Bibliography
- Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(6):1995-2010
- Baird DT, Horton R, Longcope C, Tait JF. Steroid dynamics under steady-state conditions. Recent Prog Horm Res 1969;25:611-64
- Juneja HS, Karanth S, Dutt A, et al. Diurnal variations and temporal coupling of bioactive and immunoactive luteinizing hormone, prolactin, testosterone and 17-beta-estradiol in adult men. Horm Res 1991;35(3-4):89-94
- de Ronde W, van der Schouw YT, Pols HA, et al. Calculation of bioavailable and free testosterone in men: a comparison of 5 published algorithms. Clin Chem 2006;52(9):1777-84
- Mendel CM. The free hormone hypothesis: a physiologically based mathematical model. Endocr Rev 1989;10(3):232-74
- de Ronde W, Pols HA, van Leeuwen JP, de Jong FH. The importance of oestrogens in males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;58(5):529-42
- Marks LS, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS. Prostate tissue androgens: history and current clinical relevance. Urology 2008;72(2):247-54
- Westaby D, Ogle SJ, Paradinas FJ, et al. Liver damage from long-term methyltestosterone. Lancet 1977;2(8032):262-3
- Schurmeyer T, Wickings EJ, Freischem CW, Nieschlag E. Saliva and serum testosterone following oral testosterone undecanoate administration in normal and hypogonadal men. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1983;102(3):456-62
- Conway AJ, Boylan LM, Howe C, et al. Randomized clinical trial of testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men. Int J Androl 1988;11(4):247-64
- Wittert GA, Chapman IM, Haren MT, et al. Oral testosterone supplementation increases muscle and decreases fat mass in healthy elderly males with low-normal gonadal status. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58(7):618-25
- Skakkebaek NE, Bancroft J, Davidson DW, Warner P. Androgen replacement with oral testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal men: a double blind controlled study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1981;14(1):49-61
- Cantrill JA, Dewis P, Large DM, et al. Which testosterone replacement therapy? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1984;21(2):97-107
- Schubert M, Minnemann T, Hubler D, et al. Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate: pharmacokinetic aspects of a novel testosterone formulation during long-term treatment of men with hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(11):5429-34
- Swerdloff RS, Wang C, Cunningham G, et al. Long-term pharmacokinetics of transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(12):4500-10
- Wang C, Swerdloff R, Kipnes M, et al. New testosterone buccal system (Striant) delivers physiological testosterone levels: pharmacokinetics study in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(8):3821-9
- Marbury T, Hamill E, Bachand R, et al. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profiles of the new testosterone topical gel formulation, Testim, compared to AndroGel. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2003;24(3):115-20
- Wang C, Berman N, Longstreth JA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men: application of gel at one site versus four sites: a General Clinical Research Center Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(3):964-9
- Wang C, Swerdloff RS, Iranmanesh A, et al. Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(8):2839-53
- Steidle C, Schwartz S, Jacoby K, et al. AA2500 testosterone gel normalizes androgen levels in aging males with improvements in body composition and sexual function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(6):2673-81
- Leder BZ, Hahn CW, Barry CV, et al. Dose-response relationship between testosterone and sexual function in adult men. Endocrine Society Annual Meeting 2008; poster 3-638
- Wang C, Cunningham G, Dobs A, et al. Long-term testosterone gel (AndroGel) treatment maintains beneficial effects on sexual function and mood, lean and fat mass, and bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(5):2085-98
- Calof OM, Singh AB, Lee ML, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone replacement in middle-aged and older men: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60(11):1451-7
- Available from: http://www.fda.gov/ cder/foi/nda/2002/21-454_Testim.htm and http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/nda/2000/21-015_AndroGel.htm [Last accessed 1 December 2008]
- Bhowmick SK, Ricke T, Rettig KR. Sexual precocity in a 16-month-old boy induced by indirect topical exposure to testosterone. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2007;46(6):540-3
- Brachet C, Vermeulen J, Heinrichs C. Children's virilization and the use of a testosterone gel by their fathers. Eur J Pediatr 2005;164(10):646-7
- Yu YM, Punyasavatsu N, Elder D, D'ercole AJ. Sexual development in a two-year-old boy induced by topical exposure to testosterone. Pediatrics 1999;104(2):e23. Published online 9 March 1999 doi:10.1542/peds.104.2.e23
- Kunz GJ, Klein KO, Clemons RD, et al. Virilization of young children after topical androgen use by their parents. Pediatrics 2004;114(1):282-4
- Merhi ZO, Santoro N. Postmenopausal virilization after spousal use of topical androgens. Fertil Steril 2007;87(4):976-5
- de Ronde W. Hyperandrogenism after transfer of topical testosterone gel: case report and review of published and unpublished studies. Hum Reprod 2008; published online 23 October 2008, doi:10.1093/humrep/den372
- Testim product insert