The potential of ghrelin in the treatment of cancer cachexia

Bibliography

• Evans W J, Morley J E, Argiles J M, Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr 2008;27:793-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argiles J M, Alvarez B, Lopez-Soriano F J. The metabolic basis of cancer cachexia. Med Res Rev 1997;17:477-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argiles J M, Lopez-Soriano F J. Why do cancer cells have such a high glycolytic rate? Med Hypotheses 1990;32:151-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren S. The immediate cause of death in cancer. Am J Med Sci 1932;184:610-13
   Google Scholar
• Dewys WD, Begg C, Lavin PT, Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Med 1980;69:491-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llovera M, Garcia-Martinez C, Lopez-Soriano J, Protein turnover in skeletal muscle of tumour-bearing transgenic mice overexpressing the soluble TNF receptor-1. Cancer Lett 1998;130:19-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argiles JM, Anker SD, Evans WJ, Consensus on cachexia definitions. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010;11:229-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscaritoli M, Anker SD, Argiles JM, Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics". Clin Nutr 2010;29:154-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:489-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottery FD. Definition of standardized nutritional assessment and interventional pathways in oncology. Nutrition 1996;12(1 Suppl):S15-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenring E, Cross G, Daniels L, Validity of the malnutrition screening tool as an effective predictor of nutritional risk in oncology outpatients receiving chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2006;14:1152-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argiles J M, Lopez-Soriano F J, Toledo M, The cachexia score (CASCO): a new tool for staging cachectic cancer patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2011;2:87-93
   Google Scholar
• Argiles JM. Cancer-associated malnutrition. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2005;6:S39-50
   Google Scholar
• Argiles J M, Busquets S, Moore-Carrasco R, Lopez-Soriano F J. Cancer cachexia and fat metabolism. In: Mantovani G, editor. Cachexia and wasting. Springer Milan; 2006. p. 459-66
   Google Scholar
• Argiles JM, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Busquets S. Novel approaches to the treatment of cachexia. Drug Discov Today 2008;13:73-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solheim TS, Fayers PM, Fladvad T, On behalf of the European Palliative Care Research Collaborative (EPCRC) and the European Pharmacogenetic Study (EPOS). Is there a genetic cause of appetite loss? An explorative study in 1,853 cancer patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2012;3(3):191-8
   Google Scholar
• Argiles JM, Busquets S, Toledo M, Lopez-Soriano FJ. The role of cytokines in cancer cachexia. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2009;3:263-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Argiles JM, Busquets S, Moore-Carrasco R, Lopez-Soriano FJ. The role of cytokines in cancer cachexia. In: Mantovani G, editor. Cachexia and wasting. Springer Milan; 2006. p. 467-6
   Google Scholar
• Ng EH, Lowry SF. Nutritional support and cancer cachexia. Evolving concepts of mechanisms and adjunctive therapies. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1991;5:161-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argiles JM, Busquets S, Lopez-Soriano FJ. Metabolic interrelationships between liver and skeletal muscle in pathological states. Life Sci 2001;69:1345-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon KC, Barber MD, Falconer JS, Pancreatic cancer as a model: inflammatory mediators, acute-phase response, and cancer cachexia. World J Surg 1999;23:584-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lainscak M, Podbregar M, Anker S D. How does cachexia influence survival in cancer, heart failure and other chronic diseases? Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2007;1:299-305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Das SK, Eder S, Schauer S, Adipose triglyceride lipase contributes to cancer-associated cachexia. Science 2011;333:233-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argiles JM, Busquets S, Lopez Soriano FJ. The role of uncoupling proteins in pathophysiological states. In: Magalhaes J, Ascensao A, editors. Muscle plasticity-advances in physiological research. Research Signpost; Kerala India 2009. p. 195-207
   Google Scholar
• Busquets S, Almendro V, Barreiro E, Activation of UCPs gene expression in skeletal muscle can be independent on both circulating fatty acids and food intake. Involvement of ROS in a model of mouse cancer cachexia. FEBS Lett 2005;579:717-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ametller E, Busquets S, Fuster G, Effects of formoterol on muscle regeneration in cancer cachexia. Insciences J 2011;1:1-17
   Google Scholar
• Argiles JM, Lopez-Soriano J, Busquets S, Lopez-Soriano FJ. Journey from cachexia to obesity by TNF. FASEB J 1997;10:743-51
   Google Scholar
• Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999;402:656-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednarek MA, Feighner SD, Pong SS, Structure-function studies on the new growth hormone-releasing peptide, ghrelin: minimal sequence of ghrelin necessary for activation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a. J Med Chem 2000;43:4370-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Lee HM, Englander E, Greeley GH Jr. Ghrelin–not just another stomach hormone. Regul Pept 2002;105:75-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaneda TR, Tong J, Datta R, Ghrelin in the regulation of body weight and metabolism. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010;31:44-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shioda S, Takenoya F, Yagi M, Neural networks of several novel neuropeptides involved in feeding regulation. Nutrition 2008;24:848-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerlhag E. Systemic administration of ghrelin induces conditioned place preference and stimulates accumbal dopamine. Addict Biol 2008;13:358-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik S, McGlone F, Bedrossian D, Dagher A. Ghrelin modulates brain activity in areas that control appetitive behavior. Cell Metab 2008;7:400-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Date Y, Shimbara T, Koda S, Peripheral ghrelin transmits orexigenic signals through the noradrenergic pathway from the hindbrain to the hypothalamus. Cell Metab 2006;4:323-31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier C, Riedl M, Vila G, Cholinergic regulation of ghrelin and peptide YY release may be impaired in obesity. Diabetes 2008;57:2332-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Rey E, Chorny A, Delgado M. Therapeutic action of ghrelin in a mouse model of colitis. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1707-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li WG, Gavrila D, Liu X, Ghrelin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human endothelial cells. Circulation 2004;109:2221-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu R, Dong W, Cui X, Ghrelin down-regulates proinflammatory cytokines in sepsis through activation of the vagus nerve. Ann Surg 2007;245:480-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waseem T, Duxbury M, Ito H, Exogenous ghrelin modulates release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages through distinct signaling pathways. Surgery 2008;143:334-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Date Y, Murakami N, Toshinai K, The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1120-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato N, Kanai S, Takano S, Central administration of ghrelin stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion via the vagus in conscious rats. Jpn J Physiol 2003;53:443-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tschop M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000;407:908-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mano-Otagiri A, Iwasaki-Sekino A, Nemoto T, Genetic suppression of ghrelin receptors activates brown adipocyte function and decreases fat storage in rats. Regul Pept 2010;160:81-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das SK, Eder S, Schauer S, Adipose triglyceride lipase contributes to cancer-associated cachexia. Science 2011;333:233-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaya N, Moriya J, Yasumura Y, Effects of ghrelin administration on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2004;110:3674-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argiles JM, Lopez-Soriano FJ. The ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway in skeletal muscle: its role in pathological states. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1996;17:223-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallares-Trujillo J, Agell N, Garcia-Martinez C, The ubiquitin system, a role in disease? Med Res Rev 1997;17:139-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters TL. Central and peripheral mechanisms by which ghrelin regulates gut motility. J Physiol Pharmacol 2003;54(Suppl 4):95-103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagaya N, Uematsu M, Kojima M, Chronic administration of ghrelin improves left ventricular dysfunction and attenuates development of cardiac cachexia in rats with heart failure. Circulation 2001;104:1430-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda R, Nishimatsu H, Suzuki E, Ghrelin improves renal function in mice with ischemic acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:113-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanada T, Toshinai K, Date Y, Upregulation of ghrelin expression in cachectic nude mice bearing human melanoma cells. Metabolism 2004;53:84-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HS, Oh DS, Ohning GV, Pisegna JR. Elevated serum ghrelin exerts an orexigenic effect that may maintain body mass index in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Mol Neurosci 2007;33:225-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerem M, Ferahkose Z, Yilmaz UT, Adipokines and ghrelin in gastric cancer cachexia. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:3633-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi M, Terashima M, Takagane A, Ghrelin and leptin levels in cachectic patients with cancer of the digestive organs. Int J Clin Oncol 2009;14:315-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu Y, Nagaya N, Isobe T, Increased plasma ghrelin level in lung cancer cachexia. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:774-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karapanagiotou EM, Polyzos A, Dilana KD, Increased serum levels of ghrelin at diagnosis mediate body weight loss in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Lung Cancer 2009;66:393-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia JM, Garcia-Touza M, Hijazi RA, Active ghrelin levels and active to total ghrelin ratio in cancer-induced cachexia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:2920-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolopoulos D, Theocharis S, Kouraklis G. Ghrelin: a potential therapeutic target for cancer. Regul Pept 2010;163:7-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanada T, Toshinai K, Kajimura N, Anti-cachectic effect of ghrelin in nude mice bearing human melanoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;301:275-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Andersson M, Iresjo BM, Effects of ghrelin on anorexia in tumor-bearing mice with eicosanoid-related cachexia. Int J Oncol 2006;28:1393-400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeBoer MD, Zhu XX, Levasseur P, Ghrelin treatment causes increased food intake and retention of lean body mass in a rat model of cancer cachexia. Endocrinology 2007;148:3004-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia JM, Cata JP, Dougherty PM, Smith RG. Ghrelin prevents cisplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and cachexia. Endocrinology 2008;149:455-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakabi K, Sadakane C, Noguchi M, Reduced ghrelin secretion in the hypothalamus of rats due to cisplatin-induced anorexia. Endocrinology 2010;151:3773-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahim MA, Kataya H, El-Kharrag R, Ghrelin attenuates gastrointestinal epithelial damage induced by doxorubicin. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:3836-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neary NM, Small CJ, Wren AM, Ghrelin increases energy intake in cancer patients with impaired appetite: acute, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2832-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strasser F, Lutz TA, Maeder MT, Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of intravenous ghrelin for cancer-related anorexia/cachexia: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-crossover study. Br J Cancer 2008;98:300-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia JM, Polvino WJ. Effect on body weight and safety of RC-1291, a novel, orally available ghrelin mimetic and growth hormone secretagogue: results of a phase I, randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study in healthy volunteers. Oncologist 2007;12:594-600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia JM, Friend J, Allen S. Therapeutic potential of anamorelin, a novel, oral ghrelin mimetic, in patients with cancer-related cachexia: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, crossover, pilot study. Support Care Cancer 2012; In press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundholm K, Gunnebo L, Korner U, Effects by daily long term provision of ghrelin to unselected weight-losing cancer patients: a randomized double-blind study. Cancer 2010;116:2044-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi S, Takiguchi S, Okada K, Effects of ghrelin administration after total gastrectomy: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled phase II study. Gastroenterology 2010;138:1312-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akamizu T, Takaya K, Irako T, Pharmacokinetics, safety, and endocrine and appetite effects of ghrelin administration in young healthy subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;150:447-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki RG. Small is beautiful: insulin-like growth factors and their role in growth, development, and cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:4985-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong J, Prigeon RL, Davis HW, Ghrelin suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and deteriorates glucose tolerance in healthy humans. Diabetes 2010;59:2145-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheriff S, Kadeer N, Joshi R, Des-acyl ghrelin exhibits pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic effects on C2C12 myotubes exposed to cytokines and reduces burn-induced muscle proteolysis in rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012;351:286-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majchrzak K, Szyszko K, Pawłowski KM, A role of ghrelin in cancerogenesis. Pol J Vet Sci 2012;15:189-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argiles JM, Olivan M, Busquets S, Lopez-Soriano FJ. Optimal management of cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Cancer Manag Res 2010;2:27-38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar