • KELLY DT: Paul Dudley White International Lecture. Our future society. A global challenge. Circulation (1997) 95(11):2459–2464.
  • HUNT SA, BAKER DW, CHIN MH et al.: ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). I Am. Coll. Cardiol (2001) 38(7):2101–2113. ••Similar to [1].
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  • PACKER M, CARVER JR, RODEHEFFER RJ et al.: Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. N Engl. I Med. (1991) 325(21):1468–1475. •Important negative trial.
  • PACKER M: The neurohormonal hypothesis: a theory to explain the mechanism of disease progression in heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (1992) 20(1):248–254. ••Excellent review discussing bothhaemodynarnic and neurohormonal thoery of CHE
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  • Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl. I Med. (1991) 325(5):293–302. ••Landmark trial establishing ACEI asbeneficial in CHE
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  • Important trial establishing ACEI benefit in CHF patients without symptoms. YUSUF S, SLEIGHT P, POGUE J, BOSCH J, DAVIES R, DAGENAIS G: Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl. I Med. (2000) 342(3):145–153. Important trial showing benefits for ACEI usage in patients at risk of ischaemic heart disease and CHE
  • PACKER M, POOLE-WILSON PA, ARMSTRONG PW et al.: Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation (1999) 100(23):2312–2318. •Important trial to establish ACEI dose.
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  • PITT B, POOLE-WILSON PA, SEGAL R et al.: Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet (2000) 355(9215):1582–1587. •Important negative trial to follow up ELITE I.
  • TSUYUKI RT, YUSUF S, ROULEAU JL et al.: Combination neurohormonal blockade with ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists and p-blockers in patients with congestive heart failure: design of the Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study. Can. I Cardiol (1997) 13(12):1166–1174.
  • COHN JN, TOGNONI G: A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl. I Med. (2001) 345(23):1667–1675.
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  • SWEDBERG K, HJALMARSON A, WAAGSTEIN F, WALLENTIN I: Prolongation of survival in congestive cardiomyopathy by 3-receptor blockade. Lancet (1979) 1(8131):1374–1376. •Interesting early data on 0-Blocker benefits in CHE
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  • The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet (1999) 353(9146):9–13.
  • Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet (1999) 353(9169):2001–2007. ••Important trial establishing benefit for0-blockade in CHE
  • PACKER M, COATS AJ, FOWLER MB et al.: Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl. I Med. (2001). 344(22):1651–1658. •Trial showing benefit for carvedilol in severe CHE
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  • The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. The Digitalis Investigation Group. N Engl. I Med. (1997) 336(8):525–533. •Important trial to show digoxin has no mortality benefit in CHE
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  • TEERLINK JR: Recent heart failure trials of neurohormonal modulation (OVERTURE and ENABLE): Approaching the asymptote of efficacy?" Card. Fail. (2002) 8(3):124–127.
  • CAZEAU S, RITTER P, LAZARUS A et al.: Multisite pacing for end-stage heart failure: early experience. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. (1996) 19(11, Pt 2):1748–1757.
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  • LECLERCQ C, KASS DA: Retiming the failing heart: principles and current clinical status of cardiac resynchronization. I Am. Coll. Cardiol (2002) 39(2):194–201. ••Excellent review of the current data oncardiac resynchronisation therapy.
  • CAZEAU S, LECLERCQ C, LAVERGNE T et al.: Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. N Engl. I Med. (2001) 344(12):873–880. ••Clinical trial showing haemodynarnicbenefit for biventricular pacing.
  • ABRAHAM WT, FISHER WG, SMITH AL et al.: Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl. I Med. (2002) 346(24):1845–1853. •Clinical trial showing mortality and morbidity benefits to 6 months with biventricular pacing.
  • MOSS AJ, HALL WJ, CANNOM DS et al.: Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic 1575 Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl. J. Med. (1996) 335(26):1933–1940. •Trial showed benefit for internal cardiac defibrillators in patients post infarct with positive electrophysiological studies for ventricular tachycardia.
  • BUXTON AE, LEE KL, FISHER JD, JOSEPHSON ME, PRYSTOWSKY EN, HAFLEY G: A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl. I Med. (1999) 341(25):1882–1890.
  • MOSS AJ, ZAREBA W, HALL WJ et al.: Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl. Med. (2002) 346(12):877–883. ••Landmark trial showing benefit forinternal cardiac defibrillators in patients with LVEF 30% post MI without a prior event.
  • KLEIN H, AURICCHIO A, REEKS, GELLER C: New primary prevention trials of sudden cardiac death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: SCD-HEFT and MADIT-II. Am. J. Cardiol. (1999) 83(5B):91D–97D.

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