142
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Are there any benefits of Betoptic® S (betaxolol HCl ophthalmic suspension) over other β-blockers in the treatment of glaucoma?

&
Pages 1071-1081 | Published online: 02 Mar 2005

Bibliography

  • BERROSPI AR, LEIBOWITZ HM: Betaxolol. A new beta-adrenergic blocking agent for treatment of glaucoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. i (1982) 100(6):943–946.
  • WEINREB RN, VAN BUSKIRK EM, CHERNIACK R, DRAKE MM: Long-term betaxolol therapy in glaucoma patients with pulmonary disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol. i (1988) 106(2):162–167.
  • •A study on the safety of betaxolol in patients with pulmonary disease.
  • RADIUS RL: Use of betaxolol in the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure. Arch. Ophthalmol. i (1983) 101(6):898–900.
  • CALDWELL DR, SALISBURY CR, GUZEK JP: Effects of topical betaxolol in ocular hypertensive patients. Arch. Ophthalmol. i (1984) 102(4):539–540.
  • FEGHALI JG, KAUFMAN PL: Decreased intraocular pressure in the hypertensive human eye with betaxolol, a beta 1-adrenergic antagonist. Am. .1 Ophthalmol. i (1985) 100(6):777–782.
  • HOSTE AM, SYS SU: Ca2+ channel- blocking activity of propranolol and betaxolol in isolated bovine retinal microartery. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. i (1998) 32(3):390–396.
  • •A study demonstrating the calcium channel blocking activity of betaxolol.
  • TURACLI ME, OZDEN RG, GURSES MA: The effect of betaxolol on ocular blood flow and visual fields in patients with normotension glaucoma. Eur. Ophthalmol. i (1998) 8(2):62–66.
  • HARRIS A, SPAETH GL, SERGOTT RC, KATZ LJ, CANTOR LB, MARTIN BJ:
  • •• Retrobulbar arterial hemodynamic effects of betaxolol and timolol in normal-tension glaucoma. Am. Ophthalmol (1995) i 120(2):168–175.
  • DRANCE SM: A comparison of the effects of betaxolol, timolol, and pilocarpine on visual function in patients with open-angle glaucoma. J. Glaucoma. i (1998) 7(4):247–252.
  • BRON AJ, CHIDLOW G, MELENA J, OSBORNE NN: Beta-blockers in the treatment of glaucoma. In: Pharmacotherapy in Glaucoma. i Orgill S, Flammer J (Eds), Verlag Hans Huber, Bern, Switzerland (2000):79–113.
  • NATHANSON JA: Human ciliary process adrenergic receptor: pharmacological characterization. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. i (1981) 21(6):798–804.
  • WAX MB, MOLINOFF PB: Distribution and properties of beta-adrenergic receptors in human iris-ciliary body. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci.(1987) 28(3):420–430.
  • NEUFELD AH, JAMPOL LM, SEARS ML: Cyclic-AMP in the aqueous humor: the effects of adrenergic agents. Exp. Eye Res. i (1972) 14(3):242–250.
  • TOWNSEND DJ, BRUBAKER RF: Immediate effect of epinephrine on aqueous formation in the normal human eye as measured by fluorophotometry. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. i (1980) 19(3):256–266.
  • WAX MB, MOLINOFF PB, ALVARADO J, POLANSKY J: Characterization of beta-adrenergic receptors in cultured human trabecular cells and in human trabecular meshwork. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. i (1989) 30(1):51–57.
  • WIEDERHOLT M: Direct involvement of trabecular meshwork in the regulation of aqueous humor outflow. Can: Opin. Ophthalmol i (1998) 9(2):46–49.
  • PHILLIPS CI, HOWITT G, ROWLANDS DJ: Propranolol as ocular hypotensive agent. Br. J. Ophthalmol i\(1967) 51(4):222–226.
  • MUSINI A, FABBRI B, BERGAMASCHI M, MANDELLI V, SHANKS RG: Comparison of the effect of propranolol, lignocaine, and other drugs on normal and raised intraocular pressure in man. ilm.j Ophthalmol i (1971) 72(4):773–781.
  • ZIMMERMAN TJ, KAUFMAN HE: Timolol. A beta-adrenergic blocking agent for the treatment of glaucoma. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1977) 95(4):601–604.
  • NEUFELD AH: Experimental studies on the mechanism of action of timolol. Surv. Ophthalmol i (1979) 23(6):363–370.
  • TOPPER JE, BRUBAKER RF: Effects of timolol, epinephrine, and acetazolamide on aqueous flow during sleep. Invert. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. i (1985) 26(10):1315–1319.
  • REISS GR, LEE DA, TOPPER JE, BRUBAKER RF: Aqueous humor flow during sleep. Invert. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. i (1984) 25(6):776–778.
  • MAUS TL, MCLAREN JW, SHEPARD JVV Jr, BRUBAKER RF: The effects of sleep on circulating catecholamines and aqueous flow in human subjects. Exp. Eye Res i (1996) 62(4):351–358.
  • BRUBAKER RF: Flow of aqueous humor in humans. The Friedenwald Lecture. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. i (1991) 32(13):3145–3166.
  • ••An extensive source of information onaqueous humor dynamics.
  • SONNTAG JR, BRINDLEY GO, SHIELDS MB: Effect of timolol therapy on outflow facility. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. i (1978) 17(3):293–296.
  • THOMAS JV, EPSTEIN DL: Timolol and epinephrine in primary open angle glaucoma. Transient additive effect. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1981) 99(1):91–95.
  • NYBORG NC, NIELSEN PJ: Beta-adrenergic receptors regulating vascular smooth muscle tone are only localized to the intraocular segment of the long posterior ciliary artery in bovine eye. Surv. Ophthalmol i (1995)39\(Suppl. 1):S66–S75.
  • VAN BUSKIRK EM, BACON DR, FAHRENBACH WH: Ciliary vasoconstriction after topical adrenergic drugs. Am. I. Ophthalmol i (1990) 109(5):511–517.
  • GROH MJ, MICHELSON G, GROH ME, GRUNDLER AE: Ocular macro- and microcirculation after topical application of clonidine and metipranolol. Ger. J. Ophthalmol i (1994) 3(3):175–178.
  • GEISER SC, JUZYCH M, ROBIN A, SCHWARTZ GF: Clinical pharmacology of adrenergic drugs. In: The Glaucomas (Vol. 3). Glaucoma therapy i Pitch R, Shields MB, Krupin T (Eds), Mosby-Year Book Inc, St. Louis, USA (1996):1425–1448.
  • ZIMMERMAN TJ, KAUFMAN HE: Timolol, dose response and duration of action. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1977) 95(4):605–607.
  • ZIMMERMAN TJ, KASS MA, YABLONSKI ME, BECKER B: Timolol maleate: efficacy and safety. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1979) 97(4):656–658.
  • RADIUS RL, DIAMOND GR, POLLACK IP, LANGHAM ME: Timolol. A new drug for management of chronic simple glaucoma. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1978) 96(6):1003–1008.
  • STEINBACH PD: Pressure-lowering effect of timolol in various forms of glaucoma. Kiln. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. i (1980) 176(5):844–845.
  • KATZ IM, BERGER ET: Effects of iris pigmentation on response of ocular pressure to timolol. Surv. Ophthalmol i (1979) 23(6):395–398.
  • SCHLECHT LP, BRUBAKER RF: The effects of withdrawal of timolol in chronically treated glaucoma patients. Ophthalmology i (1988) 95(9):1212–1216.
  • BOGER WP 3RD: Shortterm escape and longterm drift. The dissipation effects of the beta adrenergic blocking agents. Surv. Ophthalmol i (1983) 28(Suppl.):235–242.
  • STEINERT RE THOMAS JV, BOGER WP 3rd: Long-term drift and continued efficacy after multiyear timolol therapy. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1981) 99(1):100–103.
  • WOODWARD DF, NOVACK GD, WILLIAMS LS, NIEVES AL, POTTER DE: Dihydrolevobunolol is a potent ocular beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. °cid Pharmacol (1987) i 3(1):11–15.
  • GEYER 0, LAZAR M, NOVACK GD, SHEN D, ETO CY: Levobunolol compared with timolol: a four-year study. Br. J. Ophthalmol i (1988) 72(12):892–896.
  • THE LEVOBUNOLOL STUDY GROUP: Levobunolol. A four-year study of efficacy and safety in glaucoma treatment. Ophthalmology i (1989) 96(5):642–645.
  • KRUSE W: Metipranolol: a new beta-blocker. Kiln. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. (1983) i 182(6):582–584.
  • SERLE JB, LUSTGARTEN JS, PODOS SM: A clinical trial of metipranolol, a noncardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist, in ocular hypertension. Am. I Ophthalmol (1991) i 112(3):302–307.
  • ALLEN RC: Medical management of glaucoma. In: Principles and Practice of i Ophthalmology (Vol. 3, Section 7). Glaucoma. i Albert DM, Jacobiec FA (Eds), WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA (1994):1569–1588.
  • MILLS KB, WRIGHT G: A blind randomised cross-over trial comparing metipranolol 0.3% with timolol 0.25% in open-angle glaucoma: a pilot study. Br. J. Ophthalmol i 1986 70(1):39–42.
  • KRIEGLSTEIN GK, NOVACK GD, VOEPEL E et al: i Levobunolol and metipranolol: comparative ocular hypotensive efficacy, safety, and comfort. Br. J. Ophthalmol i (1987) 71(4):250–253.
  • JASPER JR, MICHEL MC, INSEL PA: The beta-adrenoceptor antagonist carteolol and its metabolite 8-hydroxycarteolol have different intrinsic sympathomimetic activities. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol i (1990) 30\(Suppl. 1):1095–1115.
  • STEWART WC, SHIELDS MB, ALLEN RC et al.: i A 3-month comparison of 1% and 2% carteolol and 0.5% timolol in open-angle glaucoma. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol i (1991) 229(3):258–261.
  • STEWART WC, COHEN JS, NETLAND PA, WEISS H, NUSSBAUM LL: Efficacy of carteolol hydrochloride 1% versus timolol maleate 0.5% in patients with increased intraocular pressure. Nocturnal Investigation of Glaucoma Hemodynamics Trial Study Group. Am. I Ophthalmol i (1997) 124(4):498–505.
  • WANDEL T, FISHMAN D, NOVACK GD, KELLEY E, CHEN KK: Ocular hypotensive efficacy of 0.25% levobunolol instilled once daily. Ophthalmology (1988) i 95(2):252–255.
  • SHELL JW: Pharmacokinetics of topically applied ophthalmic drugs. Surv. Ophthalmol i (1982) 26(4):207–218.
  • •A useful reference on the pharmacokinetics of topical eye drops.
  • VAN BUSKIRK EM: Adverse reactions from timolol administration. Ophthalmology i (1980) 87(5):447–450.
  • VAN BUSKIRK EM: Corneal anesthesia after timolol maleate therapy. Am. Ophthalmol i (1979) 88(4):739–743.
  • TURACLI E, BUDAK K, KAUR A, MIZRAK B, EKINCI C: The effects of long-term topical glaucoma medication on conjunctival impression cytology. Ophthalmol i (1997) 21(1):27–33.
  • CVENKEL B, IHAN A: Ocular surface changes induced by topical antiglaucoma monotherapy. Ophthalmologica i (2002) 216(3):175–179.
  • AKINGBEHIN T, VILLADA JR: Metipranolol-associated granulomatous anterior uveitis. Br. .1. Ophthalmol (1991) i 75(9):519–523.
  • MELLES RB, WONG IG: Metipranolol-associated granulomatous iritis. Am. J. Ophthalmol i (1994) 118(6):712–715.
  • DUCH S, DUCH C, PASTO L, FERRER P: Changes in depressive status associated with topical beta-blockers. Int. Ophthalmol i (1992) 16(4-5):331–335.
  • LYNCH MG, WHITSON JT, BROWN RH, NGUYEN H, DRAKE MM: Topical beta-blocker therapy and central nervous system side effects. A preliminary study comparing betaxolol and timolol. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1988) 106(7):908–911.
  • NETLAND PA, WEISS HS, STEWART WC, COHEN JS, NUSSBAUM LL: Cardiovascular effects of topical carteolol hydrochloride and timolol maleate in patients with ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma. Night Study Group. Am. I Ophthalmol i (1997) 123(4):465–477.
  • FREEDMAN SF, FREEDMAN NJ, SHIELDS MB et al.: i Effects of ocular carteolol and timolol on plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Am. J. Ophthalmol i (1993) 116(5):600–611.
  • STEWART WC, DUBINER HB, MUNDORF TK et al.: i Effects of carteolol and timolol on plasma lipid profiles in older women with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma. Am. I Ophthalmol i (1999) 127(2):142–147.
  • LE JEUNNE CL, HUGUES FC, DUFIER JL, MUNERA Y, BRINGER L: Bronchial and cardiovascular effects of ocular topical B-antagonists in asthmatic subjects: comparison of timolol, carteolol, and metipranolol. Clin. Pharmacol i (1989) 29(2):97–101.
  • BERRY DP JR b VAN BUSKIRK EM, SHIELDS MB: Betaxolol and timolol. A comparison of efficacy and side effects. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1984) 102(1):42–45.
  • ALLEN RC, HERTZMARK E, WALKER AM, EPSTEIN DL: A double-masked comparison of betaxolol versus timolol in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol i (1986) 101(5):535–541.
  • STEWART RH, KIMBROUGH RL, WARD RL: Betaxolol versus timolol. A six-month double-blind comparison. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1986) 104(1):46–48.
  • LONG DA, JOHNS GE, MULLEN RS et al.: i Levobunolol and betaxolol. A double-masked controlled comparison of efficacy and safety in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Ophthalmology i (1988) 95(6):735–741.
  • REISS GR, BRUBAKER RF: The mechanism of betaxolol, a new ocular hypotensive agent. Ophthalmology i (1983) 90(11):1369–1372.
  • PHAN TM, NGUYEN KP, GIACOMINI JC, LEE DA: Ophthalmic beta-blockers: determination of plasma and aqueous humor levels by a radioreceptor assay following multiple doses. Owl Pharmacol i (1991) 7(3):243–252.
  • •A study on aqueous humor concentrations and systemic absorbtion of topical P-blockers.
  • GAUL GR, WILL NJ, BRUBAKER RF: Comparison of a noncardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker and a cardioselective blocker in reducing aqueous flow in humans. Arch. Ophthalmol i(1989) 107(9):1308–1311.
  • MARTIN X: Mechanism of action of beta-blockers. Ophtalmologie i (1990) 4(2):154–155.
  • OSBORNE NN, CHIDLOW G: Do beta-adrenoceptors and serotonin 5-HT 1 A receptors have similar functions in the control of intraocular pressure in the rabbit? Ophthalmologica (1996) i 210(5):308–314.
  • ROBINSON JC, KAUFMAN PL: Effects and interactions of epinephrine, norepinephrine, timolol, and betaxolol on outflow facility in the cynomolgus monkey. Am. Ophthalmol i (1990) 109(2):189–194.
  • ALLEN RC, EPSTEIN DL: Additive effect of betaxolol and epinephrine in primary open angle glaucoma. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1986) 104(8):1178–1184.
  • WEINREB RN, RITCH R, KUSHNER FH: Effect of adding betaxolol to dipivefrin therapy. Am. Ophthalmol i (1986) 101(2):196–198.
  • ZIMMERMAN TJ: Topical ophthalmic beta blockers: a comparative review. Owl Pharmacol i (1993) 9(4):373–384.
  • WALDOCK A, SNAPE J, GRAHAM CM: Effects of glaucoma medications on the cardiorespiratory and intraocular pressure status of newly diagnosed glaucoma patients. Br. J. Ophthalmol i (2000) 84(7):710–713.
  • YAMADA Y, TAKAYANAGI R, TSUCHIYA K et al: i Assessment of systemic adverse reactions induced by ophthalmic beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Ocul Pharmacol Ther. i (2001) 17(3):235–248.
  • HAYREH SS, PODHAJSKY P, ZIMMERMAN MB: Beta-blocker eyedrops and nocturnal arterial hypotension. Am. I Ophthalmol i (1999) 128(3):301–309.
  • •An article on the significance of patient selection for topical I3-blocker use.
  • ATKINS JM, PUGH BR JR, TIMEWELL RIVI: Cardiovascular effects of topical beta-blockers during exercise. Am. J. Ophthalmol i (1985) 99(2):173–175.
  • AREND 0, HARRIS A, AREND S, REMKY A, MARTIN BJ: The acute effect of topical beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents on retinal and optic nerve head circulation. Acta. Ophthalmol Scand. i (1998) 76(1):43–49.
  • BALL S: Congestive heart failure from betaxolol. Case report. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1987) 105(3):320.
  • ZABEL RW, MACDONALD IM: Sinus arrest associated with betaxolol ophthalmic drops. Am. I Ophthalmol i (1987) 104(4):431.
  • VAN BUSKIRK EM, WEINREB RN, BERRY DP, LUSTGARTEN JS, PODOS SM, DRAKE MM: Betaxolol in patients with glaucoma and asthma. Am. J. Ophthalmol i (1986) 101(5):531–534.
  • GOLDBERG I, GOLDBERG H: Betaxolol eye drops. A clinical trial of safety and efficacy. Aust. NZ I Ophthalmol i (1995) 23(1):17–24.
  • SCHOENE RB, ABUAN T, WARD RL, BEASLEY CH: Effects of topical betaxolol, timolol, and placebo on pulmonary function in asthmatic bronchitis. Am. J. Ophthalmol i (1984) 97(1):86–92.
  • DIGGORY P, CASSELS-BROWN A, FERNANDEZ C: Topical beta-blockade with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity offers no advantage for the respiratory and cardiovascular function of elderly people. Age Ageing i (1996) 25(6):424–428.
  • HARRIS LS, GREENSTEIN SH, BLOOM AF: Respiratory difficulties with betaxolol. Am. .1. Ophthalmol i (1986) 102(2):274–275.
  • ROHOLT PC: Betaxolol and restrictive airway disease. Case report. Arch. Ophthalmol i (1987) 105(9):1172.
  • MESSMER C, FLAMMER J, STUMPFIG D: Influence of betaxolol and timolol on the visual fields of patients with glaucoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol (1991) i 112(6):678–681.
  • COLLIGNON-BRACH J: Long-term effect of ophthalmic beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on intraocular pressure and retinal sensitivity in primary open-angle glaucoma. Carr: Eye Res. i (1992) 11(1):1–3.
  • KAISER HJ, FLAMMER J, STUMPFIG D, HENDRICKSON P: Longterm visual field follow-up of glaucoma patients treated with beta-blockers. Surv. Ophthalmol i (1994) 38(Suppl.):S156–159.
  • VAINIO-JYLHA E, VUORI ML: The favorable effect of topical betaxolol and timolol on glaucomatous visual fields: a 2-year follow-up study. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol i (1999) 237(2):100–104.
  • ARAIE M, AZUMA I, KITAZAWA Y: Influence of topical betaxolol and timolol on visual field in Japanese open-angle glaucoma patients. fpn..1. Ophthalmol i (2003) 47(2):199–207.
  • WATSON PG, BARNETT ME PARKER V, HAYBITTLE J: A 7 year prospective comparative study of three topical beta blockers in the management of primary open angle glaucoma. Br. Ophthalmol i (2001) 85(8):962–968.
  • •A study on long-term effects of topical P-blockers.
  • ORGUL S, MANSBERGER S, BACON DR, VAN BUSKIRK EM, CIOFFI GA: Optic nerve vasomotor effects of topical beta-adrenergic antagonists in rabbits. Am. .1 Ophthalmol i (1995) 120(4):441–447.
  • COLLIGNON NJ, COLLIGNON-BRACH JD: Effect of topical betablockers on human retinal vessels diameters. Int. Ophthalmol i (1997–1998) 21(4):199–203.
  • YU DY, SU EN, CRINGLE SJ, ALDER VA, YU PK, DESANTIS L: Effect of betaxolol, timolol and nimodipine on human and pig retinal arterioles. Exp. Eye Res. i (1998) 67(1):73–81.
  • SCHMETTERER L, STRENN K, FINDL 0 et al.: i Effects of antiglaucoma drugs on ocular hemodynamics in healthy volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol Ther. i (1997) 61(5):583–595.
  • •A study comparing ocular haemodynarnic effects of eight antiglaucoma drugs.
  • HARRIS A, AREND 0, CHUNG HS, KAGEMANN L, CANTOR L, MARTIN B: A comparative study of betaxolol and dorzolamide effect on ocular circulation in normal-tension glaucoma patients. Ophthalmology i (2000) 107(3):430–434.
  • STEIGERWALT RD Jr, LAURORA G, BELCARO GV et i al.: Ocular and retrobulbar blood flow in ocular hypertensives treated with topical timolol, betaxolol and carteolol. I Ocul. Pharmacol Ther. i (2001) 17(6):537–544.
  • ARAIE M, MUTA K: Effect of long-term topical betaxolol on tissue circulation in the iris and optic nerve head. Exp. Eye Res. i (1997) 64(2):167–172.
  • TAMAKI Y, ARAIE M, TOMITA K, NAGAHARA M: Effect of topical betaxolol on tissue circulation in the human optic nerve head.Pharmacol Ther. i (1999)15(4):313–321.
  • •A study on effects of betaxolol on human ONH perfusion.
  • YOSHIDA A, OGASAWARA H, FUJIO N et al.: i Comparison of short- and long-term effects of betaxolol and timolol on human retinal circulation. Eye i (1998) 12(5):848–853.
  • HAEFLIGER 10, LIETZ A, GRIESSER SM et al.: i Modulation of Heidelberg Retinal Flowmeter parameter flow at the papilla of healthy subjects: effect of carbogen, oxygen, high intraocular pressure, and beta-blockers. Surv. Ophthalmol i (1999) 43\(Suppl. 1):559–565.
  • RAINER G, DORNER GT, GARHOFER G, VASS C, PFLEGER T, SCHMETTERER L: Changing antiglaucoma therapy from timolol to betaxolol: effect on ocular blood flow. Ophthalmologica. i (2003) 217(4):288–293.
  • HOSTE AM: In vitro studies of the effects of beta-adrenergic drugs on retinal and posterior ciliary microarteries. Surv. Ophthalmol i (1999) 43\(Suppl. 1):5183–5190. Ha HESTER RK, CHEN Z, BECKER EJ, MCLAUGHLIN M, DESANTIS L: The direct vascular relaxing action of betaxolol, carteolol and timolol in porcine long
  • •• posterior ciliary artery. Surv. Ophthalmul i (1994) 38 (Suppl.):S125–S134.
  • YU DY, SU EN, CRINGLE SJ, ALDER VA, YU PK, DESANTIS L: Systemic and ocular vascular roles of the antiglaucoma agents beta-adrenergic antagonists and Ca2+ entry blockers. Surv. Ophthalmul i (1999)43\(Suppl. 1):S214–S222.
  • ••A review on systemic and ocularhaemodynarnic effects of various drugs in relation to glaucoma management.
  • RANDALL MD: Vascular activities of the endothelins. Pharmacy]. Ther: i (1991) 50(1):73–93.
  • KIM JH, KIM DM, PARK WC: Effect of betaxolol on impaired choroidal blood flow after intravitreal injection of endothelin-1 in albino rabbits. °cal. Pharmacy]. Thec i (2002) 18(3):203–209.
  • OSBORNE NN, UGARTE M, CHAO M et al.: i Neuroprotection in relation to retinal ischemia and relevance to glaucoma. Surv. Ophthalmul i (1999)43\(Suppl. 1):5102–5128.
  • ••A thorough review on glaucoma andneuroprotection.
  • NICKELLS RW: Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma: an update of the molecular pathways involved in cell death. Surv. Ophthalmul i (1999)43\(Suppl. 1):5151–161.
  • ••An extensive reference article onapoptosis and glaucoma.
  • DREYER EB, ZURAKOWSKI D, SCHUMER RA, PODOS SM, LIPTON SA: Elevated glutamate levels in the vitreous body of humans and monkeys with glaucoma. Arch. Ophthalmul i (1996) 114(3):299–305.
  • OSBORNE NN, CAZEVIEILLE C, CARVALHO AL, LARSEN AK, DESANTIS L: In vivo and in vitro experiments show that betaxolol is a retinal neuroprotective agent. Brain Res. i (1997) 751(1):113–123.
  • HIROOKA K, KELLY ME, BALDRIDGE WH, BARNES S: Suppressive actions of betaxolol on ionic currents in retinal ganglion cells may explain its neuroprotective effects. Exp. Eye Res. i (2000) 70(5):611–621.
  • ZHANG J, VVU SM, GROSS RL: Effects of beta-adrenergic blockers on glutamate-induced calcium signals in adult mouse retinal ganglion cells. Brain Res. i (2003) 959(1):111–119.
  • WOOD JP, SCHMIDT KG, MELENA J, CHIDLOW G, ALLMEIER H, OSBORNE NN: The beta-adrenoceptor antagonists metipranolol and timolol are retinal neuroprotectants: comparison with betaxolol. Exp. Eye Res. i (2003) 76(4):505–516.
  • •A recent study on neuroprotective effects of ocular I3-blockers
  • WOOD JP, DESANTIS L, CHAO HM, OSBORNE NN: Topically applied betaxolol attenuates ischaemia-induced effects to the rat retina and stimulates BDNF mRNA. Exp. Eye Res. i (2001) 72(1):79–86.
  • AGARWAL N, MARTIN E, KRISHNAMOORTHY RR et al: i Levobetaxolol-induced up-regulation of retinal bEGF and CNTF mRNAs and preservation of retinal function against a photic-induced retinopathy. Exp. Eye Res. i (2002) 74(4):445–453.
  • CHIDLOW G, MELENA J, OSBORNE NN: Betaxolol, a beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, reduces Na(+) influx into cortical synaptosomes by direct interaction with Na(+) channels: comparison with other beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Br. Pharmacy]. i (2000) 130(4):759–766.
  • OSBORNE NN, DESANTIS L, BAE JH et al.: i Topically applied betaxolol attenuates NMDA-induced toxicity to ganglion cells and the effects of ischaemia to the retina. Exp. Eye Res. i (1999) 69(3):331–342.
  • VVEINREB RN, JANI R: A novel formulation of an ophthalmic beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. Parenter. Sci. Technol i (1992) 46(2):51–53.
  • VVEINREB RN, CALDWELL DR, GOODE SM et i al.: A double-masked three-month comparison between 0.25% betaxolol suspension and0.5% betaxolol ophthalmic solution. Am. .1. Ophthalmul i (1990) 110(2):189–192.
  • SACCA SC, MACRI A, ROLANDO M, CIURLO G: Effect of betaxolol on primary open-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma patients." Owl Pharmacy]. The Affiliation Alper Yarangurneli MD" & Galcan Kural MD1 tAuthor for correspondence IGavenlik Cad 22/15, A.Ayranci 06540, Ankara, Turkey Tel: +90 312 4280202; E-mail: [email protected] lAnkara Numune Training and Research Hospital, 1st Eye Clinic, Turkey (1998) 14(3):191–201.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.