Current status in the pharmacological management of interstitial cystitis

Bibliography

• PARSONS CL, LILLY JD, STEIN P: Epithelial dysfunction in nonbacterial cystitis (interstitial cystitis). J. Ural. (1991) 145:732–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANT GR, THEOHARIDES TC: The role of the mast cell in interstitial cystitis. Ural. Clio. North Am. (1994) 21:41–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OCHS RL, TAN EM: Autoimmunity and interstitial cystitis. In: Interstitial Cystitis Sant GR (Ed.), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, USA (1997):47–52.
   Google Scholar
• KEAY S, ZHANG CO, HISE MK et al: A diagnostic in vitro urine assay for interstitial cystitis. Urology(1998) 52:974–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARSONS CL, SCHMIDT JD,POLLEN JJ: Successful treatment of interstitial cystitis with sodium pentosanpolysulfate. Ural. (1983) 130:51–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •An early open-label study on the use of pentosan polysulfate in patients with IC.
   Google Scholar
• HURST RE, ZEBROWSKI R: Identification of proteoglycans present at high density on bovine and human bladder lumenal surface. J. Ural. (1994) 152:1641–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BYRNE DS, SEDOR JF, ESTOJAK J, FITZPATRICK KJ, CHIURA AN, MULHOLLAND SG: The urinary glycoprotein GP51 as a clinical marker for interstitial cystitis. J. Ural. (1999) 161:1786–1790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HURST RE, ROY JB, MIN KW et al: A deficit in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans on the bladder uroepithelium in interstitial cystitis. Urology (1996) 48:817–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUFFINGTON CAT,WOODWORTH BE: Excretion of flourescein in the urine of women with interstitial cystitis. J. Ural. (1997) 158:786–789.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CHELSKY MJ, ROSEN SI, KNIGHT LC,MAURER AH, HANNO PM, RUGGIERI MR: Bladder permeability in interstitial cystitis is similar to that of normal volunteers: direct measurement by transvesical absorption of 99mtechnetium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Ural. (1994) 151:346–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LARSEN S, THOMPSON SA, HALD T et al.: Mast cells in interstitial cystitis. Br. J. Urol. (1982) 54:283–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KASTRUP J, HALD T, LARSEN S, NIELSEN VG: Histamine content and mast cell count of detrusor muscle in patients with interstitial cystitis and other types of chronic cystitis. Br. J. Urol. (1983) 55:495–500.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• THEOHARIDES TC, SANT GR, El-MANSOURY M, LETOURNEAU R, UCCI AA, MEARES EM: Activation of bladder mast cells in interstitial cystitis: a light and electron microscopic study. .1. Urol. (1995) 153:629–636.
   Google Scholar
• SANT GR, THEOHARIDES TC: The role of the mast cell in interstitial cystitis. Urol. Clin. North Ain. (1994) 21:41–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THEOHARIDES TC, SANT GR: The mast cell as a neuroimmunoendocrine effector in interstitial cystitis. In: Interstitial Cystitis. Sant R (Ed.), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, USA (1997):101–108.
   Google Scholar
• LETOURNEAU R, PANG X, SANT GR, THEOHARIDES TC: Intragranular activation of bladder mast cells and their association with nerve processes in interstitial cystitis. Br. J. Urol. (1996) 77:41–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PANG X, MARCHAND J, SANT GR, KREAM RM, THEOHARIDES TC: Increased number of substance P positive nerve fibers in interstitial cystitis. Br. .1. Urol. (1995) 75:744–750.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EL-MANSOURY M, BOUCHER W, SANT GR, THEOHARIDES TC: Increased urine histamine and methylhistamine in interstitial cystitis. .1. Urol. (1994) 152:350–353.
   Google Scholar
• OCHS RL, MURO Y, CHAN EKL et al:Autoantibodies to DFS 70 in patients with interstitial cystitis of atopic dermatitis.Abstracts of the International Research Symposium on Interstitial Cystitis,Washington, USA (1997):80 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• PETERS KM, DIOKNO AC, STEINERT BW, GONZALEZ JA: The efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of interstitial cystitis: long-term follow-up. J. Urol. (1998) 159:1483–1487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A long-term follow-up of a previously completed randomised, placebo-controlled trial of BCG in patients with IC. Immune modulation as a mechanism of action is considered.
   Google Scholar
• LOTZ M, VILLIGER P, HUGLI T, KOZIOL J, ZURAW BL: Interleultin-6 andinterstitial cystitis. J. Viol (1994) 152:869–873.
   Google Scholar
• HABLER HJ, JANIG W, KOLTZENBURG M: Activation of unmyelinated afferent fibres by mechanical stimuli and inflammation of the urinary bladder of the cat. Physiol (1990) 425:545–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCMAHON SB: Neuronal and behavioural consequences of chemical inflammation of rat urinary bladder. Agents Actions (1988) 25:231–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CODERRE TJ, KATZ J,VACCARINO AL, MELZACK R: Contribution of central neuroplasticity to pathological pain: review of clinical and experimental evidence. Pahl (1993) 32:259–285.
   Google Scholar
• CHIANG G, PATRA P, LETOURNEAU R et al.: Pentosanpolysulfate inhibits mast cell histamine secretion and intracellular calcium ion levels: an alternative explanation of its beneficial effect in interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. (2000) 164:2119–2125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SADHUKHAN PC, TCHETGEN MB, RACKLEY RR et al.: Sodium pentosan polysulfate reduces urothelial responses to inflammatory stimuli via an indirect mechanism. J. Urol. (2002) 168:289–292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PARSONS CL, MULHOLLAND SG: Successful therapy of interstitial cystitis with pentosan polysulfate. Urol. (1987) 138:513–516.
   Google Scholar
• PARSONS CL, BENSON G, CHILDS SJ, HANNO P, SANT GR, WEBSTER G: A quantitatively controlled method to study prospectively interstitial cystitis and demonstrate the efficacy of pentosanpolysufate. Urol. (1993) 150:845–848.
   Google Scholar
• MULHOLLAND SG, HANNO P, PARSONS CL, SANT GR, STASKIN DR: Pentosan polysulfate sodium for therapy of interstitial cystitis. Urology (1990) 35:552–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLM-BENTZEN M, JACOBSEN F, NERSTROM B et al: A prospective double-blind clinically controlled multicenter trial of sodium pentosanpolysulfate in the treatment of interstitial cystitis and related painful bladder disease. Urol. (1987) 138:503–507.
   Google Scholar
• HWANG P, AUCLAIR B, BEECHINOR D, DIMENT M,EINARSON TR: Efficacy of pentosan polysulfate in the treatment of interstitial cystitis: a meta-analysis. Urology (1997) 50:39–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A meta-analysis of four placebo-controlled trials evaluating the benefit of pentosan polysulfate in patients with IC.
   Google Scholar
• SANT GR, PROPERT KJ, HANNO PM et al.: A pilot clinical trial of oral pentosan polysulfate and oral hydroxyzine in patients with interstitial cystitis. Urol. (2003) 170:810–815.
   Google Scholar
• Pentosan polysulfate sodium. In: Physicians' Desk Reference. Medical Economics Company, Montvale, USA (2000):511–513.
   Google Scholar
• NICKEL JC, FORREST J, BARKIN J, PAYNE C, MOSBAUGH P: Safety and efficacy of up to 900 mg/day polysulfate sodium (Elmiron) in patients with interstitial cystitis. Urology (2001) 57(Suppl. 6A):122–123.
   Google Scholar
• MINOGIANNIS P, EL-MANSOURY M, BETANCES JA, SANT GR, THEOHARIDES TC: Hydroxyzine inhibits neurogenic bladder mast cell activation. Int. j Immunopharm. (1998) 20:553–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THEOHARIDES TC, SANT GR: Hydroxyzine therapy for interstitial cystitis. Urology (1997) 49(Suppl. 5A):108–110.
   Google Scholar
• THEOHARIDES TC: Hydroxyzine in thetreatment of interstitial cystitis. Urol. Clin. North Am. (1994) 21:113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATSON CP, EVANS RJ, REED K, MERSKEY H, GOLDSMITH L, WARSH J: Amitriptyline versus placebo in postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology (1982) 32:671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAX MB, CULNANE M, SCHAFER SC et al.: Amitriptyline relieves diabetic neuropathy pain in patients with normal or depressed mood. Neurology (1987) 37:589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHEASANT H, BURSK A,GOLDFARB J, AZEN SP, WEISS JN, BORELLI L: Amitriptyline and chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind crossover study. Spine (1983) 8:552.
   Google Scholar
• HANNO PM, BUEHLER J, WEIN AJ: Use of amitriptyline in the treatment ofinterstitial cystitis.Urol. (1989)141:846–848.
   Google Scholar
• KIRKEMO AK, MILES BJ, PETERS JM:Use of amitriptyline in interstitial cystitis. Urol. (1990) 143:279A (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• PONTARI MA, HANNO P: Oral therapies for interstitial cystitis. In: Interstitial Cystitis. Sant GR (Ed.),Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, USA (1997):173–176.
   Google Scholar
• ROWBOTHAM M, HARDEN N, STACEY B, BERNSTEIN P: Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. A randomized controlled trail. JAMA (1998) 280:1837–1842.
   Google Scholar
• BACKONJA M, BEYDOUN A, EDWARDS K et al.: Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. JAMA (1998) 280:1831–1836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gapapentin. In: Physicians' Desk Reference. Medical Economics Company, Montvale, USA (2000):2269–2271.
   Google Scholar
• HANSEN HC: Interstitial cystitis and the potential role of gabapentin. South Med.' (2000) 93:238–242.
   Google Scholar
• SASAKI K, SMITH CP, CHUANG YC, LEE JY, KIM JC, CHANCELLOR MB: Oral gabapentin (Neurontin) treatment of refractory genitourinary tract pain. Tech. Urol. (2001) 7:47–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BROOKOFF D: The causes and treatment of pain in interstitial cystitis. In: Interstitial Cystitis. Sant GR (Ed.), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, USA (1997):177–192.
   Google Scholar
• BIRDER LA, KANAI AJ, de GROAT WC: DMSO: effect on bladder afferent neurons and nitric oxide release. " Urol. (1997) 158:1989–1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EVANS MS, REID KH, SHARP JB: Dimethysulfoxide (DMSO) blocks conduction in peripheral nerve C fibers: a possible mechanism of analgesia. Neurosci. Lett. (1993) 150:145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEREZ-MARRERO R, EMERSON LE, FELTIS JT: A controlled study of dimethylsulfoxide in interstitial cystitis.Urol.(1988) 140:36–39.
   Google Scholar
• •A placebo-controlled, cross-over study of DMSO in those with IC.
   Google Scholar
• PEREZ-MARRERO R, EMERSON LE, MAHARAJH DO, JUMA S: Prolongation of response to DMSO by heparin maintenance. Urology (1993) 41:64–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SANT GR: Intravesical 50% dimethyl sulfoxide (RIMSO-50) in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. Urology (1987) 29 (Suppl.) :17–21.
   Google Scholar
• PARKIN J, SHEA C, SANT GR: Intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for interstitial cystitis: a practical approach. Urology (1997) 49(Suppl. 5A):105–107.
   Google Scholar
• ZEIDMAN EJ, HELFRICK B,POLLARD C, THOMPSON IM: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for refractory interstitial cystitis. Urology (1994) 43:121–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOHLE A, NOWC C, ULMER AJ et al.:Elevation of cytokines interleukin-1, interleulkin-2 and tumor necrosis factor in the urine of patients after intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy. Urol. (1990) 144:59.
   Google Scholar
• PETERS K, DIOKNO A, STEINERT B et al.: The efficacy of intravesical Tice Strain Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of interstitial cystitis: a double-blind, prospective, placebo controlled trial." Urol. (1997) 157:2090–2094.
   Google Scholar
• •A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of BCG in patients with IC.
   Google Scholar
• PEEKER R, HAGHSHENO MA, HOLMANG S, FALL M: Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and dimethyl sulfoxide for treatment of classic and nonulcer interstitial cystitis: a prospective, randomized double-blind study.' Urol. (2000) 164:1912–1916.
   Google Scholar
• GHONIEM GM, MCBRIDE D,SOOD OP, LEWIS V: Clinical experience with multiagent intravesical therapy in intersitial cystitis patients unresponsive to single-agent therapy. World J. Urol. (1993) 11:178–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HENRY R, PATTERSON L, AVERY N et al.: Absorption of alkalized intravesical lidocaine in normal and inflamed bladders: a simple method for improving bladder anesthesia." Urol. (2001) 165:1900–1903.
   Google Scholar
• WHITMORE KE: Intravesical bupivicainecocktail in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. NIDDK Interstitial Cystitis Association Scientific Meeting, San Diego, USA (1995).
   Google Scholar
• HURST RE, RHODES SW,ADAMSON PB, PARSONS CL, ROY JB: Functional and structural characteristics of the glycosaminoglycans of the bladder luminal surface." Urol. (1987) 138:433–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUCKLEY MS, WASHINGTON S, LAURENT C, ERICKSON DR, BHAVANANADAN VP: Characterization and immunohistochemical localization of glycoconjugates of the rabbit bladder mucosa. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1996) 330:163–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAURENT C, HELLSTROM S, ENGSTROM-LAURENT A, WELLS AF,BERGH A: Localization and quantity of hyaluronan in urogenital organs of male and female rats. Cell Tissue Res. (1995) 279:241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ERICKSON DR, SHEYKHNAZARI M, ORDILLE S, BHAVANANADAN VP: Increased urinary hyaluronic acid andinterstitial cystitis.Urol. (1998)160:1282–1284.
   Google Scholar
• SATO H, TAKAHASHI T, IDE H et al:Antioxidant activity of synovial fluid, hyaluronic acid, and two subcomponents of hyaluronic acid. Synovial fluid scavenging effect is enhanced in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthr. Rheum. (1988) 31:63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORALES A, EMERSON L, NICKEL JC, LUNDIE M: Intravesical hyaluronic acid in the treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis. JUrol. (1996) 156:45–48.
   Google Scholar
• PORRU D, CAMPUS G, TUDINO D et al.: Results of treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis with intravesical hyaluronic acid. Urol. Int. (1997) 59:26–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AVELINO A, CRUZ F, CIOMBRA A: Intravesical resiniferatoxin desensitizes rat bladder sensory fibres without causing intense noxious excitation. A c-fos study. Eur. Pharmacol (1999) 378:17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LAZZERI M, BENEFORTI P,SPINELLI M, ZANOLLO A,BARBAGLI G, TURINI D: Intravesical resiniferatoxin for the treatment of hypersensitive disorder: a randomized placebo controlled study. Urol. (2000) 164:676–679.
   Google Scholar
• •A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of resiniferatoxin in patients with hypersensitive disorder of the bladder.
   Google Scholar
• WHITMORE KE, PAYNE CK, DIOKNO AC, LUKBAN JC: Sacral neuromodulation in patients with interstitial cystitis: a multi-center clinical trial. (2003) (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• HOHENFELLNER M, LINN J, HAMPEL C et al.: Surgical treatment of interstitial cystitis. In: Interstitial Cystitis. Sant GR (Ed.), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, USA (1997):223–233.
   Google Scholar