605
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Update on emerging drugs for sarcopenia – age-related muscle wasting

Pages 655-673 | Published online: 02 Dec 2008

Bibliography

  • Ryall JG, Schertzer JD, Lynch GS. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. Biogerontology 2008;9:213-28
  • Alway SE, Siu PM. Nuclear apoptosis contributes to sarcopenia. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2008;36:51-7
  • Chabi B, Ljubicic V, Menzies KJ, et al. Mitochondrial function and apoptotic susceptibility in aging skeletal muscle. Aging Cell 2008;7:2-12
  • Marzetti E, Wohlgemuth SE, Lees HA, et al. Age-related activation of mitochondrial caspase-independent apoptotic signaling in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Mech Ageing Dev 2008;129:542-9
  • Hidestrand M, Richards-Malcolm S, Gurley CM, et al. Sca-1-expressing nonmyogenic cells contribute to fibrosis in aged skeletal muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008;63:566-79
  • Edström E, Altun M, Hägglund M, Ulfhake B. Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 are downregulated in aging-related loss of skeletal muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61:663-74
  • Clavel S, Coldefy AS, Kurkdjian E, et al. Atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1 are up-regulated in aged rat tibialis anterior muscle. Mech Ageing Dev 2006;127:794-801
  • Raue U, Slivka D, Jemiolo B, et al. Proteolytic gene expression differs at rest and after resistance exercise between young and old women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62:1407-12
  • Lynch GS. Novel therapies for sarcopenia: ameliorating age-related changes in skeletal muscle. Expert Opin Ther Patents 2002;12:11-27
  • Lynch GS. Emerging drugs for sarcopenia: age-related muscle wasting. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2004;9:345-61
  • Solomon AM, Bouloux PM. Modifying muscle mass - the endocrine perspective. J Endocrinol 2006;191:349-60
  • Brack AS, Rando TA. Intrinsic changes and extrinsic influences of myogenic stem cell function during aging. Stem Cell Rev 2007;3:226-37
  • Degens H. Age-related skeletal muscle dysfunction: causes and mechanisms. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2007;7:246-52
  • Edström E, Altun M, Bergman E, et al. Factors contributing to neuromuscular impairment and sarcopenia during aging. Physiol Behav 2007;92:129-35
  • Faulkner JA, Larkin LM, Claflin DR, Brooks SV. Age-related changes in the structure and function of skeletal muscles. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007;34:1091-6
  • Lee CE, McArdle A, Griffiths RD. The role of hormones, cytokines and heat shock proteins during age-related muscle loss. Clin Nutr 2007;26:524-534
  • Thomas DR. Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia. Clin Nutr 2007;26:389-99
  • Hagen JL, Krause DJ, Baker DJ, et al. Skeletal muscle aging in F344BN F1-hybrid rats: I. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the age-associated reduction in VO2max. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:1099-100
  • Hepple RT, Baker DJ, McConkey M, et al. Caloric restriction protects mitochondrial function with aging in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Rejuvenation Res 2006;9:219-22
  • Runge M, Rittweger J, Russo CR, et al. Is muscle power output a key factor in the age-related decline in physical performance? A comparison of muscle cross section, chair-rising test and jumping power. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2004;24:335-40
  • Korhonen MT, Cristea A, Alén M, et al. Aging, muscle fiber type, and contractile function in sprint-trained athletes. J Appl Physiol 2006;101:906-17
  • Cristea A, Korhonen MT, Häkkinen K, et al. Effects of combined strength and sprint training on regulation of muscle contraction at the whole-muscle and single-fibre levels in elite master sprinters. Acta Physiol 2008;193:275-89
  • Montero-Odasso M, Duque G. Vitamin D in the aging musculoskeletal system: an authentic strength preserving hormone. Mol Aspects Med 2005;26:203-19
  • Hamid Z, Riggs A, Spencer T, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in residents of academic long-term care facilities despite having been prescribed vitamin D. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2007;8:71-5
  • Brodsky IG, Balagopal P, Nair KS. Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis in hypogonadal men: a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:3469-75
  • Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, et al. Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:407-13
  • Bhasin S, Javanbakht M. Can androgen therapy replete lean body mass and improve muscle function in wasting associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999;23:S195-201
  • Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Hannoush P, et al. Effect of testosterone treatment on body composition and muscle strength in men over 65 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2647-53
  • Ferrando AA, Sheffield-Moore M, et al. Testosterone administration to older men improves muscle function: molecular and physiological mechanisms. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002;282:E601-7
  • Frisoli A Jr, Chaves PH, Pinheiro MM, Szejnfeld VL. The effect of nandrolone decanoate on bone mineral density, muscle mass, and hemoglobin levels in elderly women with osteoporosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60:648-53
  • Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1-7
  • Fairfield WP, Treat M, Rosenthal DI, et al. Effects of testosterone and exercise on muscle leanness in eugonadal men with AIDS wasting. J Appl Physiol 2001;90:2166-71
  • Sih R, Morley JE, Kaiser FE, et al. Testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal men: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1661-7
  • Schroeder ET, Terk M, Sattler FR. Androgen therapy improves muscle mass and strength but not muscle quality: results from two studies. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003;285:E16-24
  • Emmelot-Vonk MH, Verhaar HJ, Nakhai Pour HR, et al. Effect of testosterone supplementation on functional mobility, cognition, and other parameters in older men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299:39-52
  • Storer TW, Woodhouse L, Magliano L, et al. Changes in muscle mass, muscle strength, and power but not physical function are related to testosterone dose in healthy older men. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;(in press, Sep 15)
  • Lynch GS. Tackling Australia's future health problems: developing strategies to combat sarcopenia – age-related muscle wasting and weakness. Int Med J 2004;34:294-6
  • Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Baumgartner RN, et al. Sarcopenia, obesity, and inflammation – results from the Trial of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:428-34
  • Schaap LA, Pluijm SM, Deeg DJ, Visser M. Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength. Am J Med 2006;119(526):e9-17
  • Abbatecola AM, Paolisso G. Is there a relationship between insulin resistance and frailty syndrome? Curr Pharm Des 2008;14:405-10
  • Morley JE. Diabetes, sarcopenia, and frailty. Clin Geriatr Med 2008;24:455-69
  • Prado CM, Lieffers Jr, McCargar LJ, et al. Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2008;9:629-35
  • Topinková E. Aging, disability and frailty. Ann Nutr Metab 2008;52(Suppl 1):6-11
  • Aronow WS, Frishman WH, Cheng-Lai A. Cardiovascular drug therapy in the elderly. Cardiol Rev 2007;15:195-215
  • Janssen I, Shepard DS, Katzmarzyk PT, Roubenoff R. The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:80-5
  • Thompson DD. Aging and sarcopenia. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2007;7:344-5
  • Gordon T, Hegedus J, Tam SL. Adaptive and maladaptive motor axonal sprouting in aging and motoneuron disease. Neurol Res 2004;26:174-85
  • Lynch GS, Shavlakadze T, Grounds MD. Evaluation of therapies to reduce age-related skeletal muscle wasting. In: Rattan S, edition, Aging Interventions and Therapies, 2005; p. 63-84. World Scientific Publishers, Singapore
  • Lynch GS, Schertzer JD, Ryall JG. Therapeutic approaches for muscle wasting disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2007;113:461-87
  • Libera LD, Vescovo G. Muscle wastage in chronic heart failure, between apoptosis, catabolism and altered anabolism: a chimaeric view of inflammation? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004;7:435-41
  • Glass DJ. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:1974-84
  • Ventadour S, Attaix D. Mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006;18:631-5
  • Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. Signaling pathways in skeletal muscle remodeling. Annu Rev Biochem 2006;75:19-37
  • Kandarian SC, Jackman RW. Intracellular signaling during skeletal muscle atrophy. Muscle Nerve 2006;33:155-65
  • Zhao J, Brault JJ, Schild A, et al. FoxO3 coordinately activates protein degradation by the autophagic/lysosomal and proteasomal pathways in atrophying muscle cells. Cell Metab 2007;6:472-83
  • Lynch GS, Ryall JG. Role of β-adrenoceptor signaling in skeletal muscle: implications for muscle wasting and disease. Physiol Rev 2008;88:729-67
  • Sandri M. Signaling in muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. Physiology 2008;23:160-70
  • Frostick S, Yin Q, Kemp G. Schwann cells, neurotrophic factors, and peripheral nerve regeneration. Microsurgery 1998;18:397-405
  • Stuerenburg HJ, Kunze K. Tissue concentrations of nerve growth factor in aging rat heart and skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 1998;21:404-6
  • Keller-Peck CR, Feng G, Sanes Jr, et al. cell line-derived neurotrophic factor administration in postnatal life results in motor unit enlargement and continuous synaptic remodeling at the neuromuscular junction. J Neurosci 2001;21:6136-46
  • Funakoshi H, Belluardo N, Arenas E, et al. Muscle-derived neurotropin-4 as an activity-dependent trophic signal for adult motor neurons. Science 1995;268:1495-9
  • Gomez-Pinilla F, Ying Z, Opazo P, et al. Differential regulation by exercise of BDNF and NT-3 in rat spinal cord and skeletal muscle. Eur J Neurosci 2001;13:1078-84
  • Frischknecht R, Fejtova A, Viesti M, et al. Activity-induced synaptic capture and exocytosis of the neuronal serine protease neurotrypsin. J Neurosci 2008;28:1568-79
  • Stephan A, Mateos JM, Kozlov SV, et al. Neurotrypsin cleaves agrin locally at the synapse. FASEB J 2008;22:1861-73
  • Fraysse B, Guillet C, Huchet-Cadiou C, et al. Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents unweighting-induced functional changes in rat soleus muscle. J Appl Physiol 2000;88:1623-30
  • Mousavi K, Miranda W, Parry DJ. Neurotrophic factors enhance the survival of muscle fibers in EDL, but not SOL, after neonatal nerve injury. Am J Physiol 2002;283:C950-9
  • Mitsumoto H, Ikeda K, Holmlund T, et al. The effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor on motor dysfunction in wobbler mouse motor neuron disease. Ann Neurol 1994;36:142-8
  • Zhang J, Lineaweaver WC, Oswald T, et al. Ciliary neurotrophic factor for acceleration of peripheral nerve regeneration: an experimental study. J Reconstr Microsurg 2004;20:323-37
  • Ettinger MP, Littlejohn TW, Schwartz SL, et al. Recombinant variant of ciliary neurotrophic factor for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized, dose-ranging study. JAMA 2003;289:1826-32
  • Watt MJ, Dzamko N, Thomas WG, et al. CNTF reverses obesity-induced insulin resistance by activating skeletal muscle AMPK. Nat Med 2006;12:541-8
  • Liu QS, Gao M, Zhu SY, et al. The novel mechanism of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor on the anti-diabetes activity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007;101:78-84
  • Crowe S, Turpin SM, Ke F, et al. Metabolic remodeling in adipocytes promotes ciliary neurotrophic factor-mediated fat loss in obesity. Endocrinology 2008;149:2546-56
  • Steinberg GR, Jørgensen SB. The AMP-activated protein kinase: role in regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Mini Rev Med Chem 2007;7:519-26
  • Matthews VB, Febbraio MA. CNTF: a target therapeutic for obesity-related metabolic disease? J Mol Med 2008;86:353-61
  • Fishburn CS. The pharmacology of PEGylation: Balancing PD with PK to generate novel therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2008;97:4167-83
  • Youn YS, Chae SY, Lee S, et al. Evaluation of therapeutic potentials of site-specific PEGylated glucagon-like peptide-1 isomers as a type 2 anti-diabetic treatment: Insulinotropic activity, glucose-stabilizing capability, and proteolytic stability. Biochem Pharmacol 2007;73:84-93
  • Chae SY, Jin CH, Shin HJ, et al. Preparation, characterization, and application of biotinylated and biotin-PEGylated glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues for enhanced oral delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2008;19:334-41
  • Thanos CG, Bell WJ, O'Rourke P, et al. Sustained secretion of ciliary neurotrophic factor to the vitreous, using the encapsulated cell therapy-based NT-501 intraocular device. Tissue Eng 2004;10:1617-22
  • Sieving PA, Caruso RC, Tao W, et al. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for human retinal degeneration: Phase I trial of CNTF delivered by encapsulated cell intraocular implants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:3896-901
  • TAO W. Application of encapsulated cell technology for retinal degenerative diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006;6:717-26
  • Kent TL, Glybina IV, Abrams GW, Iezzi R. Chronic intravitreous infusion of ciliary neurotrophic factor modulates electrical retinal stimulation thresholds in the RCS rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:372-9
  • Rhee KD, Ruiz A, Duncan JL, et al. Molecular and cellular alterations induced by sustained expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:1389-400
  • Rathbone MP, Middlemiss PJ, Crocker CE, et al. AIT-082 as a potential neuroprotective and regenerative agent in stroke and central nervous system injury. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1999;8:1255-62
  • Jiang S, Khan MI, Middlemiss PJ, et al. AIT-082 and methylprednisolone singly, but not in combination, enhance functional and histological improvement after acute spinal cord injury in rats. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2004;17:353-66
  • Nannan G, Runmei Y, Fusheng L, et al. Effects of AIT-082, a purine derivative, on tremor induced by arecoline or oxotremorine in mice. Pharmacology 2007;80:21-6
  • Ewing JF, Maines MD. Regulation and expression of heme oxygenase enzymes in aged-rat brain: age related depression in HO-1 and HO-2 expression and altered stress-response. J Neural Transm 2006;113:439-54
  • Calcutt NA, Freshwater JD, Hauptmann N, et al. Protection of sensory function in diabetic rats by Neotrofin. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;534:187-93
  • Visanji NP, Orsi A, Johnston TH, et al. PYM50028, a novel, orally active, nonpeptide neurotrophic factor inducer, prevents and reverses neuronal damage induced by MPP+ in mesencephalic neurons and by MPTP in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. FASEB J 2008;22:2488-97
  • Thurmond J, Butchbach ME, Palomo M, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivatives as SMN2 promoter activators for the potential treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. J Med Chem 2008;51:449-69
  • Ralph GS, Binley K, Wong LF, et al. Gene therapy for neurodegenerative and ocular diseases using lentiviral vectors. Clin Sci 2006;110:37-46
  • Wong LF, Goodhead L, Prat C, et al. Lentivirus-mediated gene transfer to the central nervous system: therapeutic and research applications. Hum Gene Ther 2006;17:1-9
  • Azzouz M, Mazarakis N. Non-primate EIAV-based lentiviral vectors as gene delivery system for motor neuron diseases. Curr Gene Ther 2004;4:277-86
  • Azzouz M, Le T, Ralph GS, et al. Lentivector-mediated SMN replacement in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. J Clin Invest 2004;114:1726-31
  • Azzouz M, Kingsman SM, Mazarakis ND. Lentiviral vectors for treating and modeling human CNS disorders. J Gene Med 2004;6:951-62
  • Didonato CJ, Parks RJ, Kothary R. Development of a gene therapy strategy for the restoration of survival motor neuron protein expression: implications for spinal muscular atrophy therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2003;14:179-88
  • Bowerman M, Shafey D, Kothary R. Smn depletion alters profilin II expression and leads to upregulation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway and defects in neuronal integrity. J Mol Neurosci 2007;32:120-31
  • Setola V, Terao M, Locatelli D, et al. Axonal-SMN (a-SMN), a protein isoform of the survival motor neuron gene, is specifically involved in axonogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:1959-64
  • Alekshun MN. New advances in antibiotic development and discovery. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005;14:117-34
  • Bordet T, Buisson B, Michaud M, et al. Identification and characterization of cholest-4-en-3-one, oxime (TRO19622), a novel drug candidate for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007;322:709-20
  • Jarecki J, Chen X, Bernardino A, et al. Diverse small-molecule modulators of SMN expression found by high-throughput compound screening: early leads towards a therapeutic for spinal muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2005;14:2003-18
  • Maurer MH, Schäbitz WR, Schneider A. Old friends in new constellations – the hematopoetic growth factors G-CSF, GM-CSF, and EPO for the treatment of neurological diseases. Curr Med Chem 2008;15:1407-11
  • Escher P, Lacazette E, Courtet M, et al. Synapses form in skeletal muscles lacking neuregulin receptors. Science 2005;308:1920-3
  • Trachtenberg JT, Thompson WJ. Nerve terminal withdrawal from rat neuromuscular junctions induced by neuregulin and Schwann cells. J Neurosci 1997;17:6243-55
  • Jaworski A, Burden SJ. Neuromuscular synapse formation in mice lacking motor neuron- and skeletal muscle-derived Neuregulin-1. J Neurosci 2006;26:655-61
  • Britsch S. The neuregulin-I/ErbB signaling system in development and disease. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2007;190:1-65
  • Brinkmann BG, Agarwal A, Sereda MW, et al. Neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling serves distinct functions in myelination of the peripheral and central nervous system. Neuron 2008;59:581-95
  • Zanazzi G, Einheber S, Westreich R, et al. Glial growth factor/neuregulin inhibits Schwann cell myelination and induces demyelination. J Cell Biol 2001;152:1289-99
  • Penderis J, Woodruff RH, Lakatos A, et al. Increasing local levels of neuregulin (glial growth factor-2) by direct infusion into areas of demyelination does not alter remyelination in the rat CNS. Eur J Neurosci 2003;18:2253-64
  • Dori A, Soreq H. Neuromuscular therapeutics by RNA-targeted suppression of ACHE gene expression. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1082:77-90
  • Brenner T, Hamra-Amitay Y, Evron T, et al. The role of readthrough acetylcholinesterase in the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis. FASEB J 2003;17:214-22
  • Sussman JD, Argov Z, Mckee D, et al. Antisense treatment for myasthenia gravis: experience with monarsen. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008;1132:283-90
  • Inaba M, Saito H, Fujimoto M, et al. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 suppresses muscle differentiation through modulation of IGF-I receptor signal transduction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;328:953-61
  • Spangenburg EE. SOCS-3 induces myoblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 2005;280:10749-58
  • Spangenburg EE. Suppressor of cytokine signaling, skeletal muscle, and chronic health conditions: the potential interactions. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2007;35:156-62
  • Trenerry MK, Carey KA, Ward AC, et al. Exercise-induced activation of STAT3 signaling is increased with age. Rejuvenation Res 2008;11:717-24
  • Léger B, Derave W, De Bock K, et al. Human sarcopenia reveals an increase in SOCS-3 and myostatin and a reduced efficiency of Akt phosphorylation. Rejuvenation Res 2008;11:163-175B
  • Frutos MG, Cacicedo L, Fernández C, et al. Insights into a role of GH secretagogues in reversing the age-related decline in the GH/IGF-I axis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007;293:E1140-52
  • Ferdinandi ES, Brazeau P, High K, et al. Non-clinical pharmacology and safety evaluation of TH9507, a human growth hormone-releasing factor analogue. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007;100:49-58
  • Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K, et al. Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2359-70
  • Falutz J, Allas S, Mamputu JC, et al. Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulation. AIDS 2008;22:1719-28
  • Lynch GS, Schertzer JD, Ryall JG. Anabolic agents for improving muscle regeneration and function after injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008;35:852-8
  • Vandenburgh H, Del Tatto M, Shansky J, et al. Tissue-engineered skeletal muscle organoids for reversible gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 1996;7:2195-200
  • Vandenburgh H, Del Tatto M, Shansky J, et al. Attenuation of skeletal muscle wasting with recombinant human growth hormone secreted from a tissue-engineered bioartificial muscle. Hum Gene Ther 1998;9:2555-2264
  • Powell C, Shansky J, Del Tatto M, et al. Tissue-engineered human bioartificial muscles expressing a foreign recombinant protein for gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 1999;10:565-77
  • Shansky J, Creswick B, Lee P, et al. Paracrine release of insulin-like growth factor 1 from a bioengineered tissue stimulates skeletal muscle growth in vitro Tissue Eng 2006;12:1833-41
  • Payumo FC, Kim HD, Sherling MA, et al. Tissue engineering skeletal muscle for orthopaedic applications. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002;403(Suppl): S228-42
  • Musgrave DS, Pruchnic R, Bosch P, et al. Human skeletal muscle cells in ex vivo gene therapy to deliver bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002;84:120-7
  • Vandenburgh H, Shansky J, Benesch-Lee F, et al. Drug-screening platform based on the contractility of tissue-engineered muscle. Muscle Nerve 2008;37:438-47
  • Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, et al. Free insulin-like growth factor-I and cognitive function in older persons living in community. Growth Horm IGF Res 2007;17:58-66
  • Maggio M, Lauretani F, Ceda GP, et al. Relationship between low levels of anabolic hormones and 6-year mortality in older men: the aging in the Chianti Area (InCHIANTI) study. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:2249-54
  • Ceda GP, Dall'aglio E, Maggio M, et al. Clinical implications of the reduced activity of the GH-IGF-I axis in older men. J Endocrinol Invest 2005;28(Suppl):96-100
  • Goldspink G, Harridge SD. Growth factors and muscle ageing. Exp Gerontol 2004;39:1433-8
  • Shavlakadze T, Grounds M. Of bears, frogs, meat, mice and men: complexity of factors affecting skeletal muscle mass and fat. Bioessays 2006;28:994-1009
  • Woodhouse LJ, Mukherjee A, Shalet SM, Ezzat S. The influence of growth hormone status on physical impairments, functional limitations, and health-related quality of life in adults. Endocr Rev 2006;27:287-317
  • Williams RM, Mcdonald A, O'savage M, Dunger DB. Mecasermin rinfabate: rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 complex: iPLEX. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008;4:311-24
  • Mecasermin rinfabate: insulin-like growth factor-I/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, mecaserimin rinfibate, rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3. Drugs R D 2005;6:120-7
  • Kemp SF, Fowlkes JL, Thrailkill KM. Efficacy and safety of mecasermin rinfabate. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006;6:533-8
  • Clemmons DR, Sleevi M, Allan G, Sommer A. Effects of combined recombinant insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-3 in type 2 diabetic patients on glycemic control and distribution of IGF-I and IGF-II among serum binding protein complexes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:2652-8
  • Chernausek SD, Backeljauw PF, Frane J, et al. GH Insensitivity Syndrome Collaborative Group: Long-term treatment with recombinant insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in children with severe IGF-I deficiency due to growth hormone insensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:902-10
  • Keating GM. Mecasermin. BioDrugs 2008;22:177-88
  • Lee SJ, Mcpherron AC. Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:9306-11
  • Lee SJ. Quadrupling muscle mass in mice by targeting TGF-beta signaling pathways. PLoS ONE 2007;2:e789
  • Tsuchida K. Activins, myostatin and related TGF-beta family members as novel therapeutic targets for endocrine, metabolic and immune disorders. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metab Disord 2004;4:157-66
  • Tsuchida K. Targeting myostatin for therapies against muscle-wasting disorders. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2008;11:487-94
  • Siriett V, Platt L, Salerno MS, et al. Prolonged absence of myostatin reduces sarcopenia. J Cell Physiol 2006;209:866-73
  • Siriett V, Salerno MS, Berry C, et al. Antagonism of myostatin enhances muscle regeneration during sarcopenia. Mol Ther 2007;15:1463-70
  • Tsuchida K. Signal transduction pathway through activin receptors as a therapeutic target of musculoskeletal diseases and cancer. Endocr J 2008;55:11-21
  • Nadeau A, Karpati G. Are big muscles necessarily good muscles? Ann Neurol 2008;63:543-5
  • Wagner KR, Fleckenstein JL, Amato AA, et al. A Phase I/IItrial of MYO-029 in adult subjects with muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol 2008;63:561-71
  • Gao W, Kearbey JD, Nair VA, et al. Comparison of the pharmacological effects of a novel selective androgen receptor modulator, the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride, and the antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide in intact rats: new approach for benign prostate hyperplasia. Endocrinology 2004;145:5420-8
  • Wilson EM. Muscle-bound? A tissue-selective nonsteroidal androgen receptor modulator. Endocrinology 2007;148:1-3
  • Page ST, Marck BT, Tolliver JM, Matsumoto AM. Tissue selectivity of the anabolic steroid, 19-nor-4-androstenediol-3β,17β-diol in male Sprague Dawley rats: selective stimulation of muscle mass and bone mineral density relative to prostate mass. Endocrinology 2008;149:1987-93
  • Chen J, Kim J, Dalton JT. Discovery and therapeutic promise of selective androgen receptor modulators. Mol Interv 2005;5:173-88
  • Bhasin S, Calof OM, Storer TW, et al. Drug insight: Testosterone and selective androgen receptor modulators as anabolic therapies for chronic illness and aging. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006;2:146-59
  • Cadilla R, Turnbull P. Selective androgen receptor modulators in drug discovery: medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential. Curr Top Med Chem 2006;6:245-70
  • Gao W, Kim J, Dalton JT. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nonsteroidal androgen receptor ligands. Pharm Res 2006;23:1641-58
  • Omwancha J, Brown TR. Selective androgen receptor modulators: in pursuit of tissue-selective androgens. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2006;7:873-81
  • Segal S, Narayanan R, Dalton JT. Therapeutic potential of the SARMs: revisiting the androgen receptor for drug discovery. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006;15:377-87
  • Gao W, Dalton JT. Ockham's razor and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): are we overlooking the role of 5alpha-reductase? Mol Interv 2007;7:10-13
  • Gao W, Dalton JT. Expanding the therapeutic use of androgens via selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Drug Discov Today 2007;12:241-248
  • Zhang X, Li X, Allan GF, et al. Design, synthesis, and in vivo SAR of a novel series of pyrazolines as potent selective androgen receptor modulators. J Med Chem 2007;50:3857-69
  • Ostrowski J, Kuhns JE, Lupisella JA, et al. Pharmacological and x-ray structural characterization of a novel selective androgen receptor modulator: potent hyperanabolic stimulation of skeletal muscle with hypostimulation of prostate in rats. Endocrinology 2007;148:4-12
  • Li JJ, Sutton JC, Nirschl A, et al. Discovery of potent and muscle selective androgen receptor modulators through scaffold modifications. J Med Chem 2007;50:3015-25
  • Higuchi RI, Arienti KL, López FJ, et al. Novel series of potent, nonsteroidal, selective androgen receptor modulators based on 7H-[1,4]oxazino[3,2-g]quinolin-7-ones. J Med Chem 2007;50:2486-96
  • Miner JN, Chang W, Chapman MS, et al. An orally active selective androgen receptor modulator is efficacious on bone, muscle, and sex function with reduced impact on prostate. Endocrinology 2007;148:363-73
  • Ryall JG, Lynch GS. The potential and the pitfalls of β-adrenoceptor agonists for the management of skeletal muscle wasting. Pharm Ther 2008; In press
  • Ryall JG, Schertzer JD, Lynch GS. Attenuation of age-related muscle wasting and weakness in rats after formoterol treatment: therapeutic implications for sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62:813-23
  • Ryall JG, Sillence MN, Lynch GS. Systemic administration of β2-adrenoceptor agonists, formoterol and salmeterol, elicit skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats at micromolar doses. Br J Pharmacol 2006;147:587-95
  • Bauer JM, Sieber CC. Sarcopenia and frailty: a clinician's controversial point of view. Exp Gerontol 2008;43:674-8
  • Simm A, Rando TA. Tissue ageing: do insights into molecular mechanisms of ageing lead to new therapeutic strategies? Exp Gerontol 2008;43:603-4

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.