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Review

Pharmacotherapy for biochemical recurrences after therapy for localised prostate cancer

Pages 657-669 | Published online: 25 Feb 2005

Bibliography

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  • ••Nobel prize winning experiments ofandrogen deprivation.
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  • •Metabolic influence and conversion of androgens.
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  • •Describes the positive-inhibition of FSH and LH.
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  • •Functions of LH.
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  • •Importance of FSH on spermatogenesis.
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  • •First description of the protein inhibin on FSH feedback.
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  • •Time to reach castrate testosterone levels following castration.
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  • •Transphenoidal surgery and the endocrine palliation of CaP.
  • GOTTESMAN L: Technique of bilateral palliative adrenalectomy. Surg., Gyn. Obstet. (1967) 125:121–122.
  • •Palliative adrenalectomy described for palliation of advanced CaP.
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  • •Description of the effects of oestrogens on gonadotropin levels.
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  • •Description of the VACURG study.
  • KENT JR, BISCHOFF AJ, ARDUVINO LJ et al.: oestrogen dosage and suppression of testosterone levels in patient with prostatic carcinoma. J. Urol. (1973) 109:858–860.
  • •Safe dosage for diethylstilbestrol in men undergoing androgen deprivation.
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  • •Diethylstilbestrol therapy showing protection against osteoporosis.
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  • •Case studies of cardiovascular mortality of diethylstilbestrol.
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  • •Androgen deprivation using progestins.
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  • •The escape phenomenon of progestins.
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  • •Thrombogenic effects of progestins.
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  • •Prolactin receptors in CaP.
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  • •Animal studies of prolactin on the ventral rat prostate.
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  • •Evidence against prolactin antagonist activity in CaP.
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  • •LHRH physiology.
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  • •Physiological studies showing the pulsatile release of LHRH.
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  • •Details of LHRH agonists and the time to reach castrate testosterone levels.
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  • •The flare phenomenon in LHRH agonist usage in CaP.
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  • •The leuprolide implant now available in the US.
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  • •Studies of the adverse effects of LHRH agonists.
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  • •Review of LHRH antagonist therapy for the treatment of CaP.
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  • •Experimental evidence of androgen deprivation using abarelix.
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  • •Mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-androgens.
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  • •Mechanism of action of oral anti-androgens.
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  • •Flutarnide trials for the treatment of CaP.
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  • •Case report of prolonged night-blindness with oral anti-androgen usage.
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  • •Case reports of pulmonary fibrosis associated with non-steroidal anti-androgens.
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  • •Important clinical trial showing the continuing anti-androgen effect of bicalutamide after failure of conventional androgen deprivation.
  • DE VOOGT HJ, SMITH P, MAVONE-MACALUSO et al.: Cardiovascular side effects of DES, cyproterone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and estramustine phosphate used for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer: results form the EORTC trial 30761 and 30762. J. Urol. (1986) 135:303–307.
  • •EORTC trial comparing the cardiovascular effects of cyproterone acetate to diethylstilbestrol.
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  • •Study showing cyproterone acetate protection against hot flashes.
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  • •Hallmark study showing the emergent usage of ketoconazole for the treatment of life-threatening CaP metastasis.
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  • •Case report offside effects associated with prolonged ketoconazole usage.
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  • •Potency-sparing androgen deprivation.
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  • •Report of potency-sparing androgen deprivation.
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  • •Finasteride mechanism of action.
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  • •Case study showing an advantage of combined androgen deprivation.
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  • ••Case study definitively showed noadvantage of combined androgen deprivation.
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  • •Animal study showing tumour suppression using intermittent androgen deprivation.
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  • •Animal study showing tumour suppression using intermittent androgen deprivation.
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  • ••A clinical study of successful intermittentandrogen deprivation.
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  • •Case reports of flutamide withdrawal.
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  • •Case reports of flutamide withdrawal.
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  • •Case reports of flutamide withdrawal.
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  • •Case reports of bicalutarnide withdrawal.
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  • •Case reports of bicalutarnide withdrawal.
  • GREGORY CW, JOHNSON RT JR, MOHLER JL et al.: Androgen receptor stabilization in recurrent prostate cancer is associated with hypersensitivity to low androgen. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(7):2892–2898.
  • •Experimental evidence of the promiscuous androgen receptor.
  • MESSING EM, MANOLA J, SAROSDY M et al.: Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with positive lymph node prostate cancer. N Engl. J. Med. (1999) 341:1781–1788.
  • ••Randomised clinical trial comparingimmediate androgen deprivation versus observation.
  • ZINCKE H, BERGSTRALH EJ, LARSON-KELER JJ et al.: Stage D1 prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy and adjuvant hormonal therapy. Evidence for favorable survival in patients with DNA diploid tumours. Cancer (1992) 70:311–323.
  • ••Case report of patients given immediateandrogen deprivation for lymph node positive disease after RE
  • WALSH PC, DEWEESE TL, EISENBERGER MA et al.: A structured debate: immediate versus deferred androgen suppression in prostate cancer-evidence for deferred treatment. J. Um]. (2001) 166:508–516.
  • •Arguments for and against the usage of immediate androgen deprivation.
  • FELDMAN BJ AND FELDMAN D: The development of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Nature Rev (2001) 1:34–44.
  • •Review of the mechanisms possible for androgen deprivation.
  • BLOCKARD CE, BYARS BP, JORDAN WP: Orchiectomy for advanced prostate carcinoma. A reevaluation. Urology (1973) 1:553.
  • •VACURG studies of androgen deprivation.
  • BYARS DP: The veterans administration cooperative Urological research group studies of cancer of the prostate. Cancer (1973) 32:1126.
  • •VACURG studies using diethylstilbestrol for immediate versus delayed androgen deprivation for the treatment of advanced CaP.
  • CHRISTENSEN MM, AAGAARD J, MADSEN PO: Reasons for delay of endocrine treatment in cancer of the prostate (until symptomatic metastases occur). Frog. Clin. Biol. Res. (1990) 359:4–24.
  • ••Critical review of the VACURG studies.
  • THE MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL PROSTATE CANCER WORKING PARTY INVESTIGATORS GROUP: Immediate versus deferred treatment for advanced prostatic cancer: initial results of the Medical Research Council. Br. J. Um]. (1997) 79:235–246.
  • ••Medical Research Council studycomparing immediate versus delayed androgen deprivation for the treatment of advanced CaP.
  • BOLLA M: Cancer of the prostate: therapeutic trials in 1985. Bull Cancer (1986) 73:74–80.
  • •EORTC trials of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation in radiotherapy for CaP. Expert Op/n. Pharmacother. (2002) 3(6)
  • BOLLA M, GONZALEZ D, WARDE P et al.: Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin. N Engl. Med. (1997) 337:295–300.
  • •EORTC trials of LHRH agonists with radiotherapy for CaP.
  • GUPTA S, SRIVASTARA M, AHMAD N et al.: Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human prostate adenocarcinoma. Prostate (2000) 42:73–78.
  • ••Landmark study showing theoverexpression of COX-2 in CaP.
  • TJANDRAWMATA RR, HUGHES-FULFORD M: Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by-product prostaglandin E2. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. (1997) 407:163–170.
  • •Upregulation of COX-2 causes the upregulation of PGE2.
  • LIU XH, YAO S, KIRSCHENBAUM A et al.: NS398, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, induces apoptosis and downregulates bc1-2 expression in LNCaP cells. Cancer Res. (1998) 58:4245–4249.
  • ••Important basic science showing therelationship between COX-2 and bc/-2 expression.
  • BONKHOFF H, FIXEMER T, REMBERGER K: Relationship between bc1-2, cell proliferation and the androgen receptor status in prostate tissue and precursors of prostate cancer. Prostate (1998) 34:251–258.
  • •Effects of bc/-2expression and cell apoptosis in CaP.
  • LIU XH, KIRSCHENBAUM A, YAO S et al.: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 suppresses angiogenesis and growth of prostate cancer in vivo. Urol. (2000) 164:820–825.
  • •Experimental evidence linking COX-2 inhibition to decreased angiogenesis.
  • LOPRINZI CL, SLOAN JA, PEREZ EA et al.: Phase III evaluation of fluoxetine for treatment of hot flashes. J. Clin. Oncol (2002) 20(6):1578–1583.
  • HARRINGTON KJ, SPITZWEG C, BATEMAN AR et al.: Gene therapy for prostate cancer: current status and future prospects. Urol. (2001) 166: 1220–1233.
  • •Review of gene therapy in the treatment of CaP.
  • ZANG WW: Development and application of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy of cancer. Cancer Gene Then (1999) 6:113.
  • •Adenoviral vectors used for CaP gene therapy.
  • CURIEL DT: Strategies to adapt adenoviral vectors for targeted delivery. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1999) 886:158
  • FINK DJ, GLORIOSO JC: Engineering herpes simplex virus vectors for gene transfer to neurons. Nat. Med. (1997) 3:357.
  • •HSV vectors used for CaP gene therapy.
  • PUHLMAN M, BROWN CK, GRANT M et al.: M vaccinia as a vector for tumour directed gene therapy: biodistribution of a thymidine kinase-deleted mutant. Cancer Gene Then (2000) 7:66.
  • •M vaccinia viral vectors used for CaP gene therapy.
  • HUBER PE, PFISTERER P: In vitro and in vivo transfection of plasmid DNA in the Dunning prostate tumour R3327-AT1 is enhanced by focused ultrasound. Gene Ther. (2000) 7:1516.
  • •Experimental modal of gene transfection in the Dunning model.
  • FYNAN EF, WEBSTER RG, FULLER DH et al.: DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal and gene inoculations. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. (1993) 90:11478.
  • •Use of DNA vaccines in gene therapy.
  • FELGNER PL, GADEL TR, HOLM M et al.: Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. (1987) 84:7413.
  • •Article describes liposomal transfection of DNA into cells.
  • LI S, HUANG L: Nonviral gene therapy: promises and challenges. Gene Ther. (2000) 7:31.
  • •Article that describes alternative methods of gene transfection into cells without the usage of viral vectors.
  • MURPHY GP, TJOA BA, SIMMONS SJ et al.: Phase II prostate cancer vaccine trial: report involving 37 patients with disease recurrence following primary treatment. Prostate (1999) 39:54–59.
  • ••Irnmunotherapy trial showing a responsein patients using pulsed dendritic cells.
  • PEGRAM MD, LIPTON A, HAYES DF et al.: Phase II study of receptor-enhanced chemosensitivity using recombinant humanized antip185Her-2/neu monoclonal antibodies and cisplatin in patients with Her-2/neu overexpressing metastatic breast cancer refractory to chemotherapy treatment. Clin. Onc. (1998) 16 (8):2659–2671.
  • •Herceptin usage in metastatic cancer.
  • ISRAELI RS, POWELL CT, FAIR WR et al.: Molecular cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a prostate-specific membrane antigen. Cancer Res. (1993) 53 (2):227–230.
  • •PSMA isolation, characterisation and cloning.
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  • •Experimental evidence of upregulation of PSMA in advanced CaP.
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