301
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Pharmacological treatment in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease

, MD MHSc FRCPC & , MD FRCPC
Pages 2575-2582 | Published online: 19 Sep 2008

Bibliography

  • CSHA. The Canadian Study of Health and Aging: risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology 1994;44:2073-80
  • Farlow MR. Moderate to severe Alzheimer disease: definition and clinical relevance. Neurology 2005;65:S1-4
  • Feldman HH, Woodward M. The staging and assessment of moderate to severe Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2005;65:S10-17
  • Donaldson C, Tarrier N, Burns A. The impact of the symptoms of dementia on caregivers. Br J Psychiatry 1997;170:62-8
  • Lopez OL, Becker JT, Saxton J, et al. Alteration of a clinically meaningful outcome in the natural history of Alzheimer's disease by cholinesterase inhibition. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:83-7
  • Birks J, Flicker L. Selegiline for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;CD000442
  • Areosa Sastre A, Sherriff F, McShane R. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;CD003154
  • Tabet N, Birks J, Grimley Evans J. Vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;CD002854
  • Birks J, Harvey RJ. Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;CD001190
  • Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;CD005593
  • Loy C, Schneider L. Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;CD001747
  • Birks J, Grimley Evans J, Iakovidou V, Tsolaki M. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;CD001191
  • Bowen DM, Smith CB, White P, Davison AN. Neurotransmitter-related enzymes and indices of hypoxia in senile dementia and other abiotrophies. Brain 1976;99:459-96
  • Davies P, Maloney AJ. Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1976;2:1403
  • Perry EK, Tomlinson BE, Blessed G, et al. Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia. BMJ 1978;2:1457-9
  • Davies P. Challenging the cholinergic hypothesis in Alzheimer disease. JAMA 1999;281:1433-4
  • Bullock R, Touchon J, Bergman H, et al. Rivastigmine and donepezil treatment in moderate to moderately-severe Alzheimer's disease over a 2-year period. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:1317-27
  • Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, et al. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001;57:613-20
  • Crockett D, Tuokko H, Koch W, Parks R. The assessment of everyday functioning using the Present Functioning Questionnaire and the Functional Rating Scale in elderly samples. Clin Gerontol 1989;8:3-25
  • Schneider LS, Olin JT, Doody RS, et al. Validity and reliability of the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1997;11(Suppl 2):S22-32
  • Saxton J, Swihart AA. Neuropsychological assessment of the severely impaired elderly patient. Clin Geriatr Med 1989;5:531-43
  • Gelinas I, Gauthier L, McIntyre M, Gauthier S. Development of a functional measure for persons with Alzheimer's disease: the disability assessment for dementia. Am J Occup Ther 1999;53:471-81
  • Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 1969;9:179-86
  • Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, et al.; The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 1994;44:2308-14
  • Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, et al. Economic evaluation of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2004;63:644-50
  • Tariot PN, Cummings JL, Katz IR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the nursing home setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:1590-9
  • Morris JC. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology 1993;43:2412-4
  • Black SE, Doody R, Li H, et al. Donepezil preserves cognition and global function in patients with severe Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2007;69:459-69
  • Winblad B, Cummings J, Andreasen N, et al. A six-month double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of a transdermal patch in Alzheimer's disease – rivastigmine patch versus capsule. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007;22:456-67
  • Cummings J, Lefevre G, Small G, Appel-Dingemanse S. Pharmacokinetic rationale for the rivastigmine patch. Neurology 2007;69:S10-3
  • Jacob CP, Koutsilieri E, Bartl J, et al. Alterations in expression of glutamatergic transporters and receptors in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2007;11:97-116
  • Hinoi E, Takarada T, Tsuchihashi Y, Yoneda Y. Glutamate transporters as drug targets. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 2005;4:211-20
  • Fernandez-Tome P, Brera B, Arevalo MA, de Ceballos ML. Beta-amyloid25-35 inhibits glutamate uptake in cultured neurons and astrocytes: modulation of uptake as a survival mechanism. Neurobiol Dis 2004;15:580-9
  • Abe K, Misawa M. Amyloid beta protein enhances the clearance of extracellular L-glutamate by cultured rat cortical astrocytes. Neurosci Res 2003;45:25-31
  • Bliss TV, Collingridge GL. A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 1993;361:31-9
  • Lipton SA. Pathologically-activated therapeutics for neuroprotection: mechanism of NMDA receptor block by memantine and S-nitrosylation. Curr Drug Targets 2007;8:621-32
  • Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Alvarez XA, Cacabelos R, Quack G. Neuroprotection by memantine against neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid(1-40). Brain Res 2002;958:210-21
  • Parsons CG, Danysz W, Quack G. Memantine is a clinically well tolerated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist – a review of preclinical data. Neuropharmacology 1999;38:735-67
  • Danysz W, Parsons CG. The NMDA receptor antagonist memantine as a symptomatological and neuroprotective treatment for Alzheimer's disease: preclinical evidence. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003;18:S23-32
  • Areosa Sastre A, Sherriff F, McShane R. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;CD003154
  • Winblad B, Poritis N. Memantine in severe dementia: results of the 9M-Best Study (Benefit and efficacy in severely demented patients during treatment with memantine). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999;14:135-46
  • Ferm L. Behavioural activities in demented geriatric patients. Study based on evaluations made by nursing staff members and on patients' scores on a simple psychometric test. Gerontol Clin (Basel) 1974;16:185-94
  • Reisberg B, Doody R, Stoffler A, et al. Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333-41
  • Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, et al. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:317-24
  • Van Dyck CH, Tariot PN, Meyers B, Malca Resnick E. A 24-week randomized, controlled trial of memantine in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2007;21:136-43
  • Schmitt F, Ryan M, Cooper G. A brief review of the pharmacologic and therapeutic aspects of memantine in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007;3:135-41
  • Behl C. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: implications for prevention and therapy. Subcell Biochem 2005;38:65-78
  • Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1216-22
  • Filip V, Kolibas E. Selegiline in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a long-term randomized placebo-controlled trial. Czech and Slovak Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type Study Group. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1999;24:234-43
  • Freedman M, Rewilak D, Xerri T, et al. L-Deprenyl in Alzheimer's disease: cognitive and behavioral effects. Neurology 1998;50:660-8
  • Tariot PN, Goldstein B, Podgorski CA, et al. Short-term administration of selegiline for mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998;6:145-54
  • Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, et al. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2379-88
  • Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, et al. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:37-46
  • Kaduszkiewicz H, Zimmermann T, Beck-Bornholdt HP, van den Bussche H. Cholinesterase inhibitors for patients with Alzheimer's disease: systematic review of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 2005;331:321-7
  • Olin J, Schneider L .Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, issue 2, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley
  • Birks J, Grimley Evans J, Iakividou V, Tsolaki M . Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, issue 2, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley
  • Wolfson C, Oremus M, Shukla V, et al. Donepezil and rivastigmine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a best-evidence synthesis of the published data on their efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Clin Ther 2002;24:862-86; discussion 837
  • Getsios D, Migliaccio-Walle K, Caro JJ. NICE cost-effectiveness appraisal of cholinesterase inhibitors: was the right question posed? Were the best tools used? Pharmacoeconomics 2007;25:997-1006
  • Horton R. NICE vindicated in UK's High Court. Lancet 2007;370:547-8
  • Green C, Picot J, Loveman E, et al. Modelling the cost effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors in the management of mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacoeconomics 2005;23:1271-82

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.