Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Volume 6, 2005 - Issue 12
Submit an article Journal homepage
70
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Do adrenergically active drugs have a role in the first-line treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Philip Hazell University of Newcastle and Hunter – New England Mental Health Service, Australia. [email protected]
Pages 1989-1998 | Published online: 03 Oct 2005

Bibliography

  • BARKLEY RA: Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 63\(Suppl. 12):10–15.
  • FISCHER M, BARKLEY RA, SMALLISH L, FLETCHER K: Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: self-reported psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, and the role of childhood conduct problems and teen CD. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. (2002) 30:463–475.
  • MANNUZZA S, KLEIN RG: Long-term prognosis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N Am. (2000) 9:711–726.
  • MANNUZZA S, KLEIN RG, BESSLER A, MALLOY P, HYNES ME: Educational and occupational outcome of hyperactive boys grown up. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1997) 36:1222–1227.
  • MANNUZZA S, KLEIN RG, BESSLER A, MALLOY P, LAPADULA M: Adult outcome of hyperactive boys: educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1993) 50:565–576.
  • WEISS G, HECHTMAN L, MILROY T, PERLMAN T: Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults: a controlled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1985) 24:211–220.
  • GRAETZ BW, SAWYER MG, HAZELL PL, ARNEY F, BAGHURST P: Validity of DSM-IVADHD subtypes in a nationally representative sample of Australian children and adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2001) 40:1410–1417.
  • JENSEN PS, KETTLE L, ROPER MT et al.: Are stimulants overprescribed? Treatment of ADHD in four US communities. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1999) 38:797–804.
  • SAWYER MG, REY JM, GRAETZ BW, CLARK JJ, BAGHURST PA: Use of medication by young people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Med. J. Aust. (2002) 177:21–25.
  • AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY: Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1997) 36:85S–121S.
  • HAZELL P: A review of the newer compounds available in Australia for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Australasian Psychiatry (2004) 12:369–375.
  • HUNT RD, MINDERAA RB, COHEN DJ: Clonidine benefits children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity: report of a double-blind placebo-crossover therapeutic trial. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1985) 24:617–629.
  • LEVY F, FARROW M: Working memory in ADHD: prefrontal/parietal connections. Current Drug Targets (2001) 2:347–352.
  • VIGGIANO D, RUOCCO LA, ARCIERI S, SADILE AG: Involvement of norepinephrine in the control of activity and attentive processes in animal models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neural Plasticity (2004) 11:133–149.
  • BARR CL, KROFT J, FENG Y et al: The norepinephrine transporter gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Med. Genetics (2002) 114:255–259.
  • REEVES G, SCHWEITZER J: Pharmacological management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2004) 5:1313–1320.
  • PLISZKA SR: Non-stimulant treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS Spectrums (2003) 8:253–258.
  • SAWYER MG, REY JM, GRAETZ BW, CLARK JJ, BAGHURST PA: Use of medication by young people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Med. J. Aust. (2002) 177:21–25.
  • CONNOR DF, BARKLEY RA, DAVIS HT: A pilot study of methylphenidate, clonidine, or the combination in ADHD comorbid with aggressive oppositional defiant or conduct disorder. Clin. Pediatr. (2000) 39:15–25.
  • CONNOR DF, FLETCHER KE, SWANSON JM: A meta-analysis of clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1999) 38:1551–1559.
  • AGARWAL V, SITHOLEY P, KUMAR S, PRASAD M: Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clonidine in hyperactive children with mental retardation. Ment. Retard. (2001) 39:259–267.
  • JASELSKIS CA, COOK EH JR, FLETCHER KE, LEVENTHAL BL: Clonidine treatment of hyperactive and impulsive children with autistic disorder. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1992) 12:322–327.
  • TAYLOR FB, RUSSO J: Comparing guanfacine and dextroamphetamine for the treatment of adult attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (2001) 21:223–238.
  • •One of only a few head-to-head trials.
  • SCAHILL L, CHAPPELL PB, KIM YS et al.: A placebo-controlled study of guanfacine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (2001) 158:1067–1074.
  • NIEDERHOFER H, STAFFEN W, MAIR A: A placebo-controlled study of lofexidine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Psychopharmacol. (2003) 17:113–119.
  • ZAMETKIN A, RAPOPORT JL, MURPHY DL, LINNOILA M, ISMOND D: Treatment of hyperactive children with monoamine oxidase inhibitors: I. Clinical efficacy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1985) 42:962–966.
  • ANTKOWIAK R, RAJEWSKI [Administration of moclobemide++ in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]: [Polish]. Psychiatr. Pol. (1998) 32:751–757.
  • MYRONUK LD, WEISS M, COTTER L: Combined treatment with moclobemide and methylphenidate for comorbid major depression and adult attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1996) 16:468–469.
  • VAIVA G, DE LENCLAVE MB, BAILLY D: Treatment of comorbid opiate addiction and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (residual type) with moclobemide: a case report. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry (2002) 26:609–611.
  • TROTT GE, FRIESE HJ, MENZEL M, NISSEN G: Use of moclobemide in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacol. (1992) 106(Suppl.):S134–S136.
  • JADAD AR, BOYLE M, CUNNINGHAM C, KIM M, SCHACHAR R: Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Evidence Report: Technology Assessment No. 11, National Library of Medicine, Washington (2001).
  • ••Comprehensive systematic review oftreatments for ADHD.
  • PRINCE JB, WILENS TE, BIEDERMAN J et al.: A controlled study of nortriptyline in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2000) 10:193–204.
  • OLVERA RL, PLISZKA SR, LUH J, TATUM R: An open trial of venlafaxine in the treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (1996) 6:241–250.
  • FINDLING RL, SCHWARTZ MA, FLANNERY DJ, MANOS MJ: Venlafaxine in adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: an open clinical trial. Clin. Psychiatry (1996) 57:184–189.
  • RATNER S, LAOR N, BRONSTEIN Y, WEIZMAN A, TOREN P: Six-week open-label Reboxetine treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2005) 44:428–433.
  • OTKA JE, MERCADANTE MT, SCAHILL L, LECKMAN JF: Reboxetine as a potentially effective treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol (2001) 11:203–204.
  • MICHELSON D, ALLEN AJ, BUSNER J et al.: Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Psychiatry (2002) 159:1896–1901.
  • SPENCER T, BIEDERMAN J, WILENS T et al: Effectiveness and tolerability of tomoxetine in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (1998) 155:693–695.
  • MICHELSON D, ADLER L, SPENCER T et al.: Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Biol. Psychiatry (2003) 53:112–120.
  • MICHELSON D, FARIES D, WERNICKE J et al: Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Pediatrics (2001) 108:E83.
  • SPENCER T, HEILIGENSTEIN JH, BIEDERMAN J et al.: Results from 2 proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled studies of atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 63:1140–1147.
  • KRATOCHVIL CJ, HEILIGENSTEIN JH, DITTMANN R et al.: Atomoxetine and methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD: a prospective, randomized, open-label trial. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2002) 41:776–784.
  • •One of few head-to-head trials, although conclusions weakened by open-label design.
  • ALLEN A, MILTON D, MICHELSON D, KELSEY D: Efficacy of atomoxetine treatment for adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: poster presented at Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. May 17–22, 2003, San Francisco, California, USA.
  • BIEDERMAN J, HEILIGENSTEIN JH, FARIES DE et al.: Efficacy of atomoxetine versus placebo in school-age girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics (2002) 110:E75.
  • HAZELL PL, STUART JE: A randomized controlled trial of clonidine added to psychostimulant medication for hyperactive and aggressive children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2003) 42:886–894.
  • •One of only a few studies of treatment combinations.
  • TOURETTE'S SYNDROME STUDY GROUP: Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology (2002) 58:527–536.
  • •One of only a few studies of treatment combinations.
  • STEINGARD R, BIEDERMAN J, SPENCER T, WILENS T, GONZALEZ k Comparison of clonidine response in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid tic disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1993) 32:350–353.
  • SPENCER T, BIEDERMAN J, COFFEY Bet al.: A double-blind comparison of desipramine and placebo in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorder and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2002) 59:649–656.
  • HEIL SH, HOLMES HW, BICKEL WK et al.: Comparison of the subjective, physiological, and psychomotor effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate in light drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2002) 67:149–156.
  • NEWCORN JH SPENCER TJ, BIEDERMAN J, MILTON DR, MICHELSON D: Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with attention-defict/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2005) 44:240–248.
  • FELDMAN PD, RUFF DD, ALLEN AJ: Atomoxetine and tics in ADHD. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2005) 44:405–6.
  • RAMCHANDANI P, JOUGHIN C, ZWI M: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin. Evidence (2003) 9:318–27.
  • CANTWELL DP, SWANSON J, CONNOR DF: Case study: adverse response to clonidine. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (1997) 36:539–44.
  • PEARSON CC: Self-induced overdose of ADHD medication. Paediatr. Child Health (1996) 32:267
  • KAPPAGODA C, SCHELL DN, HANSON RM, HUTCHINS P: Clonidine overdose in childhood: implications of increased prescribing. Paediatr. Child Health (1998) 34:508–512.
  • ERICKSON SJ, DUNCAN k Clonidine poisoning-an emerging problem: epidemiology, clinical features, management and preventative strategies. Paediatr. Child Health (1998) 34:280–282.
  • ALDERTON HR: Tricyclic medication in children and the QT interval: case report and discussion. Can. J. Psychiatry (1995) 40:325–329.
  • CABALLERO J, NAHATA MC: Atomoxetine hydrochloride for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin. Ther. (2003) 25:3065–3083.
  • WERNICKE JF, KRATOCHVIL CJ: Safety profile of atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD. j Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 63\(Suppl. 12):50–55.
  • PATRICK KS, GONZALEZ MA, STRAUGHN AB: New methylphenidate formulations for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin. Drug Delivery (2005) 2:121–143.
  • SPENCER TJ, BIEDERMAN J, WILENS TE, FARAONE SV: Novel treatments for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 12:16–22.
  • HAZELL P: In children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder who have been taking methylphenidate for at least 1 year, is there any evidence of harmful effects? Evidence-Based Healthcare and Public Health (2005) 9:10–15.

Websites

  • http://www.espicom.com/web.nsf/ structure/ph_bkscnsrep?OpenDocument Epsicom Business Intelligence: CNS discoveries: what the future holds. Accessed 5 April, 2005.
  • www.healthyplace.com/Communities/add/ Site/story_drugs_adults.htm Attention drugs come of age as firms target adults (2004). Accessed 5 April, 2005
  • http://www.myguidelinescenter.com/ view_item.php?ProductID=2& BERNET W, DULCAN M, GREENHILL L, PLISZKA S: Guidelines Pocketcard: Managing Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Version 2.0. Accessed 3 May, 2005.
  • http://www.medfamily.com/dictionary/ Online medical dictionary and glossary. Accessed 21 April, 2005.
  • www.medscape.com/viewarticle/461543_1 FARAONE SV: Understanding the effect size ofADHD medications: implications for clinical care. Accessed 21 July, 2005.
  • www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ 192004/ AN501335.html FDA: Talk paper: Dec 12, 2004. New warning for Strattera. Accessed 5 April, 2005.
  • www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/slides/ 2004-406551_08_FDA-Hammad_files/ frame.htm Accessed 5 April, 2005. HAMMAD T: Results of the analysis of suicidality in pediatric trials of newer antidepressants: Psychopharamcologic Drugs Committee and Pediatric Advisory Committee, September 13–14 (2004).
  • www.leeheymd.com/medmemo/fal102.html LEEHEY K: Medical Memo Vol 6, No 2, Fall 2002. Accessed 5 April, 2005.
  • www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpfb-dgpsa/tpd-dpt/ adderall_xr_e.html Health Canada Therapeutic Products Airectorate: Health Canada has suspended market authorization of ADDERALL XRTM (amphetamine salts), a drug approved for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. 9 February, 2005. Accessed 5 April, 2005.
  • www.fda.gov/cder/drug/advisory/ adderall.htm FDA: drug advisory on Adderall, 9 February, 2005. Accessed 20 July, 2005.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.