Current pharmacotherapeutic options for treating deep vein thrombosis

Bibliography

• ANDERSON F, WHEELER H, GOLDBERG R et al.: A population based perspective of the hospital incidence and case fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The Worcester DVT Study. Arch. Intern. Med. (1991) 151(5):933.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. Vital and Health Statistics. (1997):41–43.
   Google Scholar
• RASCHKE R, REILLY B, GUIDRY J et al.: The weight-based heparin dosing nomogram compared with a 'standard care' nomogram: a randomized controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. (1993) 119:874–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LACKIE C, LUZIER A, DONOVAN J et al.: Weight-based heparin dosing: clinical response and resource utilization. Clin. Ther. (1998) 20(4):699–709.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BECKER R, BALLS, EISENBERG P et al.: Antithrombotic Therapy Consortium Investigators. A randomized, multicenter trial of weight-adjusted intravenous heparin dose titrated and point-of-care coagulation monitoring in hospitalized patients with active thromboembolic disease. Am. Heart J. (1999) 137(1):59–71.
   Google Scholar
• DAVYDOV L, DIETZ P, LEWIS P et al.: Outcomes of weight-based heparin dosing based on literature guidelines and institution individualization. Pharmacother. (2000) 20(10):1179–1183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BREDDIN H, HACH-WUNDERLE V, NAKOV R et al.: The CORTES Investigators, (2001). Effects of a low molecular weight heparin on thrombus regression and recurrent thromboembolism in patients with deep vein thrombosis. N Engl. J Med. 344: 626–631.
   Google Scholar
• HULL R, RASKOB G, ROSENBLOOM D et al.: Heparin for 5 days as compared with 10 days in the initial treatment of proximal venous thrombosis. N Engl. J. Med. (1990) 322:1260–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIRSH J, LEVINE M: Low molecular weight heparin. Mood. (1992) 79:1–17.
   Google Scholar
• WEITZ J: Low molecular weight heparins. N Engl. J Med. (1997) 337:688–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YOUNG E, PRINS M, LEVINE M, HIRSH J: Heparin binding to plasma proteins, an important mechanism for heparin resistance. Thromb. Haemost. (1992) 67:639–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIMONNEAU G, CHARBONNIER B, DECOUSUS H et al.: Subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis. Arch. Intern. Med. (1993) 153(13):1541–1546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LINDMARKER P, HOLMSTROM M, GRANQVIST Set al.: Comparison of once daily subcutaneous fragrnin with continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb. Haemost. (1994) 72(2):186–190.
   Google Scholar
• DE VALK H, BANGA J, WESTER Jet al.: Comparing subcutaneous danaparoid with intravenous unfractionated heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. A randomized controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. (1995) 123(1):1
   Google Scholar
• HULL R, RASKOB G, PINEO G et al.: Subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin in the treatment of proximal vein thrombosis. N Engl. J Med (1992) 326(15):975–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIMONNEAU G, SORS H, CHARBONNIER Bet al.: A comparison of low molecular weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. The THESEE Study Group. N Engl. J Med. (1997) 337(10):663–669.
   Google Scholar
• PARTSCH H, KECHAVARZ B, MOSTBECK A et al.: Frequency of pulmonary embolism in patients who have iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis and are treated with once or twice daily low molecular weight heparin. J Vase. Surg. (1996) 24:774–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MERLI G, SPIRO T, OLSSON C et al.: Subcutaneous enoxaparin once or twice daily compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin for treatment of venous thromboembolic disease. Ann. Intern. Med. (2001) 134:191–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVINE M, GENT M, HIRSH J et al.: A comparison of low molecular weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep vein thrombosis. N Engl. J Med. (1996) 334(11):667–681.
   Google Scholar
• KOOPMAN M, PRANDONI P, PIOVELLA F et al.: Treatment of venous thrombosis with intravenous unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital as compared with subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin administered at home. The Tasman Study Group. N Engl. J. Med. (1996) 334(11):682–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LENSING A, PRINS M, DAVIDSON B et al.: Treatment of deep venous thrombosis with low molecular weight heparins: a meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. (1995) 155:601–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIRAGUSA S, COSMI B, PIOVELLA F et al.: Low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in the treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism: results of a meta-analysis. Am. J. Med. (1996) 100:269–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEIZOROVICZ A, SIMONNEAU G, DECOUSUS H et al.: Comparison of efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in initial treatment of deep venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis. Br. Med. J (1994) 309:299–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOULD M, DEMBITZER A, DOYLE R et al.: Low molecular weight heparins compared with unfractionated heparin for treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis of radomized, controlled trials. Ann. Intern. Med. (1999) 130:800–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOLOVICH L, GINSBERG J, DOUKETIS J et at.: A meta-analysis 64 comparing low molecular weight heparins with unfractionated heparin in the treatment of venous thromboembolism: examining some unanswered questions regarding location of treatment, product type, and dosing frequency. Arch. Intern. Med. (2000) 160:181–188.
   Google Scholar
• MERLI G: Low molecular weight heparin in the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: A paradigm change in care. J Thromb. Thrombolysis (2000) 9:S21–S27.
   Google Scholar
• COUTURAUD F, JULIAN J, KEARON C: Low molecular weight heparin administered once versus twice daily in patients with venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Thromb. Haesmost. (2001) 86:980–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARDER V: The use of thrombolytic agents: choice of patients, drug administration, laboratory monitoring. Ann. Intern. Med. (1979) 90:802–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urolcinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial, Phase I results. JAMA (1970) 214:2163–2172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urolcinase Streptokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial, Phase II results. JAMA (1974) 229:1606–1613.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GOLDHABER S, KESSLER C, HEIT Jet aL: Randomized controlled trial of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator versus urolcinase in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. Lancet (1988) 2:293–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHARMA G, BURLESON V, SASAHARA A et al.: Effect of thrombolytic therapy on pulmonary capillary blood volume in patients with pulmonary embolism. N Engl. J Med. (1980) 303:842–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COMEROTA A, ALDRIDGE S. Thrombolytic therapy for acute deep vein thrombosis. Sem. Vas. Surg (1992) 5:76–81.
   Google Scholar
• GOLDHABER S, BURING J, LIPNICK R et al.: Pooled analysis of randomized trials of streptokinase and heparin in phlebographically documented acute deep venous thrombosis. Am. J. Med. (1984) 76:393–397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• COMEROTA A, THROM R, MATHIAS S et aL: Catheter-directed thrombolysis for iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis improves health-related quality of life. J. Vasc. Surg. (2000) 32:130–137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MEWISSEN M, SEABROOK G, MEISSNER Met al.: Catheter-directed thrombolysis for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: report of a national multicenter registly. Radiology (1999) 42:39–49.
   Google Scholar
• KAKKAR V, HOWE C, LAWS J et cd.: Lateresults of treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Br. Med. J. (1969) 1:810–811.
   Google Scholar
• JOHANSSON L, NYLANDER G, HEDNER U: Comparison of streptokinase with heparin: late results in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis. Acta Med. Scand. (1979) 206:93–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WATZ R, SAVIDGE G: Rapid thrombolysis and preservation of valvular venous function in high deep vein thrombosis. Acta Med. Scand. (1979) 205:293–298.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JOHANSSON E, ERICSON K, ZETTERQUIST S: Streptokinase treatment of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity. Acta Med. Scand. (1976) 199:89–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NORGEN L, WIDMER L: Venous function, evaluated by foot volumetry, in patients with a previous deep venous thrombosis, treated with streptokinase. Vasa (1978) 7:412–414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TRUEBESTEIN G: Can thrombolytics prevent post-phlebitic syndrome and thromboembolic disease? Haemostasis (1986) 3:38–50.
   Google Scholar
• ARENESEN H, HOISETH A, LY B: Streptokinase or heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Acta Med. Scand. (1982) 211:65–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ALBRECHTSSON U, ANDERSON J, EINARSSON E et aL: Streptokinase treatment of deep venous thrombosis and the postthrombotic syndrome. Arch. Surg. (1981) 116:33–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HYERS T, AGNELLI G, HULL R et al.:Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. Chest (2001) 119:176S–193S.
   Google Scholar
• BAUER K: The thrombophilias: well-defined risk factors with uncertain therapeutic implications. Ann. Intern. Med. (2001) 135:367–373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PRANDONI P, LENSING A, COGO A et al.: The long term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann. Intern. Med. (1996) 125:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVINE M, HIRSH J, GENT Met al.: Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb. Haemost. (1995) 74(2):606–611.
   Google Scholar
• SCHULMAN S, RHEDIN A, LINDMARKER P et al.: A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. N EngL J Med. (1995) 332:1661–1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AGNELLI G, PRANDONI P, SANTAMARIA M et al.: Three months versus one year of oral anticoagulatant therapy for idiopathic deep venous thrombosis. N EngL J Med. (2001) 345:165–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEARON C, GENT M, HIRSH J et aL: A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N EngL J. Med. (1999) 340:901–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANSELL J, HIRSH J, DALEN Jet al.: Managing oral anticoagulant therapy. Chest (2001) 119:22S–38S.
   Google Scholar
• COON W, WILLIS P: Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant therapy. Arch. Intern. Med. (1974) 133:386–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KHAMASHTA M, CUADRADO M, MUJIC R et al.: The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N EngL J Med. (1995) 332:993–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOLL S, ORTEL T: Monitoring warfarintherapy in patients with lupus anticoagulant. Ann. Intern. Med. (1997) 127:177–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar