The role of tandem stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma patients

References

• Bergsagel PL. Where we were, where we are, where we are going: progress in multiple myeloma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2014;34:199–203. doi:10.14694/EdBook_AM.2014.34.199.
   Google Scholar
• Attal M, Harousseau JL, Stoppa AM, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. Intergroupe Francais du Myelome. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:91–97. doi:10.1056/NEJM199607113350204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fermand JP, Ravaud P, Chevret S, et al. High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: up-front or rescue treatment? Results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial. Blood. 1998;92:3131–3136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Child JA, Morgan GJ, Davies FE, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1875–1883. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blade J, Rosinol L, Sureda A, et al. High-dose therapy intensification compared with continued standard chemotherapy in multiple myeloma patients responding to the initial chemotherapy: long-term results from a prospective randomized trial from the Spanish cooperative group PETHEMA. Blood. 2005;106:3755–3759. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fermand J-P, Katsahian S, Divine M, et al. High-dose therapy and autologous blood stem-cell transplantation compared with conventional treatment in myeloma patients aged 55 to 65 years: long-term results of a randomized control trial from the Group Myelome-Autogreffe. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:9227–9233. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.0551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Kyle RA, Anderson KC, et al. Standard chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemo radiotherapy for multiple myeloma: final results of a phase III US Intergroup Trial S9321. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:929–936. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.5807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino M, Morabito F. Autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma is not dead but alive and well. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15:149–154. doi:10.1517/14712598.2015.988611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah N, Callander N, Ganguly S, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple Myeloma: Guidelines from the American Society for blood and marrow transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;2:1155–1166. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohty M, Harousseau J-L. Treatment of autologous stem cell transplant-eligible multiple myeloma patients: ten questions and answers. Haematologica. 2014;99:408–416. doi:10.3324/haematol.2013.096149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz MA, Dingli D. How we manage autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2014;124:882–890. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-03-544759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn T, Wingard J, Anderson K, et al. The role of cytotoxic therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the therapy of multiple myeloma: an evidence-based review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2003;9:4–3. doi:10.1053/bbmt.2003.50002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Cavallo F, Gay F, et al. Autologous transplantation and maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:895–905. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1402888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harousseau J-L, Attal M, Avet-Loiseau H, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone is superior to vincristine plus doxorubicin plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the IFM 2005-01 phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4621–4629. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.27.9158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosinol L, Oriol A, Teruel AI, et al. Superiority of bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) as induction pretransplantation therapy in multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 3 PETHEMA/GEM study. Blood. 2012;120:1589–1596. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-02-408922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, et al. Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 3 study. Lancet. 2010;376:2075–2085. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61424-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Avet-Loiseau H, Facon T, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone versus reduced-dose bortezomib, thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2011;118:5752–5758. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-05-355081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakubowiak AJ, Griffith K, Jasielec JK, et al. Carfilzomib (CFZ, Kyprolis), lenalidomide (LEN, Revlimid), and dexamethasone (DEX) (KRd) combined with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) shows improved efficacy compared with KRd without ASCT in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia. 2015; September. doi:10.1016/j.clml.2015.07.173.
   Google Scholar
• Costa LJ, Zhang M-J, Zhong X, et al. Trends in utilization and outcomes of autologous transplantation as early therapy for multiple myeloma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;19:1615–1624. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.08.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passweg JR, Baldomero H, Bader P, et al. Hematopoietic SCT in Europe 2013: recent trends in the use of alternative donors showing more haploidentical donors but fewer cord blood transplants. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50:476–482. doi:10.1038/bmt.2014.312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesole DH, Barlogie B, Jagannath S, et al. High-dose therapy for refractory multiple myeloma: improved prognosis with better supportive care and double transplants. Blood. 1994;84:950–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Jagannath S, Vesole DH, et al. Superiority of tandem autologous transplantation over standard therapy for previously untreated multiple myeloma. Blood. 1997;89:789–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Jagannath S, Desikan KR, et al. Total therapy with tandem transplants for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 1999;93:55–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkstrand B. European group for blood and marrow transplantation registry studies in multiple myeloma. Semin Hematol. 2001;38:219–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahuerta JJ, Grande C, Martinez-Lopez J, et al. Tandem transplants with different high-dose regimens improve the complete remission rates in multiple myeloma. Results of a Grupo Espanol de Sindromes Linfoproliferativos/Trasplante Autologo de Medula Osea phase II trial. Br J Haematol. 2003;120:296–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corso A, Mangiacavalli S, Barbarano L, et al. Limited feasibility of double transplant in multiple myeloma: results of a multicenter study on 153 patients aged <65 years. Cancer. 2007;109:2273–2278. doi:10.1002/cncr.22660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergantim R, Trigo F, Guimarães JE. The impact of tandem autologous stem cell transplantation and response to transplant in the outcome of multiple myeloma. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2012;1:35. doi:10.1186/2162-3619-1-35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Byrne M, Salmasinia D, Leather H, et al. Tandem autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple Myeloma patients based on response to their first transplant-A prospective phase II study. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 2014;8:101–105. doi:10.4137/CMO.S16835.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavo M, Di Raimondo F, Zamagni E, et al. Short-term thalidomide incorporated into double autologous stem-cell transplantation improves outcomes in comparison with double autotransplantation for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5001–5007. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.22.7389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay F, Magarotto V, Crippa C, et al. Bortezomib induction, reduced intensity transplantation, and lenalidomide consolidation maintenance for myeloma: updated results. Blood. 2013;122:1376–1383. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-02-483073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Tricot GJ, van Rhee F, et al. Long-term outcome results of the first tandem autotransplant trial for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2006;135:158–164. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06271.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Tricot G, Anaissie E, et al. Thalidomide and hematopoietic-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1021–1030. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa053583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Anaissie E, van Rhee F, et al. Incorporating bortezomib into upfront treatment for multiple myeloma: early results of Total Therapy 3. Br J Haematol. 2007;138:176–185. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06635.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attal M, Harousseau J-L, Facon T, et al. Single versus double autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2495–2502. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavo M, Tosi P, Zamagni E, et al. Prospective, randomized study of single compared with double autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: Bologna 96 clinical study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:2434–2441. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.10.2509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neben K, Lokhorst HM, Jauch A, et al. Administration of bortezomib before and after autologous stem cell transplantation improves outcome in multiple myeloma patients with deletion 17p. Blood. 2012;119:940–948. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-09-379164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElwain TJ, Powles RL, High-dose intravenous melphalan for plasma-cell leukaemia and myeloma. Lancet. 1983;2:822–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Hall R, Zander A, et al. High-dose melphalan with autologous bone marrow transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood. 1986;67:1298–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usmani SZ, Crowley J, Hoering A, et al. Improvement in long-term outcomes with successive Total Therapy trials for multiple myeloma: are patients now being cured? Leukemia. 2013;27:226–232. doi:10.1038/leu.2012.160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Pineda-Roman M, van Rhee F, et al. Thalidomide arm of Total Therapy 2 improves complete remission duration and survival in myeloma patients with metaphase cytogenetic abnormalities. Blood. 2008;112:3115–3121. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-03-145235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair B, van Rhee F, Shaughnessy JD Jr, et al. Superior results of Total Therapy 3 (2003–33) in gene expression profiling-defined low-risk multiple myeloma confirmed in subsequent trial 2006–66 with VRD maintenance. Blood. 2010;115:4168–4173. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-12-255992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zangari M, van Rhee F, Anaissie E, et al. Eight-year median survival in multiple myeloma after total therapy 2: roles of thalidomide and consolidation chemotherapy in the context of total therapy 1. Br J Haematol. 2008;141:433–444. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.06982.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineda-Roman M, Zangari M, Haessler J, et al. Sustained complete remissions in multiple myeloma linked to bortezomib in total therapy 3: Comparison with total therapy 2. Br J Haematol. 2008;140:625–634. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06921.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein MA, Bolejack V, Zonder JA, et al. Phase II study of thalidomide plus dexamethasone induction followed by tandem melphalan-based autotransplantation and thalidomide-plus-prednisone maintenance for untreated multiple myeloma: a southwest oncology group trial(S0204). J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3510–3517. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.9240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Attal M, Crowley J, et al. Long-term follow-up of autotransplantation trials for multiple myeloma: update of protocols conducted by the intergroupe francophone du myelome, southwest oncology group, and university of Arkansas for medical sciences. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1209–1214. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.6081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attal M, Harousseau J-L, Leyvraz CD, et al. Maintenance therapy with thalidomide improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2006;108:3289–3294. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-03-013334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Garban F, Attal M, et al. Long-term follow-up results of IFM99-03 and IFM99-04 trials comparing nonmyeloablative allotransplantation with autologous transplantation in high-risk de novo multiple myeloma. Blood. 2008;112:3914–3915. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-07-168823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regelink JC, van Roessel CH, van Galen KP, et al. Long-term follow-up of tandem autologous stem-cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:e741–3. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.31.5515.
   Google Scholar
• Huijgens PC, Dekker-Van Roessel HM, Jonkhoff AR, et al. High-dose melphalan with G-CSF-stimulated whole blood rescue followed by stem cell harvesting and busulphan/cyclophosphamide with autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;27:925–931. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonneveld P, van der Holt B, Segeren CM, et al. Intermediate-dose melphalan compared with myeloablative treatment in multiple myeloma: long-term follow-up of the Dutch Cooperative GroupHOVON 24 trial. Haematologica. 2007;92:928–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Triolo S, Argentino C, et al. Dose-intensive melphalan with stem cell support (MEL100) is superior to standard treatment in elderly myeloma patients. Blood. 1999;94:1248–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lokhorst HM, Sonneveld P, Wijermans PW, et al. Intermediate-dose melphalan (IDM) combined with G-CSF (filgrastim) is an effective and safe induction therapy for autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 1996;92:44–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segeren CM, Sonneveld P, van der Holt B, et al. Overall and event-free survival are not improved by the use of myeloablative therapy following intensified chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma: a prospective randomized phase 3 study. Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Study Group. Blood. 2003;101:2144–2145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonneveld P, Schmidt-Wolf IG, van der Holt B, et al. Bortezomib induction and maintenance treatment in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the randomized phase III HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2946–2955. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.6820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Facon T, Attal M, et al. Comparison of 200 mg/m(2) melphalan and 8 Gy total body irradiation plus 140 mg/m(2) melphalan as conditioning regimens for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: final analysis of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome 9502 randomized trial. IntergroupeFrancophone du Myélome. Blood. 2002;99:731–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Attal M, Harousseau JL. New developments in conditioning regimens before auto-SCT in multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46:911–915. doi:10.1038/bmt.2011.20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giralt S. 200mg/m2 melphalan– the gold standard for multiple myeloma. Nat Rev. 2010;7:490–491.
   Google Scholar
• Martino M, Olivieri A, Offidani M, et al. Addressing the questions of tomorrow: melphalan and new combinations as conditioning regimens before autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013;22:619–634. doi:10.1517/13543784.2013.788643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musso M, Messina G, Marcacci G, et al. High-dose Melphalan plus thiotepa as conditioning regimen before second autologous stem cell transplantation for “De Novo” multiple myeloma patients: a phase II study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21:1932–1938. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Glasmacher A, et al. Tandem versus single autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for the treatment of multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:100–106. doi:10.1093/jnci/djn439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumann-Winter F, Greb A, Borchmann P, et al. First-line tandem high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation versus single high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma, a systematic review of controlled studies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;10:CD004626. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004626.pub3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giralt S, Vesole DH, Somlo G, et al. Tandem vs single autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for the treatment of multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:964; author reply 966-7. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehta J. Tandem vs single autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for the treatment of multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:1430-1; author reply 1431-3. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp320.
   Google Scholar
• Tricot G, Kern SE, Barlogie B. Tandem vs single autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for the treatment of multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:964-6; author reply 966-7. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdelkefi A, Ladeb S, Torjman L, et al. Single autologous stem-cell transplantation followed by maintenance therapy with thalidomide is superior to double autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Blood. 2008;111:1805–1810. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-07-101212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelkefi A, Ladeb S, Torjman L, et al. Single autologous stem-cell transplantation followed by maintenance therapy with thalidomide is superior to double autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Blood. 2008 Feb 15;111(4):1805-1810. [Epub 2007 Sep 17].
   Google Scholar
• Anderson KC, Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV, et al. Clinically relevant end points and new drug approvals for myeloma. Leukemia. 2008;22:231–239. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2404889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschan J, Lonnqvist B, Ringden O, et al. Graft-versus-myeloma effect. Lancet. 1996;348:46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricot G, Vesole DH, Jagannath S, et al. Graft-versus-myeloma effect: proof of principle. Blood. 1996;87:1196–1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Blanc R, Montminy-Métivier S, Belanger L, et al. Allogeneic transplantation for multiple myeloma: further evidence for a GvHD-associated graft-versus-myeloma effect. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;28:841–848. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Zhang MJ, Li P, et al. Trends in allogeneic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a CIBMTR analysis. Blood. 2011;118:1979–1988. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-02-337329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festuccia M, Martino M, Ferrando F, et al. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: immunotherapy and new drugs. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15:857–872. doi:10.1517/14712598.2015.1036735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorkstrand B, Iacobelli S, Hegenbart U, et al. Tandem autologous/reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem-cell transplantation versus autologous transplantation in myeloma: long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3016–3022. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.32.7312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gahrton G, Iacobelli S, Bjorkstrand B, et al. Autologous/reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation vs autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: long-term results of the EBMT-NMAM2000 study. Blood. 2013;121:5055–5063. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-11-469452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garban F, Attal M, Michallet M, et al. Prospective comparison of autologous stem cell transplantation followed by dose-reduced allograft(IFM99-03 trial) with tandem autologous stem cell transplantation(IFM99-04 trial) in high-risk de novo multiple myeloma. Blood. 2006;107:3474–3480. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-09-3869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno B, Rotta M, Patriarca F, et al. A comparison of allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1110–1120. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa065464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giaccone L, Storer B, Patriarca F, et al. Long-term follow-up of a comparison of non myeloablative allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myeloma. Blood. 2011;117:6721–6727. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-03-339945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan A, Pasquini MC, Logan B, et al. Autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation followed by allogeneic or autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma (BMT CTN 0102): a phase 3 biological assignment trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:1195–1203. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70243-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosinol L, Perez-Simon JA, Sureda A, et al. A prospective PETHEMA study of tandem autologous transplantation versus autograft followed by reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2008;112:3591–3593. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-02-141598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P. Death of frontline allo-SCT in myeloma. Blood. 2012;119:6178–6179. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-04-420802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Hullin C, Garban F, et al. Tandem autologous stem cell transplantation in high-risk de novo multiple myeloma: final results of the prospective and randomized IFM 99-04 protocol. Blood. 2006;107:397–403. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-06-2573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armeson KE, Hill EG, Costa LJ. Tandem autologous vs autologous plus reduced intensity allogeneic transplantation in the upfront management of multiple myeloma: meta-analysis of trials with biological assignment. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:562–567. doi:10.1038/bmt.2012.173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gahrton G, Svensson H, Cavo M, et al. Progress in allogenic bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a comparison between transplants performed 1983–93 and 1994–8 at European group for blood and marrow transplantation centres. Br J Haematol. 2001;113:209–216. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02726.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Hamadani M, Reljic T, et al. Comparative efficacy of tandem autologous versus autologous followed by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hematol Oncol. 2013;6:2. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-6-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabre C, Koscielny S, Mohty M, et al. Younger donor’s age and upfront tandem are two independent prognostic factors for survival in multiple myeloma patients treated by tandem autologous-allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective study from the Société Française de Greffe de Moelle et de Thérapie Cellulaire (SFGM-TC). Haematologica. 2012;97:482–490. doi:10.3324/haematol.2011.049742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kröger N, Badbaran A, Zabelina T, et al. Impact of high-risk cytogenetics and achievement of molecular remission on long-term freedom from disease after autologous-allogeneic tandem transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;19:398–404. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.10.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michallet M, Sobh M, El-Cheikh J, et al. Evolving strategies with immunomodulating drugs and tandem autologous/allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in first line high risk multiple myeloma patients. Exp Hematol. 2013;41:1008–1015. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2013.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahuerta JJ, Mateos MV, Martínez-López J, et al. Busulfan 12 mg/kg plus melphalan 140 mg/m2 versus melphalan 200 mg/m2 as conditioning regimens for autologous transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients included in the PETHEMA/GEM2000 study. Haematologica. 2010;95:1913–1920. doi:10.3324/haematol.2010.028027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanes M, Lahuerta JJ, González JD, et al. Intravenous busulfan and melphalan as a conditioning regimen for autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a matched comparison to a melphalan-only approach. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;19:69–74. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.08.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohty M, Boiron JM, Damaj G, et al. Graft-versus-myeloma effect following antithymocyte globulin-based reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;34:77–84. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1704531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacobelli S, De Wreede LC, Schönland S, et al. Impact of CR before and after allogeneic and autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: results from the EBMT NMAM2000 prospective trial. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50:505–510. doi:10.1038/bmt.2014.310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahebi F, Iacobelli S, Biezen AV, et al. Comparison of upfront tandem autologous-allogeneic transplantation versus reduced intensity allogeneic transplantation for multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50:802–807. doi:10.1038/bmt.2015.45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagannath S, Durie BGM, Wolf J, et al. Bortezomib therapy alone and incombination with dexamethasone for previously untreated symptomatic multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2005;129:776–783. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05540.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harousseau JL, Attal M, Stoppa A-M, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone the induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of an IFM phase II study. Haematologica. 2006;91:1498–1505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos M, Spencer A, Attal M, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Eng J Med. 2007;357:2123–2132. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa070594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Facon T, Sonneveld P, et al. Thalidomide for Treatment of multiple myeloma: 10 years later. Blood. 2008;111:3968–3977. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-10-117457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San Miguel JF, Schlag R, Khuageva NK, et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma. N Eng J Med. 2008;359:906–917. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0801479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar SK, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, et al. Improved survival in multiple myeloma and the impact of novel therapies. Blood. 2008;111:2516–2520. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-10-116129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Dimopoulos M, San Miguel J, et al. Lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone for the Treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood Rev. 2009;23:87–93. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2008.07.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig H, Sonneveld P, Davies F, et al. European perspective on multiple myeloma treatment strategies in 2014. Oncologist. 2014;19:829–844. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy PL Jr, Hahn T, Hassebroek A, et al. Trends in use of and survival after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in North America, 1995-2005: significant improvement in survival for lymphoma and myeloma during a period of increasing recipient age. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;19:1116–1123. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.04.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavo M, Rajkumar SV, Palumbo A, et al. International Myeloma Working Group. International Myeloma Working Group consensus approach to the treatment of multiple myeloma patients who are candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2011;117:6063–6073. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-02-297325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakubowiak AJ, Dytfeld D, Griffith KA, et al. A phase 1/2 study of carfilzomib in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone as a frontline treatment for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012;120:1801–1809. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-04-422683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavo M, Pantani L, Petrucci MT, et al. GIMEMA (Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell’Adulto) Italian Myeloma Network. Bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone is superior to thalidomide-dexamethasone as consolidation therapy after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012;120:9–19. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-02-408898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roussel M, Lauwers-Cances V, Robillard N, et al. Front-line transplantation program with lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone combination as induction and consolidation followed by lenalidomide maintenance in patients with multiple myeloma: a phase II study by the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2712–2717. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.54.8164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy PL, Owzar K, Hofmeister CC, et al. Lenalidomide after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1770–1781. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1114083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino M, Montanari M, Ferrara F, et al. Very low rate of readmission after an early discharge outpatient model for autografting in multiple myeloma patients: an Italian multicenter retrospective study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20:1026–1032. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.03.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino M, Russo L, Martinello T, et al. A home-care, early discharge model after autografting in multiple myeloma: results of a three-arm prospective, non-randomized study. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56:801–804. doi:10.3109/10428194.2014.931952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavo M, Salwender H, Rosinol L, et al. Double vs single autologous stem cell transplantation after bortezomib-based induction regimens for multiple myeloma: an integrated analysis of patient-level data from phase III European studies. Blood. 2013; 122(21). Abstract 767. (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Cavo M, Sonneveld P, et al. Combination of international scoring system 3, high lactate dehydrogenase, and t(4;14) and/or del(17p) identifies patients with multiple myeloma (MM) treated with front-line autologous stem-cell transplantation at high risk of early MM progression-related death. J Clin Oncol. 2014 [Jul 10];32(20):2173–2180. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.53.0329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar