Bibliography
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2006 Update. American Heart Association, Dallas, TX (2006).
- SACCO RL, ADAMS R, ALBERS G et al.: Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association council on stroke: co-sponsored by the council on cardiovascular radiology and intervention: the American academy of neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke (2006) 37:577-617.
- ANTI-THROMBOTIC TRIALISTS: Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ (2002) 324:71-86.
- QURESHI AI: High prevalence of previous antiplatelet drug use in patients with new or recurrent ischemic stroke: buffalo metropolitan area and Erie county stroke study. Pharmacotherapy (2006) 26(4):493-498.
- LOVETT JK, COULL AJ, ROTHWELL PM: Early risk of recurrence by subtype of ischemic stroke in population-based incidence studies. Neurology (2004) 62:569-573.
- CHEN ZM, SANDERCOCK P, PAN HC et al.: Indications for early aspirin use in acute ischemic stroke: a combined analysis of 40,000 randomized patients from the Chinese acute stroke trial and the international stroke trial. On behalf of the cast and IST collaborative groups. Stroke (2000) 31:1240-1249.
- REILLY IA, DORAN JB, SMITH B, FITZGERALD GA: Increased thromboxane biosynthesis in a human preparation of platelet activation: biochemical and functional consequences of selective inhibition of thromboxane synthase. Circulation (1986) 73:1300-1309.
- FRELINGER AL, MICHELSON AD: Clopidogrel linking evaluation of platelet response variability to mechanism of action. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2005) 46(4):646-647.
- JIN J, QUINTON TM, ZHANG J, RITTENHOUSE SE, KUNAPULI SP: Adenosine diphosphate (adenosine diphosphate)-induced thromboxane A(2) generation in human platelets requires coordinated signaling through integrin α(IIb)β(3) and ADP receptors. Blood (2002) 99:193-198.
- DANIEL JL, DANGELMAIER C, JIN J, ASHBY B, SMITH JB, KUNAPULI SP: Molecular basis for ADP-induced platelet activation I. Evidence for three distinct ADP receptors on human platelets. J. Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:2024-2029.
- LEON C, HECHLER B, FREUND M et al.: Defective platelet aggregation and increased resistance to thrombosis in purinergic P2Y(1) receptor-null mice. J. Clin. Invest. (1999) 104:1731-1737.
- MAREE AO, FITZGERALD DJ:Variable platelet response to aspirin and clopidogrel in atherothrombotic disease. Circulation (2007) 115(16):2196-2207.
- COSEMANS J, MUNNIX I, WETZKER R, HELLER R, JACKSON S, HEEMSKERK J: Continuous signaling via PI3K isoforms [β] and [γ] is required for platelet ADP receptor function in dynamic thrombus stabilization. Blood (2006) 108(9):3045-3052.
- HOLLOPETER G, JANTZEN HM, VINCENT D et al.: Identification of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by antithrombotic drugs. Nature (2001) 409(6817):202-207.
- ZHANG FL, LUO L, GUSTAFSON E et al.: ADP is the cognate ligand for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor SP1999. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:8608-8615.
- FOSTER CJ, PROSSER DM, AGANS JM et al.: Molecular identification and characterization of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by thienopyridine antithrombotic drugs. J. Clin. Invest. (2001) 107:1591-1598.
- JIN J, KUNAPULI SP: Coactivation of two different G protein-coupled receptors is essential for ADP-induced platelet aggregation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:8070-8074.
- PEREILLO J-M, MAFTOUH M, ANDRIEU A et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos. (2002) 30(11):1288-1295.
- FARID NA, PAYNE CD, SMALL DS et al.: Cytochrome P450 3A inhibition by ketoconazole affects prasugrel and clopidogrel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics differently. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2007) 81(5):735-741.
- QUINN MJ, FITZGERALD DJ: Ticlopidine and clopidogrel. Circulation (1999) 100(15):1667-1672.
- CLARKE TA, WASKELL LA: The metabolism of clopidogrel is catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 3A and is inhibited by atorvastatin. Drug Metab. Disp. (2003) 31:53-59.
- LEVINE GN, BERGER PB, COHEN DJ et al.: Newer pharmacotherapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: a guide for pharmacists and other health care professionals. Pharmacotherapy (2006) 26:1537-1556.
- SAVI P, PEREILLO JM, UZABIAGA MF et al.: Identification and biological activity of the active metabolite of clopidogrel. Thromb. Haemost. (2000) 84:891-896.
- CLARKE T, WASKELL LA: The metabolism of clopidogrel is catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 3A and is inhibited by atorvastatin. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2003) 31:53-59.
- KURIHARA A, HAGIHARA K, KAZUI M et al.: In vitro metabolism of antiplatelet agent clopidogrel: cytochrome P450 isoforms responsible for two oxidation steps involved in the active metabolite formation. Drug Metab. Rev. (2005) 37(Suppl. 2):99.
- HULOT J-S, BURA A, VILLARD E et al.: Cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism is a major determinant of clopidogrel responsiveness in healthy subjects. Blood (2006) 108:2244-2247.
- SAVI P, ZACHAYUS JL, DELESQUE-TOUCHARD N et al.: The active metabolite of clopidogrel disrupts P2Y12 receptor oligomers and partitions them out of lipid rafts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2006) 103:11069-11074.
- SAVCIC M, HAUERT J, BACHMANN F, WYLD PJ, GEUDELIN B, CARIOU R: Clopidogrel loading dose regimens: kinetic profile of pharmacodynamic response in healthy subjects. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. (1999) 25(Suppl. 2):15-19.
- JAREMO P, LINDAHL TL, FRANSSON SG, RICHTER A: Individual variations of platelet inhibition after loading doses of clopidogrel. J. Intern. Med. (2002) 252:233-238.
- BHATT DL, MARSO SP, HIRSCH AT, RINGLEB P, HACKE W, TOPOL EJ: Amplified benefit of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients with a history of diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Cardiol. (2002) 90:625-628.
- MULLER I, SEYFARTH M, RUDIGER S et al.: Effect of a high loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet function in patients undergoing coronary stent placement. Heart (2001) 85:92-93.
- MONTALESCOT G, SIDERIS G, MEULEMAN C et al.: A randomized comparison of high clopidogrel loading doses in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the ALBION (assessment of the best loading dose of clopidogrel to blunt platelet activation, inflammation and ongoing necrosis) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2006) 48(5):931-938.
- WILLIBALD H, DIETMAR T, DEVINE E et al.: Time dependence of platelet inhibition after a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel in a large, unselected cohort of candidates for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation (2005) 111(20):2560-2564.
- VON BECKERATH N, TAUBERT D, POGATSA-MURRAY G, SCHOMIG E, KASTRATI A, SCHOMIG A: Absorption, metabolization, and antiplatelet effects of 300-, 600-, and 900-mg loading doses of clopidogrel: results of the ISAR-CHOICE (intracoronary stenting and antithrombotic regimen: choose between 3 high oral doses for immediate clopidogrel effect) trial. Circulation (2005) 112:2946-2950.
- KASTRATI A, VON BECKERATH N, JOOST A, POGATSA-MURRAY G, GORCHAKOVA O, SCHOMIG A: Loading with 600 mg clopidogrel in patients with coronary artery disease with and without chronic clopidogrel therapy. Circulation (2004) 110:1916-1919.
- TAUBERT D, KASTRATI A, HARLFINGER S et al.: Pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel after administration of a high loading dose. Thromb. Haemost. (2004) 92:311-316.
- MCEWEN J, STRAUCH G, PERLES P et al.: Clopidogrel bioavailability: absence of influence of food or antacids. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. (1999) 25(Suppl. 2):47-50.
- BHATT DL, FLATHER MD, HACKE W et al.: Fox for the CHARISMA investigators. Patients with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2007) 49(19):1982-1988.
- BHATT DL, FOODY JM, HIRSCH AT et al.: Complementary additive benefit of clopidogrel and lipid-lowering therapy in patients with atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2000) 35(2 Suppl. A):A326 (Abstract).
- THE CAPRIE STEERING COMMITTEE: A randomised, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet (1996) 348:1329-1339.
- BHATT DL, CHEW DP, HIRSCH AT et al.: Superiority of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients with prior cardiac surgery. Circulation (2001) 103:363-368.
- RINGLEB PA, BHATT DL, HIRSCH AT, TOPOL EJ, HACKE W; CLOPIDOGREL VERSUS ASPIRIN IN PATIENTS AT RISK OF ISCHEMIC EVENTS INVESTIGATORS: Benefit of clopidogrel over aspirin is amplified in patients with a history of ischemic events. Stroke (2004) 35:528-532.
- HIRSH J, BHATT DL: Comparative benefits of clopidogrel and aspirin in high-risk patient populations: lessons from the CAPRIE and CURE studies. Arch. Intern. Med. (2004) 164(19):2106-2110.
- ALBERS GW, AMARENCO P, EASTON JD, SACCO RL, TEAL P: Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. Chest (2001) 119(1 Suppl.):300-320.
- BHATT DL, HIRSCH AT, RINGLEB PA, HACKE W, TOPOL EJ; CAPRIE INVESTIGATORS: Reduction in the need for hospitalization for recurrent ischemic events and bleeding with clopidogrel instead of aspirin. Am. Heart J. (2000) 140:67-73.
- THE CLOPIDOGREL IN UNSTABLE ANGINA TO PREVENT RECURRENT EVENTS TRIAL INVESTIGATORS: Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:494-502.
- DIENER H-C, BOGOUSSLAVSKY J, BRASS LM et al.; ON BEHALF OF THE MATCH INVESTIGATORS: Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (2004) 364(9431):331-337.
- PIERRE A, DONNAN GEOFFREY A: Should the MATCH results be extrapolated to all stroke patients and affect ongoing trials evaluating clopidogrel plus aspirin? Stroke (2004) 35(11):2606-2608.
- EASTON JD: Evidence with antiplatelet therapy and ADP-receptor antagonists. Cerebrovasc. Dis. (2003) 16(Suppl. 1):20-26.
- HILL MD: Stroke: the dashed hopes of neuroprotection. Lancet Neurol. (2007) 6(1):2-3.
- LORENZONI R, LAZZERINI G, COCCI F, DE CATERINA R: Short-term prevention of thromboembolic complications in patients with atrial fibrillation with aspirin plus clopidogrel: the clopidogrel-aspirin atrial fibrillation (CLAAF) pilot study. Am. Heart J. (2004) 148(1):180.
- DIENER H-C, SACCO R, YUSUF S: Rationale, design and baseline data of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing two antithrombotic regimens (a fixed-dose combination of extended-release dipyridamole plus ASA with clopidogrel) and telmisartan versus placebo in patients with strokes: the prevention regimen for effectively avoiding second strokes trial (PRoFESS). Cerebrovasc. Dis. (2007) 23(5-6):368-380.
- LIAO JAMES K: Secondary prevention of stroke and transient ischemic attack: is more platelet inhibition the answer? [Review]. Circulation (2007) 115(12):1615-1621.
- CHATURVEDI S, YADAV JS: The role of antiplatelet therapy in carotid stenting for ischemic stroke prevention. Stroke (2006) 37(6):1572-1577.
- STEINHUBL SR, BERGER PB, MANN JT III et al.: Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (2002) 288:2411-2420.
- CHATURVEDI S, SOHRAB S, TSELIS A: Carotid stent thrombosis: report of 2 fatal cases. Stroke (2001) 32:2700-2702.
- MCKEVITT FM, RANDALL MS, CLEVELAND TJ, GAINES PA, TAN KT, VENABLES GS: The benefits of combines antiplatelet treatment in carotid artery stenting. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. (2005) 29:522-527.
- BHATT DL, KAPADIA SR, BAJZER CT et al.: Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin after carotid artery stenting. J. Invasive Cardiol. (2001) 13(12):772-773.
- QURESHI AI, KIRMANI JF, HARRIS-LANE P et al.: Vertebral artery origin stent placement with distal protection: technical and clinical results. Am. J. Neuroradiol. (2006) 27(5):1140-1145.
- QURESHI AI, LUFT AR, SHARMA M et al.: Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic and ischemic complications associated with endovascular procedures. Part II. Clinical aspects and recommendations. Neurosurgery (2000) 46(6):1360-1375.
- Fintel DJ: Antiplatelet therapy in cerebrovascular disease: implications of MATCH and CHARISMA results for cardiologists. Clin. Cardiol. (2007)[Epub ahead of print].
Websites
- http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da1197.htm Drug approvals for November 1997. US FDA. 20 June 2005. Food and Drug Administration. (Accessed 17 August 2007).
- http://www.ccc.mcmaster.ca/ pressreleases.htm MCGUIRE V: Part of drug trial for patients with atrial fibrillation discontinued. Population Health Research Institute. 6 September 2005. McMaster University. (Accessed 17 August 2007).
- http://www.ccc.mcmaster.ca/ pressreleases.htm Part of drug trial for patients with atrial fibrillation discontinued – ACTIVE-A and ACTIVE-I to continue (Press Release). McMaster University, 6 September 2005 (Accessed 1 December 2005).
- http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/ show/NCT00235248 Aortic Arch Related Cerebral Hazard Trial (ARCH). Clinicaltrials.Gov. Assistance Publique - HÔpitaux de Paris; National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Sanofi-Aventis; Bristol-Myers Squibb. (Accessed 17 August 2007).
- http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/TrialDetail.aspx?tid=476 Aortic Arch Related Cerebral Hazard; ARCH. Stroke Trial Registry. 6 June 2005. French Ministry of Health, Australian NHMRC, Sanofil-Synthelabo, National Heart Foundation – Australia. (Accessed 17 August 2007).
- http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00059306?order=1 Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) Trial. Clinicaltrials.Gov. 2 March 2007. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). (Accessed 17 August 2007).
- http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/TrialDetail.aspx?tid=79 Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes, SPS3. 25 March 2007. The University of Texas, San Antonio. (Accessed 17 August 2007).
- http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/TrialDetail.aspx?tid=483 KENNEDY J: Fast Assessment of Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack to Prevent Early Recurrence – Pilot Study. Stroke Trials Registry. 18 June 2007. University of Calgary, University of Oxford. (Accessed 17 August 2007).