Pharmacotherapy of atrial fibrillation: an old option with new possibilities

Bibliography

• Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1998;98:946-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand FN, Abbott RD, Kannel WB, et al. Characteristics and prognosis of lone atrial fibrillation. JAMA 1985;254:3449-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorian P, Jung W, Newman D, et al. The impairment of health-related quality of life in patients with intermittent atrial fibrillation: implications for the assessment of investigational therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1303-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Berg MP, Hassink RJ, Tuinenburg AE, et al. Quality of life in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and its predictors: importance of the autonomic nervous system. Eur Heart J 2001;22:247-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf PA, Mitchell JB, Baker CS, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality, stroke, and medical costs. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:229-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khasnis A, Jongnarangsin K, Abela G, et al. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a review of literature. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:710-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, Belanger AJ, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1996;131:790-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, et al. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation 2006;114:119-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattigney WA, Mensah GA, Croft JB. Increased atrial fibrillation mortality: United States, 1980 – 1998. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:819-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattigney WA, Mensah GA, Croft JB. Increasing trends in hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in the United States, 1985 through 1999: implications for primary prevention. Circulation 2003;108:711-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwlaat R, Capucci A, Camm AJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation management: a prospective survey in ESC member countries. The Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2005;26:2422-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: full text: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Europace 2006;8(9):651-745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart RG, Halperin JL. Atrial fibrillation and thromboembolism: a decade of progress in stroke prevention. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:688-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegel KM, Shipley MJ, Rose G. Risk of stroke in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. Lancet 1987;329:526-9
   Google Scholar
• Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, et al. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-up Study. Am J Med 1995;98:476-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1449-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly. The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1561-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1991;22:983-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defaye P, Dournaux F, Mouton E, et al. Prevalence of supraventricular arrhythmias from the automated analysis of data stored in the DDD pacemakers of 617 patients: the AIDA study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:250-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Israel CW, Gronefeld G, Ehrlich JR, et al. Long-term risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation as documented by an implantable monitoring device: implications for optimal patient care. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:47-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heppell RM, Berkin KE, McLenachan JM, et al. Hemostatic and hemodynamic abnormalities associated with left atrial thrombosis in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. Heart 1997;77:407-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway DS, Pearce LA, Chin BS, et al. Prognostic value of plasma von Willebrand factor and soluble P-selectin as indices of endothelial damage and platelet activation in 994 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;107:3141-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lip GY, Lowe GD, Rumby A, et al. Fibrinogen and fibrin D-dimer levels in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence for intermediate elevated levels of intravascular thrombogenesis. Am Heart J 1996;131:724-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nattel S, Opie LH. Controversies in atrial fibrillation. Lancet 2006;367:262-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart RG, Pearce LA, Rothbart RM et al. Stroke with intermittent atrial fibrillation: incidence and predictors during aspirin therapy. Stroke Prevention Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:183-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corley SD, Epstein AE, Dimarco JP, et al. Relationships between sinus rhythm, treatment and survival in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study. Circulation 2004;109:1509-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart RG, Benavente O, McBride R, et al. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:492-501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Go AS, Hylek EM, Borowsky LH, et al. Warfarin use among ambulatory patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:927-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwlaat R, Capucci A, Lip GY, et al. Antithrombotic treatment in real-life atrial fibrillation patients: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2006;27:3018-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prydz H. Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Semin Thromb Hemost 1977;4:1-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminsky LS, Zhang ZY. Human P450 metabolism of warfarin. Pharmacol Ther 1997;73:67-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman AR. Implications of cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphism on warfarin metabolism and dosing. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:235-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alving BM, Strickler MP, Knight RD, et al. Hereditary warfarin resistance. Investigation of a rare phenomenon. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:499-501
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heneghan C, Alonso-Coelle P, Garcia-Alamino M, et al. Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2006;367:404-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Active Writing Group on Behalf of the Active Investigators. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:1903-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaker GC, Gruber M, Connolly SJ, et al. Risks and benefits of combining aspirin with anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: an exploratory analysis of Stroke Prevention Using an Oral Thrombin Inhibitor in Atrial Fibrillation (SPORTIF) trials. Am Heart J 2006;152:967-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amadeus Investigators, Bousser MG, Bouthier J, Büller HR, et al. Comparison of idraparinux with vitamin K antagonists for prevention of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2008;371:315-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitz JI. A novel approach to thrombin inhibition. Thromb Res 2003;109(Suppl 1):S17-22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Executive Steering Committee on Behalf of the SPORTIF III Investigators. Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF III): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:1691-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albers GW, Diener HC, Frison L, et al. Ximelagatran vs. warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;293:690-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson BI, Borris L, Dahl OE, et al. Oral, direct factor Xa inhibition with BAY 59-7939 for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:121-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpie AG, Fisher WD, Bauer KA, et al. BAY 59-7939: an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients after total knee replacement. A phase II dose-ranging study. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:2479-86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Denus S, Sanoski CA, Carlsson J, et al. Rate vs. rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation: a metaanalysis. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:258-62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Packer DL, Bardy GH, Worley SJ, et al. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a reversible form of left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:563-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boriani G, Biffi M, Diemberger I, et al. Rate control in atrial fibrillation: choice of treatment and assessment of efficacy. Drugs 2003;63:1489-509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olshansky B, Rosenfeld LE, Warner AL, et al.; The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study. Approaches to control rate in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1201-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper HA, Bloomfield DA, Bush DE, et al. Relation between achieved heart rate and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (from the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management [AFFIRM] Study). Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1247-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson J, Miketic S, Windeler J, et al. STAF Investigators. Randomized trial of rate control versus rhythm control in persistent atrial fibrillation: the Strategies of Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (STAF) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1690-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Lilienthal J. Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation. Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF): a randomised trial. Lancet 2000;356:1789-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al. Rate control versus electrical cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation study group. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1838-40
   Google Scholar
• Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, et al. Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1825-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piot O, Chauvel C, Lazarus A, et al. Effects of a selective A1-adenosine receptor agonist on heart rate and heart rate variability during permanent atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21(Part 2):2459-64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lerman BB, Ellenbogen KA, Kadish A, et al. Electrophysiologic effects of a novel selective adenosine A1 agonist (CVT-510) on atrioventricular nodal conduction in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2001;6:237-45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinberg JS, Sadaniantz A, Kron J, et al. Analysis of cause-specific mortality in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study. Circulation 2004;109:1973-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grönefeld GC, Lilienthal J, Kuck KH, et al. Impact of rate versus rhythm control on quality of life in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1430-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagens VE, Ranchor AV, Van Sonderen E, et al. Effect of rate or rhythm control on quality of life in persistent atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:241-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins LS, Brodsky M, Schron E, et al. Quality of life in atrial fibrillation: the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management Study. Am Heart J 2005;149:112-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh BN, Singh SN, Reda DJ, et al. Sotalol Amiodarone Atrial Fibrillation Efficacy Trial (SAFE-T) Investigators: amiodarone versus sotalol for atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2005;352:861-72
   Google Scholar
• Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: The Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation Study (ATRIA). JAMA 2001;285:2370-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Manolio TA, et al. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in elderly subjects (the Cardiovascular Health Study). Am J Cardiol 1994;74:236-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy D, Talajic M, Dorian P, et al. Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:913-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun W, Sarma JS, Singh BN. Electrophysiological effects of dronedarone (SR33589), a noniodinated benzofuran derivate, in the rabbit heart: comparison with amiodarone. Circulation 1999;100:2276-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touboul P, Brugada J, Capucci A, et al. Dronedarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation: a dose-ranging study. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1481-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohnloser S. European Trial in AF or AFL Patients Receiving Dronedarone for the Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm (EURIDIS). Late breaking clinical report presented at the 2005 Congress of the European Society of Cardiology. Stockholm, Sweden; 2005
   Google Scholar
• Hohnloser S. Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter Patients for the Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm (ADONIS). Late breaking clinical report presented at the 2006 Congress of the European Society of Cardiology, Stockholm, Sweden; 2006
   Google Scholar
• Doggrell SA, Hancox JC. Dronedarone: an amiodarone analogue. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2004;13:415-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camm AJ, Pratt CM, Schwartz PJ, et al. Mortality in patients after a recent myocardial infarction: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of azimilide using heart rate variability for risk stratification. Circulation 2004;109:990-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt CM, Singh SN, Al Khalidi HR, et al. The efficacy of azimilide in the treatment of atrial fibrillation in the presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction: results from the Azimilide Postinfarct Survival Evaluation (ALIVE) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1211-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr CR, Connolly SJ, Kowey P, et al. Efficacy of azimilide for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the presence and absence of structural heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:215-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohnloser SH, Dorian P, Straub M, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenously administered tedisamil for rapid conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:99-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaauw Y, Gögelein H, Tieleman RG, et al. ‘Early’ class III drugs for the treatment of atrial fibrillation: efficacy and atrial selectivity of AVE0118 in remodelled atria of the goat. Circulation 2004;110:1717-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth KH, Paehler T, Rosenstein B, et al. Atrial effects of the novel K+ channel blocker AVE 0118 in anesthetized pigs. Cardiovasc Res 2003;60:298-306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedida D, Orth PM, Chen JY et al. The mechanism of atrial antiarrhyhmic action of RSD 1235. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005;16:1-12
   Google Scholar
• Roy D, Rowe BH, Stiell IG, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of RS 1235, a novel anti-arrhythmic agent, in the treatment of recent onset atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2355-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode F, Sachs F, Franz MR. Tarantula peptide inhibits atrial fibrillation. Nature 2001;409:35-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ninio DM, Murphy KJ, Howe PR, et al. Dietary fish oil protects against stretch-induced vulnerability to atrial fibrillation in a rabbit model. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005;16:1-6
   Google Scholar
• Nattel S, Carlsson L. Innovative approaches to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Nature 2006;5:1034-49
   Google Scholar
• Vest JA, Wehrens XH, Reiken SR, et al. Defective cardiac ryanodine receptor regulation during atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2005;111:2025-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Gondo N, et al. Antiarrhythmic effects of JVT-519, a novel cardioprotective drug, on atrial fibrillation/flutter in a canine sterile pericarditis model. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003;14:880-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healey JS, Morillo CA, Connolly SJ. Role of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in atrial fibrillation and cardiac remodelling. Curr Opin Cardiol 2005;20:31-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Urata H, et al. Effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist on electrical and structural remodelling in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:2197-204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Shinagawa K, Pang L, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the development of the atrial fibrillation substrate in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001;104:2608-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darbar D, Hardy A, Ritchi MD, et al. ACE I/D polymorphism modulates response to antiarrhythmic drug therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2005;2(Suppl):S67
   Google Scholar
• Tsai CT, Lai LP, Lin JL, et al. Renin–angiotensin system gene polymorphisms and atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2004;109:1640-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healey JS, Baranchuk A, Crystal E, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1832-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madrid AH, Bueno MG, Rebollo JM, et al. Use of irbesartan to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation. A prospective and randomized study. Circulation 2000;106:331-6
   Google Scholar
• Wachtell K, Lehto M, Gerdts E, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:712-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand K, Mooss AN, Hee TT, et al. Meta-analysis: inhibition of renin–angiotensin system prevents new-onset atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 2006;152:217-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;108:3006-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model. Cardiovasc Res 2004;62:105-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozaydin M, Varol E, Aslan SM, et al. Effect of atorvastatin on the recurrence rates of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:1490-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dernellis J, Panaretou M. Relationship between C-reactive protein concentrations during glucocorticoid therapy and recurrent atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1100-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian D, Psaty BM, Rimm EB, et al. Fish intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2004;110:368-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calo L, Bianconi L, Colivicchi F, et al. N-3 fatty acids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1723-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiffel JA, McDonald A. Antiarrhythmic effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol 2006;98(Suppl):50i-60i
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White HD, Gruber M, Feyzi J, et al. Comparison of outcomes among patients randomized to warfarin therapy according to anticoagulation control: results from SPORTIF III and V. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:239-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oral H, Knight BP, Tada H, et al. Pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002;105:1077-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappone C, Rosanio S, Augello G, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and quality of life after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation: outcomes from a controlled nonrandomized long-term study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:185-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappone C, Augello G, Sala S, et al. A randomized trial of circumferential pulmonary vein ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The APAF Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:2340-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappato R, Calkins H, Chen SA, et al. Worldwide survey on the methods, efficacy and safety of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2005;111:1100-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar