Pioglitazone: update on an oral antidiabetic drug with antiatherosclerotic effects

Bibliography

• TAYLOR SI, ACCILI D, IMAI Y: Insulin resistance or insulin deficiency. Which is the primary cause of NIDDM? Diabetes (1994) 43:735-740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUCHANAN T, BUCHANAN T: Pancreatic β-cell loss and preservation in Type 2 diabetes. Clin. Ther. (2003) 23(Suppl. B):B32-B46.
   Google Scholar
• JEMAL A, WARD E, HAO Y, THUN M: Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970 – 2002. JAMA (2005) 294:1255-1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSS R: Artherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340: 115-126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIDKER PM: Evaluating novel cardiovascular risk factors: can we better predict heart attacks? Ann. Intern. Med. (1999) 130:933-937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIDKER PM, HENNEKENS CH, BURING JE, RIFAI N: C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342:836-843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILLERSON JT, RIDKER PM: Inflammation as cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation (2004) 109(Suppl.1): II2-II10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CIPOLLONE F, MEZZETTI A, PORRECA E et al.: Association between enhanced soluble CD40L and prothrombotic state in hypercholesterolemia: effects of statin therapy. Circulation (2002) 106:399-402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VARO N, VICENT D, LIBBY P et al.: Elevated plasma levels of the atherogenic mediator soluble CD40 ligand in diabetic patients: a novel target of thiazolidinediones. Circulation (2003) 107:2664-2669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PASCERI V, CHENG JS, WILLERSON JT, YEH ET, CHANG J: Modulation of C-reactive protein-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in human endothelial cells by anti-atherosclerosis drugs. Circulation (2001) 103:2531-2534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFÜTZNER A, FORST T: Pioglitazone: an antidiabetic drug with the potency to reduce cardiovascular mortality. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2006) 7:463-476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFÜTZNER A, SCHNEIDER CA, FORST T: Pioglitazone: an antidiabetic drug with cardiovascular therapeutic effects. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. (2006) 4:445-459.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Practical Treatment Recommendations. Diabetes Care (2007) 30(Suppl. 1).
   Google Scholar
• RYDEN L, STANDL E, BARTNIK M et al.; TASK FORCE ON DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOLOGY (ESC); EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF DIABETES (EASD): Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur. Heart J. (2007) 28:88-136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VASUDEVAN AR, BALASUBRAMANYAM A: Thiazolidinediones: a review of their mechanisms of insulin sensitization, therapeutic potential, clinical efficacy, and tolerability. Diabetes Technol. Ther. (2004) 6:850-863.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GRANBERRY MC, FONSECA VA: Cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance: effects of oral antidiabetic agents. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs (2005) 5: 201-209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PFÜTZNER A, SCHÖNDORF T, SEIDEL D et al.: Impact of rosiglitazone on β-cell function, insulin resistance and adiponectin concentrations – results from a double blind oral combination study with glimepiride. Metabolism (2006) 55:20-25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLDBERG RB, KENDALL DM, DEEG MA et al.: A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with Type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care (2005) 28:1547-1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEROSA G, D'ANGELO A, RAGONESI P et al.: Metformin-pioglitazone and metformin-rosiglitazone effects on non-conventional cardiovascular risk factors plasma level in Type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. (2006) 31:375-383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WELLINGTON K: Rosiglitazone/metformin. Drugs (2005) 65:1581-1592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFÜTZNER A, WILHELM B, FORST T: Rosiglitazone and glimepiride: results of the clinical trials supporting a fixewd dose combination. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. (2007) 3:211-220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NISSEN SE, WOLSKI K: Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N. Engl. J. Med. (2007) 14:2457-2471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOME PD, POCOCK SJ, BECK-NIELSEN H et al.: Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes – an interim analysis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2007) [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DORMANDY JA, CHARBONNEL B, ECKLAND EJA et al.: PROACTIVE INVESTIGATORS: Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with Type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2005) 366:1279-1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ERDMANN E, DORMANDY JA, CHARBONNEL B et al.: ON BEHALF OF THE PROACTIVE INVESTIGATORS: The effect of pioglitazone on recurrent myocardial infarction in 2,445 patients with Type 2 diabetes and previous myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2007) 49:1772-1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILCOX R, BOUSSER MG, BETTERIDGE DJ et al.; PROACTIVE INVESTIGATORS: The effects of pioglitazone in patients with Type 2 diabetes with or without previous stroke: results from PROactive (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events 04). Stroke (2007) 8:865-873.
   Google Scholar
• KERSTEN S, DESVERGNE B, WAHLI W: Roles of PPARs in health and disease. Nature (2007) 405:21-424.
   Google Scholar
• SCHOONJANS K, AUWERX J: Thiazolidinediones: an update. Lancet (2000) 355:1008-1010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEBRIL MB, RENAUD JP, FAJAS L, AUWERX J: The pleiotropic functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. J. Mol. Med. (2001) 79:30-47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DESVERGNE B, WAHLI W: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: nuclear control of metabolism. Endocr. Rev. (1999) 20:649-688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AUWERX J: PPARγ, the ultimate thrifty gene. Diabetologia (1999) 42:1033-1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KINLAY S, EGIDO J: Inflammatory biomarkers in stable atherosclerosis. Am. J. Cardiol. (2006) 98:P2-P8.
   Google Scholar
• LORENZ MW, MARKUS HS, BOTS ML, ROSVALL M, SITZER M: Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima–media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation (2007) 115:459-467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFÜTZNER A, FORST T: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as cardiovascular risk marker in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol. Ther. (2006) 8:28-36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SATOH N, OGAWA Y, USUI T et al.: Antiatherogenic effect of pioglitazone in Type 2 diabetic patients irrespective of the responsiveness to its antidiabetic effect. Diabetes Care (2003) 22:2493-2499.
   Google Scholar
• PFÜTZNER A, MARX N, LÜBBEN G et al.: Improvement of cardiovascular risk markers by pioglitazone is independent from glycemic control – results from the Pioneer Study. J. Am. Coll. Card. (2005) 45:1925-1931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFÜTZNER A, HOHBERG C, LÜBBEN G et al.: PIONEER STUDY: PPARγ-activation results in an overall improvement of clinical and metabolic markers associated with insulin resistance independent from long-term glucose control. Horm. Metab. Res. (2005) 37:510-515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORST T, LÜBBEN G, HOHBERG C et al.: Influence of glucose control and improvement of insulin resistance on microvascular blood flow and endothelial function in patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2. Microcirculation (2005) 12:543-550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LANGENFELD M, FORST T, HOHBERG C et al.: Pioglitazone decreases carotid intima-media thickness independent of glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation (2005) 111:2525-2531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAZZONE T, MEYER PM, FEINSTEIN SB et al.: Effect of pioglitazone compared with glimepiride on carotid intima-media thickness in Type 2 diabetes. A randomized trial. JAMA (2006) 295:2572-2581.
   Google Scholar
• RICHE DM, VALDERRAMA R, HENYAN NN: Thiazolidinediones and risk of repeat target vessel revascularization following percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care (2007) 30:384-388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HORIO T, SUZUKI M, TAKAMISAWA I et al.: Pioglitazone-induced insulin sensitization improves vascular endothelial function in nondiabetic patients with essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. (2005) 18:1626-1630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALNEK DS, MAZZELLA L, ROSER S, ROMAN J, HART CM: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands increase release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2003) 23:52-57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTENS FM, VISSEREN FL, DE KONING EJ, RABELINK TJ: Short-term pioglitazone treatment improves vascular function irrespective of metabolic changes in patients with Type 2 diabetes. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (2005) 46:773-778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANEFELD M, MARX N, PFÜTZNER A et al.: Anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone and/or simvastatin in high cardiovascular risk patients with elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein: the PIOSTAT Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2007) 49:290-297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORST T, PFÜTZNER A, LÜBBEN G et al.: Effect of simvastatin and/or pioglitazone on insulin resistance, insulin secretion, adiponectin, and proinsulin levels in nondiabetic patients at cardiovascular risk – the PIOSTAT Study. Metabolism (2007) 56:491-496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AKBIYIK F, RAY DM, GETTINGS KF, BLUMBERG N, FRANCIS CW, PHIPPS RP: Human bone marrow megakaryocytes and platelets express PPARγ, and PPARγ agonists blunt platelet release of CD40 ligand and thromboxanes. Blood (2004) 104:1361-1368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAY DM, SPINELLI SL, O'BRIEN JJ, BLUMBERG N, PHIPPS RP: Platelets as a novel target for PPARγ ligands: implications for inflammation, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Biodrugs (2006) 20:231-241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JIANG DQ, CHU LX, LIU ZY, ZHANG SB: Pioglitazone decreased CD40/CD40L expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Clin. Chim. Acta (2006) 370:94-99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERREIRA IA, MOCKING AI, FEIJGE MA et al.: Platelet inhibition by insulin is absent in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2006) 26:417-422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUMITA C, MAEDA M, FUJIO Y et al.: Pioglitazone induces plasma platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase an dinhibits platelet-activating factor-mediated cytoskeletal reorganization in macrophage. Biochem. Biophys. Acta (2004) 1673:115-121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LI D, CHEN K, SINHA N et al.: The effects of PPAR-γ ligand pioglitazone on platelet aggregation and arterial thrombus formation. Cardivasc. Res. (2005) 65:907-912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BODARY PF, VARGAS FB, KING SAD, JONGEWARD KL, WICKENHEISER KJ, EITZMAN DT: Pioglitazone protects against thrombosis in a mouse model of obesity and insulin resistance. J. Thromb. Haemost. (2005) 3:2149-2153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FONSECA VA, REYNOLDS T, HEMPHILL D et al.: Effect of troglitazone on fibrinolysis and activated coagulation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Diabetes Complications (1998) 12:181-186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KATO K, YAMADA D, MIDORIKAWA S, SATO W, WATANABE T: Improvement by the insulin-sensitizing agent, troglitazone, of abnormal fibrinolysis in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism (2000) 49:662-665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SERFATY L: Pioglitazone: the beginning of a new era for NASH? J. Hepatol. (2007) 47:1600-1602.
   Google Scholar
• BELFORT R, HARRISON SA, BROWN K et al.: A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2006) 355:2297-2307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BALAS B, BELFORT R, HARRISON SA et al.: Pioglitazone treatment increases whole body fat but not total body water in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J. Hepatol. (2007) [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GERSTEIN HC, YUSUF S, HOLMAN R, BOSCH J, POGUE J; THE DREAM TRIAL INVESTIGATORS: Rationale, design and recruitment characteristics of a large, simple international trial of diabetes prevention: the DREAM trial. Diabetologia (2004) 47:1519-1527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LE FEUVRE C: Cardiovascular effects of rosiglitazone. Presse. Med. (2004) 33:735-745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHARBONNEL B, DORMANDY J, ERDMANN E, MASSI-BENEDETTI M, SKENE A; PROACTIVE STUDY GROUP: The prospective pioglitazone clinical trial in macrovascular events (PROactive): can pioglitazone reduce cardiovascular events in diabetes? Study design and baseline characteristics of 5238 patients. Diabetes Care (2004) 27:1647-1653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DONELLY R: Effect of pioglitazone on the drivers of cardiovascular risk in Type 2 diabetes. Int. J. Clin. Pract. (2007) 61:1160-1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GERSTEIN HC, YUSUF S, BOSCH J et al.; DREAM (DIABETES REDUCTION ASSESSMENT WITH RAMIPRIL AND ROSIGLITAZONE MEDICATION) TRIAL INVESTIGATORS: Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2006) 368:1096-1105; Erratum in: Lancet (2006) 368:1770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAHN SE, HAFFNER SM, HEISE MA et al.; ADOPT STUDY GROUP: Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med. (2006) 355:2427-2443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GASTALDELLI A, FERRANNINI E, MIYAZAKI Y, MATSUDA M, MARI A, DEFRONZO RA: Thiazolidinediones improve β-cell function in Type 2 diabetic patients. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. (2007) 292:E871-E883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAUGH J, KEATING GM, PLOSKER GL, EASTHOPE S, ROBINSON DM: Pioglitazone: a review of its use in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs (2006) 66:85-109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OKAZAKI R, TORIUMI M, FUKUMOTO S et al.: Thiazolidinediones inhibit osteoclast-like cell formation and bone resorption in vitro. Endocrinology (1999) 140:5060-5065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LECKA-CZERNIK B, SUVA LJ: Resolving the two “bony” faces of PPARγ. PPAR Res. (2006):1-9.
   Google Scholar
• RZONCA SO, SUVA LJ, GADDY D, MONTAGUE DC, LECKA-CZERNIK B: Bone is a target for the anti-diabetic compound rosiglitzone. Endocrinology (2004) 145:401-406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALI AA, WEINSTEIN RS, STEWART SA, PARFITT AM, MANOLAGAS SC, JILKA RL: Rosiglitazone causes bone loss in mice by suppressing osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Endocrinology (2005) 146:1226-1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOWARD B, RODRIGUEZ B, BENNET P et al.: Prevention Conference VI: diabetes and cardiovascular disease: writing group I: epidemiology. Circulation (2002) 105:E132-E137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAFFNER SM, LEHTO S, RONNEMAA T, PYORALA K, LAAKSO M: Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339:229-234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH SA: Central role of the adipocyte in the insulin-sensitising and cardiovascular risk modifying actions of the thiazolidinediones. Biochimie (2003) 85:1219-1230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEHER T, BODROGI L, VALLENT K, RIBAI Z: Role of human adipose tissue in the production and metabolism of steroid hormones. Endokrinologie (1982) 80:173-180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• YKI-JARVINEN H: Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2003) 17:411-430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIDHU JS, COWAN D, TOOZE JA, KASKI JC: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist rosiglitazone reduces circulating platelet activity in patients without diabetes mellitus who have coronary artery disease. Am. Heart J. (2004) 147:E25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KOSHIYAMA H, SHIMONO D, KUWAMURA N, MINAMIKAWA J, NAKAMURA Y: Rapid communication: inhibitory effect of pioglitazone on carotid arterial wall thickness in Type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2001) 86:3452-3456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEDBLAD B, ZAMBANINI A, NILSSON P, JANZON L, BERGLUND G: Rosiglitazone and carotid IMT progression rate in a mixed cohort of patients with Type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance syndrome: main results from the Rosiglitazone Atherosclerosis Study. J. Intern. Med. (2007) 261:293-3057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRUSZYNSKA YT, YU JG, OLEFSKY JM, SOBEL BE: Effects of troglitazone on blood concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in patients with Type 2 diabetes and in lean and obese normal subjects. Diabetes (2000) 49:633-669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEROSA G, CICERO AF, GADDI A et al.: A comparison of the effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone combined with glimepiride on prothrombotic state in Type 2 diabetic patients with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. (2005) 69:5-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEROSA G, GADDI AV, PICCINNI MN et al.: Antithrombotic effects of rosiglitazone-metformin versus glimepiride-metformin combination therapy in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Pharmacotherapy (2005) 25:637-645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHU JW, ABBASI F, LAMENDOLA C, MCLAUGHLIN T, REAVEN GM, TSAO PS: Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on circulating vascular and inflammatory markers in insulin-resistant subjects. Diabet. Vasc. Dis. Res. (2005) 2:37-41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SIDHU JS, COWAN D, KASKI JC: The effects of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist, on markers of endothelial cell activation, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels in non-diabetic coronary artery disease patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2003) 42:1757-1763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HETZEL J, BALLETSHOFER B, RITTIG K et al.: Rapid effects of rosiglitazone treatment on endothelial function and inflammatory biomarkers. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2005) 25:1804-1809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAFFNER SM, GREENBERG AS, WESTON WM, CHEN H, WILLIAMS K, FREED MI: Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on nontraditional markers of cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation (2002) 106:679-684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHU CS, LEE KT, LEE MY et al.: Effects of rosiglitazone alone and in combination with atorvastatin on nontraditional markers of cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Cardiol. (2006) 97:646-650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GHANIM H, DHINDSA S, ALJADA A, CHAUDHURI A, VISWANATHAN P, DANDONA P: Low dose rosiglitazone exerts an anti-inflammatory effect with an increase in adiponectin independently of free fatty acid (FFA) Fall and insulin sensitization in obese Type 2 diabetics. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2006) 91:3553-3558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARX N, IMHOF A, FROEHLICH J et al.: Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on soluble CD40L in patients with Type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Circulation (2003) 107:1954-1957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARX N, FROEHLICH J, SIAM L et al.: Antidiabetic PPARγ-activator rosiglitazone reduces MMP-9 serum levels in Type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2003) 23:283-288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORST T, KARAGIANNIS E, LUBBEN G et al.: Pleiotrophic and anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone precede the metabolic activity in Type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis (2007) [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recent reviews on pioglitazone:WAUGH J, KEATING GM, PLOSKER GL, EASTHOPE S, ROBINSON DM: Pioglitazone: a review of its use in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs (2006) 66:85-109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFÜTZNER A, FORST T: Pioglitazone: an antidiabetic drug with the potency to reduce cardiovascular mortality. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2006) 7:463-476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Publications of the PROactive and ADOPT studies:DORMANDY JA, CHARBONNEL B, ECKLAND EJA et al.; ON BEHALF OF THE PROACTIVE INVESTIGATORS: Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with Type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2005) 366:1279-1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILCOX R, BOUSSER MG, BETTERIDGE DJ et al.; PROACTIVE INVESTIGATORS: Effects of pioglitazone in patients with Type 2 diabetes with or without previous stroke: results from PROactive (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events 04). Stroke (2007) 38:865-873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ERDMANN E, DORMANDY JA, CHARBONNEL B et al.; ON BEHALF OF THE PROACTIVE INVESTIGATORS: The effect of pioglitazone on recurrent myocardial infarction in 2,445 patients with Type 2 diabetes and previous myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2007) 49:1772-1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAHN SE, HAFFNER SM, HEISE MA et al.; ADOPT STUDY GROUP: Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med. (2006) 355:2427-2443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar