Bibliography
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- •An excellent review of aetiology and history of children with croup admitted to hospital.
- MCENIERY J, GILLIS J, KILHAM H, BENJAMIN B: Review of intubation in severe laryngotracheobronchitis. Pediatrics (1991) 87:847–853.
- HENRICKSON KJ, KUHN SM, SAVATSKI LL: Epidemiology and cost of infection with human parainfluenza virus types 1 and 2 in young children. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1994) 18:770–779.
- WESTLEY CR, COTTON EK, BROOKS JG: Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup. Am. J. Dis. Child. (1978) 132:484–487.
- ••Key clinical scoring system that is mostwidely used for future research.
- HENDERSON FW: Viral Respiratory Infections. In: Rudolph's Pediatrics (Edition 20). Rudolph AM (Ed), Stanford, Appleton and Lange, USA. (1997):674–675.
- SKOLNIK NS. Treatment of croup. Am. J. Dis. Child. (1989) 143:1045–1049.
- •A good discussion of treatment options in those children with croup.
- KRISTJANSSON S, BERG-KELLY K, WINSO E: Inhalation of racemic adrenaline in the treatment of mild and moderately sever croup: Clinical symptom score and oxygen saturation measurements for the evaluation of treatment effects. Acta Paediatr. (1994) 83:1156.
- BOURCHIER D, DAWSON KP, FERGUSSON DM: Humidification in viral croup: a controlled trial. Aust. Paediatr. J. (1984) 20:289–291.
- NETO GM, KENTAB 0, KLASSEN TP, OSMOND MH: A randomized controlled trial of mist in the acute treatment of moderate croup. Acad. Emerg-. Med. (2002) 9:873–879.
- •The most recent randomised study with good numbers examining mist for the treatment of croup.
- COFFIN LA 3'1: Corticosteroids in croup:is there a reply from the ivory tower? Pediatrics (1971) 48:493.
- MENACHOF L: Corticosteroids in croup: reply from ground level. Pediatrics (1972) 49:154.
- GEELHOED GC, TURNER J, MACDONALD WBG: Efficacy of a small single dose of oral dexamethasone for outpatient croup: a double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Br. Med. J. (1996) 313:140–142.
- •Trial examining a single dose of steroid for the treatment of croup.
- KUUSELA AL, VESIKARI T: A randomized double blind, placebo controlled trial of dexamethasone and racemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup. Acta Paediatr. Scand. (1988) 77:99–104.
- RUSSELL K, WIEBE N, SAENZ A et al.: Glucocorticoids for croup (Cochrane review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3 (2004).
- ••A Cochrane review of corticosteroids inmoderate- to- severe croup.
- BJORNSON CL, KLASSEN TP, WILLIAMSON J et al.: Pediatric Emergency Research Canada Network. A randomized trial of a single dose of oral dexamethasone for mild croup. N Engl. J. Med. (2004) 351:1306–1313.
- ••The most recent trial demonstrating theeffectiveness of steroid treatment for mild croup.
- GEELHOED GC: Sixteen years of croup in a western Australian teaching hospital: effects of routine steroid treatment. Ann. Emerg-. Med. (1995) 28:621–626.
- GEELHOED GC, MACDONALD WBG: Oral and inhaled steroids in croup: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr. Pulmonol. (1995) 20:355–361.
- GEELHOED GC, TURNER J, MACDONALD WBG: Efficacy of a small single dose of oral dexamethasone for outpatient croup: a double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Br. Med. J. (1996) 313:140–142.
- GEELHOED GC, MACDONALD WBG: Oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup: 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.3 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg. Pediatr. Pulmonol. (1995) 20:362–368.
- •A high quality trial examining whether a lower dose of dexamethasone is as effective.
- BROWN JC: The management of croup.Br. Med. Bull. (2002) 61:189–202.
- RITTICHIER KK, LEDWITH CA: Outpatient treatment of moderate croup with dexamethasone: intramuscular versus oral dosing. Pediatrics (2000) 106:1344–1348.
- •A comparison of intramuscular versus oral dosing of dexamethasone and efficacy.
- DONALDSON D, POLESKI D, KNIPPLE E et al.: Intramuscular versus oral dexamethasone for the treatment of moderate-to-severe croup: a randomized, double-blind trial. Acad. Emerg. Med. (2003) 10:16–21.
- •The most recent comparison of oral versus intramuscular dexamethasone.
- HUSBY S, AGERTOFT L, MORTENSEN S, PEDERSON S: Treatment of croup with nebulized steroid (budesonide): a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch. Dis. Child. (1993) 68:352–355.
- GODDEN CW, CAMPBELL MJ, HUSSEY M, COGS WELL JJ: Double blind controlled trial of nebulized budesonide for croup. Arch. Dis. Child. (1997) 76:155–158.
- KLASSEN TP, FELDMAN ME, WATTERS LK, SUTCLIFFE T, ROWE PC: The efficacy of Nebulized budesonide in dexamethasone treated outpatients with croup. Pediatrics (1996) 97:463–466.
- •A trial of the role of nebulised budesonide in addition to oral dexamethasone.
- KLASSEN TP, CRAIG WR, MOHER D et al.: Nebulized budesonide and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup: a randomized controlled trial. /AMA (1998) 279:1629–1632.
- ••A clinical trial of systemic versus inhaledcorticosteroids in moderate-severe croup.
- LURIA JW, GONZALEZ-DEL-REY JA, DIGIULIO GA, MCANENEY CM, OLSON JJ, RUDDY RM: Effectiveness of oral or nebulized dexamethasone in children with mild croup. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. (2001) 155:1340–1345.
- •Oral dexamethasone was shown to be more effective in decreasing symptoms and return to medical care when compared with nebulised dexamethasone.
- CETINKAYA F, TUFEKCI BS, KUTLUK G: A comparison of nebulizedbudesonide, and intramuscular, and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol (2004) 68:453–456.
- •The trial failed to demonstrate a clear difference in administration routes and equal efficacy in relieving croup symptoms.
- ADAIR JC, RING WH, JORDAN WS, ELWYN RA: Ten year experience with IPPB in the treatment of acute laryngotracheobronchiolitis. Anesth. Analg. (1971) 50:649.
- ••A good review with regards to the use ofracemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup.
- GARDNER HG, POWELL KR, RODEN VJ et al.: The evaluation of racemic epinephrine in the treatment of infectious croup. Pediatrics (1973) 52:52–55.
- TAUSSIG LM, CASTRO 0, BEAUDRY PH et al.: Treatment of laryngotracheo-bronchiolitis (croup) Am. J. Dis. Child. (1978) 132:484–487.
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- •Early research that demonstrated that nebulisation alone was as effective as IPPB.
- KELLY PB, SIMON JE: Racemic epinephrine use in croup and disposition. Am. J. Emerg. (1992) 10:181–183.
- ••Early research examines the timing ofdosage and when medication effect decreases and efficacy of sending patients home.
- LED WITH CA, SHEA LM, MAURO RD:Safety and efficacy of Nebulized racemic epinephrine in conjunction with oral dexamethasone and mist in the outpatient treatment of croup. Ann. Emerg. Med. (1995) 25:331–337.
- WAISMAN Y, KLEIN BL, BOENNING DA et al: Prospective randomized double blind study comparing L-epinephrine and racemic epinephrine aerosols in the treatment of laryngotracheitis (croup). Pediatrics (1992) 89:302–306.
- FRASER B: Nebulized levo-epienphrine as an alternative to racemic epinephrine in pediatrics. Can. J. Hosp. Pharm. (1995) 48:303.
- •A study that shows that regular epinephrine commonly stored in many clinics/hospitals may be used in lieu of racemic epinephrine.
- BARACH A: Use of helium in the treatment of asthma and obstructive lesions in the larynx and trachea. Ann. Intern. Med. (1935) 9:953–956.
- •The first examination of using heliox in the treatment of obstructive respiratory ailments.
- TERREGINO CA, NAIRN SJ, CHANSKY ME, KASS JE: The effect of heliox on croup: a pilot study. Acad. Emerg. Med. (1998) 5:1130–1133.
- NELSON DS, MCCLELLAN L: Hemium-oxygen mixtures as adjunctive support for refractory viral croup. Ohio State Med. J. (1982) 78:729–730.
- DUNCAN PG: Efficacy of helium-oxygenmixtures in the management of severe viral and post intubation croup. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. (1979) 26:206–212.