Bibliography
- Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S, et al. Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: results of the EPIC study. Eur Urol 2006;50:1306-14
- Chapple CR, Roehrborn CG. A shifted paradigm for the further understanding, evaluation, and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men: focus on the bladder. Eur Urol 2006;49:651-8
- Barry MJ, Fowler FJ Jr, O'Leary MP, et al. The American Urological Association symptom index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Measurement Committee of the American Urological Association. J Urol 1992;148:1549-57
- Bosch JL, Hop WC, Kirkels WJ, Schröder FH. The International Prostate Symptom Score in a community-based sample of men between 55 and 74 years of age: prevalence and correlation of symptoms with age, prostate volume, flow rate and residual urine volume. Br J Urol 1995;75:622-30
- Yap TL, Cromwell DA, Brown C, et al. The relationship between objective frequency–volume chart data and the I-PSS in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Eur Urol 2007;52:811-8
- Braun MH, Sommer F, Haupt G, et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction: co-morbidity or typical ‘aging male’ symptoms? Results of the ‘Cologne Male Survey’. Eur Urol 2003;44:588-94
- Rosen R, Altwein J, Boyle P, et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms and male sexual dysfunction: the multinational survey of the aging male (MSAM-7). Eur Urol 2003;44:637-49
- McVary K. Lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction: epidemiology and pathophysiology. BJU Int 2006;97(Suppl 2):23-8
- Andersson KE, Persson K. Nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide-mediated effects in lower urinary tract smooth muscles. World J Urol 1994;12:274-80
- Takeda M, Tang R, Shapiro E, et al. Effects of nitric oxide on human and canine prostates. Urology 1995;45:440-6
- Bloch W, Klotz T, Loch C, et al. Distribution of nitric oxide synthase implies a regulation of circulation, smooth muscle tone, and secretory function in the human prostate by nitric oxide. Prostate 1997;33:1-8
- Klotz T, Mathers MJ, Bloch W, et al. Nitric oxide based influence of nitrates on micturition in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int Urol Nephrol 1999;31:335-41
- Uckert S, Küthe A, Jonas U, Stief CG. Characterization and functional relevance of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoenzymes of the human prostate. J Urol 2001;166:2484-90
- Uckert S, Oelke M, Stief CG, et al. Immunohistochemical distribution of cAMP- and cGMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes in the human prostate. Eur Urol 2006;49:740-5
- Adolfsson PI, Ahlstrand C, Varenhorst E, Svensson SP. Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates proliferation of cultured smooth muscle cells from human BPH tissue: sildenafil and papaverin generate inhibition. Prostate 2002;51:50-8
- Liu CM, Lo YC, Wu BN, et al. cGMP-enhancing- and alpha1A/alpha1D-adrenoceptor blockade-derived inhibition of Rho-kinase by KMUP-1 provides optimal prostate relaxation and epithelial cell anti-proliferation efficacy. Prostate 2007;67:1397-410
- Guh JH, Hwang TL, Ko FN, et al. Antiproliferative effect in human prostatic smooth muscle cells by nitric oxide donor. Mol Pharmacol 1998;53:467-74
- Tinel H, Stelte-Ludwig B, Hütter J, Sandner P. Pre-clinical evidence for the use of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms. BJU Int 2006;98:1259-63
- Filippi S, Morelli A, Sandner P, et al. Characterization and functional role of androgen-dependent PDE5 activity in the bladder. Endocrinology 2007;148:1019-29
- Truss MC, Uckert S, Stief CG, et al. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes in the human detrusor smooth muscle. I. Identification and characterization. Urol Res 1996;24:123-8
- Truss MC, Uckert S, Stief CG, et al. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes in the human detrusor smooth muscle. II. Effect of various PDE inhibitors on smooth muscle tone and cyclic nucleotide levels in vitro Urol Res 1996;24:129-34
- Moon A. Influence of nitric oxide signalling pathways on pre-contracted human detrusor smooth muscle in vitro. BJU Int 2002;89:942-9
- Sairam K, Kulinskaya E, McNicholas TA, et al. Sildenafil influences lower urinary tract symptoms. BJU Int 2002;90:836-9
- Mulhall JP, Guhring P, Parker M, Hopps C. Assessment of the impact of sildenafil citrate on lower urinary tract symptoms in men with erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2006;3:662-7
- McVary KT, Monnig W, Camps JL Jr, et al. Sildenafil citrate improves erectile function and urinary symptoms in men with erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized, double-blind trial. J Urol 2007;177:1071-7
- McVary KT, Roehrborn CG, Kaminetsky JC, et al. Tadalafil relieves lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2007;177:1401-7
- Kaplan SA, Gonzalez RR, Te AE. Combination of alfuzosin and sildenafil is superior to monotherapy in treating lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction. Eur Urol 2007;51:1717-23
- Robertson C, Link CL, Onel E, et al. The impact of lower urinary tract symptoms and comorbidities on quality of life: the BACH and UREPIK studies. BJU Int 2007;99:347-54
- Litman HJ, McKinlay JB. The future magnitude of urological symptoms in the USA: projections using the Boston Area Community Health survey. BJU Int 2007;100:820-5