Pharmacological management of aseptic osteonecrosis in children

Bibliography

• BERQUIST TH: Pelvis, hips, and thighs. In: MRI of the musculoskeletal system (2'd edit). Berquist TH (Ed.), Raven Press, New York, NY, USA (1990):149–194.
   Google Scholar
• ARNOLDI CC: Vascular aspects of degenerative joint disorders. Acta Orthop. Scand. (1994) 65\(Suppl. 261):1–82.
   Google Scholar
• JONES JP: Fat embolism and osteonecrosis. Orthop. Clin. North Am. (1985) 16(4):595–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES JP: Intravascular coagulation and osteonecrosis. Clin. Orthop. (1992) 277:41–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOD JB, KLASSEN RA, PETERSON HA: Osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral head in children and adolescents; a report of 17 cases. Pediatr. Orthop. (1995) 15:313–316.
   Google Scholar
• OHZONO K, TAKAOKA K, SAITO S, SAITO M, MATSUI M, ONO K: Intraosseous arterial architecture in nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Clin. Orthop. (1992) 277:79–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HUNGERFORD DS, ZIZIC TM: Pathogenesis of ischemic necrosis of the femoral head. In: The Hip. Proceedings of the //th Open Scientific Meeting Of The Hip Society CV Mosby, St. Louis, USA (1983):249–262.
   Google Scholar
• HUNGERFORD DS: Pathogenetic considerations in ischemic necrosis of bone. Can.j Surg. (1981) 24(6):583–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIAER T, PEDERSEN NW, KRISTENS KD, STARKLINT H: Intraosseous pressure and oxygen tension in avascular necrosis and osteoarthrosis of the hip.," Bone Joint Surg. (1990) 72:1023–1030.
   Google Scholar
• STARKINT H, LAUSTEN GS, ARNOLDI CC: Microvascular obstruction in avascular necrosis. Acta Orthop. Scand. (1995) 66(1):9–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BERGER CE, KRONER A, STIEGLER H, ERDEL M, HAAS OA, ENGEL A: Hypofibrinolysis, lipoprotein(a), and plasminogen activator inhibitor. Orthop. (2002) 397:342–349.
   Google Scholar
• LAROCHE M, JACQUEMIER JM, MONTANE DE LA ROUGE P, ARLET J, MAZIE'RES B: La nifédipine per os améliore les douleurs de l'osteonecrose de la tete fe 'morale. Rev Rhum. Mal. Osteoartic. (1990) 57:669–670.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GLUECK CJ, FREIBERG R, GLUECK HI, TRACY T, STROOP D, WANG Y: Idiopathic osteonecrosis, hypofibrinolysis, high plasminogen activator inhibitor, high lipoprotein(a), and therapy with Stanozolol. Am. Hematol (1995) 48:213–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOOS S, SIGMUND G, HUHLE P, NURBAKHSCH I: MR of transient osteoporosis. Primary diagnosis and follow-up after treatment. Fortschr. Celt Rontgenstr. Nukleanned. (1993) 158:2001–2006.
   Google Scholar
• LAKHANPAL S, GRINSBURG WW, LUTHRA HS, HUNDER GG: Transient regional osteoporosis. Ann. Intern. Med. (1987) 106:444–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABDEL-MAJID RM, MARSHALL JS: Prostaglandin E2 induces degranulation-independent production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human mast cells. Immunol (2004) 172(2):1227–1236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AVILES RJ, ANNEX BH, LEDERMAN RJ: Testing clinical therapeutic angigenesis using basic fibroblast growth factor. Br Pharmacol. (2003)140(0637–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WINET H, BAO JY, MOFFAT R: A control model for tibial cortex neovascularization in the bone chamber. Bone Miner. Res. (1990) 5:19–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG C, YANG S, DU J, LI J, XU W, XIONG Y: Vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfection to enhance the repair of avascular necrosis of hte femoral head of rabbit. Chin. Med.' (Engl) (2003) 116(10):1544–1548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOLANDER ME: Regulation of fracture repair by growth factors. Proc. Soc. Expel: Biol. Med. (1992) 200:165–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAUSCHKA PV, MAVRAKOS AE, IAFRATI MD, DOLEMAN SE, KLAGSBRUN M: Growth factors in bone matrix. Isolation of multiple types by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. Biol. Chem. (1986) 261:12665–12674.
   Google Scholar
• BAZAN JF: Structural design and molecular evoution of a cytokine receptor superfamily. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (1990) 87:6934–6938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEUTLER B, VAN HUFFEL C: Unraveling function in the TNF ligand and receptor families. Science (1994) 264:667–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JILKA RL: Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss: mediation by interleukin-6. Science (1992) 257:88–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MANOLAGAS SC: Role of cytoldnes in bone resorption. Bone (1995) 17:63–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PACIFICI R, RIFAS L, MCCRACKEN R, AVIOLI LV: The role of interkeukin-1 in postmenopausal bone loss. Exp. Cerontol (1990) 25:309–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUENTHER HL, FLEISCH H, SORGENTER N: Endothelial cells in culture synthesize a potentbone cell active mitogen. Endocrinology (1986) 119:193–2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUNDY GR: Regulation of bone formation by bone morphogenetic protein and other growth factors. Orthop. (1996) 323:24–28.
   Google Scholar
• THALLER SR, HOYT J, TESLUK H, HOLMES R: Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 o zygomatic arch bone regeneration: a preliminary histological and histometric study. Ann. Plast. Surg. (1993) 31:421–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THALLER SR, DART A, TESLUK H: The effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 on critical-size calvaria defects in Sprague-Dawley rats. Ann Plast Sug (1993) 31:429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILTON P: Treatment with recombinanthuman insulin-like growth factor 1 of children with growth hormone receptor deficiency (Laron syndrome). Acta Paediam. (1992) 383 (Suppl.):137–142.
   Google Scholar
• BECK LS, AMENTO EP, XU Y, DEGUZMAN L, LEE WP, NGUYEN T, GILLETT NA: TGF-beta 1 induces bone closure of skull defect: temporal dynamics of bone formation in defects exposed to rhTGF-beta 1. j Bone Min. Ref. (1993) 8:753–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIND M, SCHUMACKER B, SOBALLE K, KELLER J, MELSEN F, BUNGER C: Transforming growth factor-betaenhance fracture healing in rabbit tibiae Acta Orthop. Scand. (1993) 64:553–556.
   Google Scholar
• CENTRELLA M, MC CARTHY TL CANALIS E: Current concepts review Transforming growth factor-beta and remodelling of bone. .1. Bone Joint Surg. Am. (1991) 73:1418–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIELSEN HM, ANDREASSEN TT, LEDET T, OXLUND: Local injection of TGF-beta increases the strength of tibial fractures in the rat. Acta Orthop. Scand. (1994) 65:37–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAWAGUCHI H, KUROKAWA T, HANADA K, HIYAMA Y, TAMURA M, OGATA E, MATSUMOTO T: Stimulation of fracture repair by recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Endocrinology (1994) 135:774–7781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ITO S, HATA T: Crystal structure of RANK ligand involved in bone metabolism. Vitam. Horm. (2004) 67:19–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• URIST MR: Bone formation by autoinduction. Science (1965) 150:893–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •The author reported epoch-making explorations.
   Google Scholar
• REDDI AH, CUNNINGHAM NS: Bone induction by osteogenesis and bone morphogenetic proteins. Biomaterials (1990) 11:33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COOK SD, BAFFES GC, WOLFE MW, SAMPATH TK, RUEGER DC, WHITECLOUD TS 3rd: The effect of recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 on healing of large segmental bone defects. J. Bone Joint Stow. Am. (1994) 76:827–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LANE JM, SANDHU HS: Current approaches to experimental bone grafting. Orthop. Clin. North Am. (1987) 18:213–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIPAMONTI U, MA S, REDDI AH: The critical role of geometry of porous hydroxyapatite delivery systems in induction of bone by osteogenin, a bone morphogenetic protein. Matrix (1992) 12:202–212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LINDHOLM TC: Bovine bone morphogenetic protein (bBMP/NCP)-induced repair of skull trephine defects in pigs. Clin. Orthop. (1994) 301:263.
   Google Scholar
• SANDHU HS, KANIM LE, KABO JM et al: Evaluation of rhBMP-2 with an OPLA carrier in a posterolateral (transvere process) spinal fusion model. Spine (1995) 20(24):2669–2682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERGUSON GM, MUTSCHLER TA: Ovine osteonecrosis of the femoral head: The role of bone morphogenic protein. Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc. (1995) 20:560.
   Google Scholar
• SCHEDEL H, SCHNELLER A, VOGL T et al: Dynamic magnetic resonance tomography (MRI): a follow-up study after femur core decompression and instillation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in avascular femur head necrosis. Riintgenpraxis (2000) 53(1):16–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AIGNER N, PETJE G, STEINBOCK G, SCHNEIDER W, KRASNY C, LANDSIEDL F: Treatment of bone marrow oedema of the talus with the prostacyclin analogue iloprost - an MRI controlled investigation of a new method. J. Bone John Surg (2001) 83(6):855–858.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••This appears to have been the first reportto describe the therapeutic effect of iloprost in bone metabolism.
   Google Scholar
• AIGNER N, PETJE G, STEINBOCK G, SCHNEIDER W, KRASNY C, LANDSIEDL F: Bone marrow edema of the forefoot after chevron osteotomy; a rare cause of metatarsalgia - a case report. Foot Ankle Int. (2002) 23(5):447–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIGNER N, SCHNEIDER W, PETJE G, STEINBOCK G, KRASNY C, LANDSIEDL F: Juvenile bone marrow edema of the acetabulum: treatment with Iloprost - a case report. Bone Joint Surg. Br. (2002) 84(7):1050–1052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AIGNER N, MEIZER R, STOLZ G et al.:Iloprost for the treatment bof bone marrow edema in the hindfoot. Foot Ankle (2003) 8:683–693.
   Google Scholar
• WATSON RIVI, ROACH NA, DALINKA MK: Avascular necrosis and bone marrow edema syndrom. Radial. Gin. North Am. (2004) 42(1):207–219.
   Google Scholar
• PETJE G, RADLER C, AIGNER N, KRIEGS-AU G, GANGER R, GRILL F: Aseptische Knochennekrose im Kindesalter Diagnose und Therapie. Orthopäde (2002) 31:1027–1038.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GRANT SM, GOA KL: Iloprost. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in peripheral vascular disease, myocardial ischaemia and extracorporeal circulation procedures. Drugs (1992) 43(6):889–924.
   Google Scholar
• ••This is a excellent and comprehensivereview describing the pharmacokinetic properties of iloprost.
   Google Scholar
• ASTRAND J, ASPENBERG P: Systemic alendronate prevents resorption of necrotic bone during revascularization. A bone schamber study in rats. BMC Musculoskelet. Disorder (2002)3(1):19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SENARATNE SG, PIRIANOV G, MANSI JL, ARNETT TR, COLSTON KW: Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines. Br. J. Cancer (2000) 82:1459–1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar