References
- Papers of special note have been highlighted as either of interest (*) or of considerable interest (**) to readers.
- Williams H, Flohr C. How epidemiology has challenged 3 prevailing concepts about atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(1):209–13.
- Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(14):1483–1494.
- Maksimović N, Janković S, Marinković J, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol. 2012;39(1):42–47.
- Totri CR, Diaz L, Eichenfield LF. 2014 update on atopic dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2014;26(4):466–471.
- Thomsen SF. Atopic dermatitis: natural history, diagnosis, and treatment. ISRN Allergy. 2014;2014:1-7.
- *Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 2006;38(4):441–46.
- Reference [6] was highlighted since it reports about the high rate of filaggrin mutations in patients with atopic dermatitis which is essential to explain the outside-in hypothesis of atopic dermatitis.
- De Benedetto A, Kubo A, La B. Skin barrier disruption: a requirement for allergen sensitization? J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(3 Pt 2):949–63.
- Malajian D, Guttman-Yassky E. New pathogenic and therapeutic paradigms in atopic dermatitis. Cytokine. 2015;73(2):311–18.
- Pellerin L, Henry J, Hsu CY, et al. Defects of filaggrin-like proteins in both lesional and nonlesional atopic skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(4):1094–1102.
- Wollenberg A, Feichtner K. Atopic dermatitis and skin allergies: update and outlook. Allergy. 2013;68(12):1509–19.
- Howell MD, Kim BE, Gao P, et al. Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(1):150–55.
- *Eyerich K, Novak N. Immunology of atopic eczema: overcoming the Th1/Th2 paradigm. Allergy. 2013;68(8):974–82.
- Reference [12] was highlighted since it explains the immunological concept of inflammation of atopic dermatitis.
- Andrews AL, Holloway JW, Holgate ST, et al. IL-4 receptor alpha is an important modulator of IL-4 and IL-13 receptor binding: implications for the development of therapeutic targets. J Immunol. 2006;176(12):7456–7461.
- Beck LA, Thaci D, Hamilton JD, et al. Systemic treatment of patients with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) with an anti IL-4RαmAb (REGN668/SAR231893) results in rapid and sustained improvements in disease signs and symptoms. Abstract presented at: International investigative dermatology meeting; May 8-11, 2013; Edinburgh, Scotland. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:S178.
- Yosipovitch G, Mayo M, Jd H, et al. A. IL-4Rα mAb REGN668/SAT231893 for the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis itch. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:S178.
- Nakamura Y, Oscherwitz J, Cease KB, et al. Staphylococcus δ-toxin induces allergic skin disease by activating mast cells. Nature. 2013;503(7476):397–401.
- DaVeiga SP. Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis: a review. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2012;33(3):227–34.
- Luger T, De Raeve L, Gelmetti C, et al. Recommendations for pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis: from medical needs to a new treatment algorithm. Eur J Dermatol. 2013;23(6):758–66.
- Schmitt J, Schäkel K, Schmitt N, et al. Systemic treatment of severe atopic eczema: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2007;87(2):100–111.
- *Silverberg J. Atopic dermatitis: an evidence-based treatment update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15(3):149–64.
- Reference [20] was highlighted since it reviews today’s different topical and systemic therapies for atopic dermatitis and focuses on their efficacy.
- **Beck LA, Thaçi D, Jd H, et al. Dupilumab treatment in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(2):130–139.
- Reference [21] was strongly highlighted since it is the publication in which the four clinical studies on dupilumab are published which are the topic of our article.
- Wenzel S, Ford L, Pearlman D, et al. Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(26):2455–2466.
- Hamilton JD, Suárez-Fariñas M, Dhingra N, et al. Dupilumab improves the molecular signature in skin of patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(6):1293–1300.
- Di Lernia V. Therapeutic strategies in extrinsic atopic dermatitis: focus on inhibition of IL-4 as a new pharmacological approach. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2015;19(1):87–96.