173
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Drug Evaluation

Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol for contraception and control of menstrual symptoms

, MD MPH & , MD
Pages 319-327 | Published online: 17 Jan 2008

Bibliography

  • Edelman A, Gallo MF, Nichols MD, et al. Continuous versus cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception: systematic Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials. Hum Reprod 2006;21:573-8
  • Kaunitz AM. Menstruation: choosing whether...and when. Contraception 2000;62:277-84
  • Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W, et al. Shorter pill-free interval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. Contraception 1996;54:71-7
  • Sulak PJ, Scow RD, Preece C, et al. Hormone withdrawal symptoms in oral contraceptive users. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:261-6
  • Glasier AF, Smith KB, van der Spuy ZM, et al. Amenorrhea associated with contraception – an international study on acceptability. Contraception 2003;67:1-8
  • Edelman A, Lew R, Cwiak C, et al. Acceptability of contraceptive-induced amenorrhea in a racially diverse group of US women. Contraception 2007;75:450-3
  • Mosher WD, Martinez GM, Chandra A, et al. Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982 – 2002. Adv Data 2004:1-36
  • Rosenberg MJ, Burnhill MS, Waugh MS, et al. Compliance and oral contraceptives: a review. Contraception 1995;52:137-41
  • Jensen JT, Speroff L. Health benefits of oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2000;27:705-21
  • Marks L. Sexual Chemistry: a history of the contraceptive pill. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2001
  • Combination oral contraceptive use and the risk of endometrial cancer. The cancer and steroid hormone study of the centers for disease control and the national institute of child health and human development. JAMA 1987;257:796-800
  • Chandra A, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, et al. Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of US women: data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 2005;23:1-160
  • Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D. The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1263-9
  • Lanes SF, Birmann B, Walker AM, Singer S. Oral contraceptive type and functional ovarian cysts. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:956-61
  • Holt VL, Daling JR, McKnight B, et al. Functional ovarian cysts in relation to the use of monophasic and triphasic oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 1992;79:529-33
  • Gallo MF, Nanda K, Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Twenty micrograms vs. > 20 microg estrogen oral contraceptives for contraception: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Contraception 2005;71:162-9
  • Darney PD. OC practice guidelines: minimizing side effects. Int J Fertil Womens Med 1997;(Suppl 1):158-69
  • Curtis KM, Hillis SD, Kieke BA Jr, et al. Visits to emergency departments for gynecologic disorders in the United States, 1992 – 1994. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:1007-12
  • Vuorma S, Teperi J, Aalto AM, et al. A randomized trial among women with heavy menstruation – impact of a decision aid on treatment outcomes and costs. Health Expect 2004;7:327-37
  • Dawood MY. Ibuprofen and dysmenorrhea. Am J Med 1984;77:87-94
  • Borenstein J, Chiou CF, Dean B, et al. Estimating direct and indirect costs of premenstrual syndrome. J Occup Environ Med 2005;47:26-33
  • Coffee AL, Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ. Long-term assessment of symptomatology and satisfaction of an extended oral contraceptive regimen. Contraception 2007;75:444-9
  • Kwiecien M, Edelman A, Nichols MD, Jensen JT. Bleeding patterns and patient acceptability of standard or continuous dosing regimens of a low-dose oral contraceptive: a randomized trial. Contraception 2003;67:9-13
  • Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ, Ortiz M, Shull BL. Acceptance of altering the standard 21-day/7-day oral contraceptive regimen to delay menses and reduce hormone withdrawal symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1142-9
  • Andrist LC. Women's and providers' attitudes toward menstrual suppression with extended use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2006;74:174
  • den Tonkelaar I, Oddens BJ. Preferred frequency and characteristics of menstrual bleeding in relation to reproductive status, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use. Contraception 1999;59:357-62
  • Shakespeare J, Neve E, Hodder K. Is norethisterone a lifestyle drug? Results of database analysis. BMJ 2000;320:291
  • Loudon NB, Foxwell M, Potts DM, et al. Acceptability of an oral contraceptive that reduces the frequency of menstruation: the tri-cycle pill regimen. BMJ 1977;2:487-90
  • Falsetti L, Galbignani E. Long-term treatment with the combination ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate in polycystic ovary syndrome. Contraception 1990;42:611-9
  • Miller L, Hughes JP. Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:653-61
  • Anderson FD, Hait H. A multicenter, randomized study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive. Contraception 2003;68:89-96
  • Teichmann AT, Kluft C, Grubb GS, et al. Comparative trial of continuous-use and 21-day cyclic levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol oral contraceptive. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:1
  • Archer DF, Jensen JT, Johnson JV, et al. Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: phase 3 study results. Contraception 2006;74:439-45
  • Back DJ, Killick SR, Stevenson PJ, et al. The relative bioavailability of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol when administered in tablet and capsule form. Contraception 1987;36:321-6
  • Back DJ, Bates M, Breckenridge AM, et al. The pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel and ethynylestradiol in women – studies with Ovran and Ovranette. Contraception 1981;23:229-39
  • Endrikat J, Blode H, Gerlinger C, Rosenbaum P, Kuhnz W. A pharmacokinetic study with a low-dose oral contraceptive containing 20 microg ethinylestradiol plus 100 microg levonorgestrel. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2002;7:79-90
  • Fotherby K. Intrasubject variability in the pharmacokinetics of ethynyloestradiol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991;38:733-6
  • Fotherby K. Levonorgestrel. Clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995;28:203-15
  • Carol W, Klinger G, Jager R, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel after administration of two oral contraceptive preparations. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1992;99:12-7
  • Stanczyk FZ, Roy S. Metabolism of levonorgestrel, norethindrone, and structurally related contraceptive steroids. Contraception 1990;42:67-96
  • Goldzieher JW. Pharmacology of contraceptive steroids: a brief review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:1260-4
  • Gommaa AA, Osman FH. Influence of acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis on the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel. Contraception 1983;28:149-57
  • Belsey EM. Menstrual bleeding patterns in untreated women and with long-acting methods of contraception. Task force on long-acting systemic agents for fertility regulation. Adv Contracept 1991;7:257-70
  • Johnson JV, Grubb GS, Constantine GD. Endometrial histology following 1 year of a continuous daily regimen of levonorgestrel 90 micro g/ethinyl estradiol 20 micro g. Contraception 2007;75:23-6
  • Teichmann AT, Kluft C, Grubb G, et al. Comparative trial of continuous-use and 21-day cyclic levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol oral contraceptive. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:12S-a
  • Nakajima ST, Archer DF, Ellman H. Efficacy and safety of a new 24-day oral contraceptive regimen of norethindrone acetate 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 20 micro g (Loestrin 24 Fe). Contraception 2007;75:16-22
  • Haspels AA. Clinical experience with a low-dose contraceptive agent. European studies. J Reprod Med 1983;28:71-6
  • Bachmann G, Sulak PJ, Sampson-Landers C, et al. Efficacy and safety of a low-dose 24-day combined oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinylestradiol and 3 mg drospirenone. Contraception 2004;70:191-8
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidance for industry: labeling for combined oral contraceptives, draft guidance. Revision 1. FDA, Rockville, MD, 2004. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/5197dft.pdf [Accessed October 30 2007]
  • Shortridge E, Miller K. Contraindications to oral contraceptive use among women in the United States, 1999 – 2001. Contraception 2007;75:355-60
  • Stang A, Schwingl P, Rivera R. New contraceptive eligibility checklists for provision of combined oral contraceptives and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate in community-based programmes. Bull World Health Organ 2000;78:1015-23
  • Bladbjerg EM, Skouby SO, Andersen LF, Jespersen J. Effects of different progestin regimens in hormone replacement therapy on blood coagulation factor VII and tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Hum Reprod 2002;17:3235-41
  • Archer DF. The effect of the duration of progestin use on the occurrence of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2001;8:245-51
  • Porch JV, Lee IM, Cook NR, et al. Estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: the Women's Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2002;13:847-54
  • Rosenberg M, Waugh MS. Causes and consequences of oral contraceptive noncompliance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:276-9
  • Edelman AB, Koontz SL, Nichols MD, Jensen JT. Continuous oral contraceptives: are bleeding patterns dependent on the hormones given? Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:657-65
  • Robinson JC, Plichta S, Weisman CS, et al. Dysmenorrhea and use of oral contraceptives in adolescent women attending a family planning clinic. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:578-83

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.