135
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Emerging drugs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

, MD &
Pages 181-194 | Published online: 05 Mar 2009

Bibliography

  • Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, et al. Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2006;28(3):523-32
  • Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet 2007;370(9589):741-50
  • Lokke A, Lange P, Scharling H, et al. Developing COPD: a 25 year follow up study of the general population. Thorax 2006;61(11):935-9
  • Liu S, Zhou Y, Wang X, et al. Biomass fuels are the probable risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural South China. Thorax 2007;62(10):889-97
  • Blanc PD, Iribarren C, Trupin L, et al. Occupational exposures and the risk of COPD: dusty trades revisited. Thorax 2009;64(1):6-12
  • Anzueto A, Tashkin D, Menjoge S, Kesten S. One-year analysis of longitudinal changes in spirometry in patients with COPD receiving tiotropium. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005;18(2):75-81
  • Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. COPD exacerbations .1: Epidemiology. Thorax 2006;61(2):164-8
  • Celli BR, Thomas NE, Anderson JA, et al. Effect of pharmacotherapy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178(4):332-8
  • Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Murray RP, et al. Smoking and lung function of Lung Health Study participants after 11 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166(5):675-9
  • Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;176(6):532-55
  • Casaburi R, Porszasz J. Reduction of hyperinflation by pharmacologic and other interventions. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3(2):185-9
  • Ferguson GT. Why does the lung hyperinflate? Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3(2):176-9
  • Celli BR, MacNee W. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J 2004;23(6):932-46
  • Casaburi R, Kukafka D, Cooper CB, et al. Improvement in exercise tolerance with the combination of tiotropium and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest 2005;127(3):809-17
  • O'Donnell DE, Fluge T, Gerken F, et al. Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPD. Eur Respir J 2004;23(6):832-40
  • Rennard SI, Anderson W, ZuWallack R, et al. Use of a long-acting inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist, salmeterol xinafoate, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163(5):1087-92
  • O'Donnell DE, Voduc N, Fitzpatrick M, Webb KA. Effect of salmeterol on the ventilatory response to exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2004;24(1):86-94
  • Salpeter SR, Buckley NS. Systematic review of clinical outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: beta-agonist use compared with anticholinergics and inhaled corticosteroids. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2006;31(2-3):219-30
  • Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD. Inhaled anticholinergics and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama 2008;300(12):1439-50
  • Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S, et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2008;359(15):1543-54
  • van Noord JA, Aumann JL, Janssens E, et al. Effects of tiotropium with and without formoterol on airflow obstruction and resting hyperinflation in patients with COPD. Chest 2006;129(3):509-17
  • Vogelmeier C, Kardos P, Harari S, et al. Formoterol mono- and combination therapy with tiotropium in patients with COPD: a 6-month study. Respir Med 2008;102(11):1511-20
  • Burge PS, Calverley PM, Jones PW, et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. BMJ 2000;320(7245):1297-303
  • Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2007;356(8):775-89
  • Ito K, Ito M, Elliott WM, et al. Decreased histone deacetylase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352(19):1967-76
  • Kardos P, Wencker M, Glaab T, Vogelmeier C. Impact of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate versus salmeterol on exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175(2):144-9
  • Wedzicha JA, Calverley PM, Seemungal TA, et al. The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177(1):19-26
  • Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350(10):1005-12
  • Cazzola M, MacNee W, Martinez FJ, et al. Outcomes for COPD pharmacological trials: from lung function to biomarkers. Eur Respir J 2008;31(2):416-69
  • Vestbo J, Anderson W, Coxson HO, et al. Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate End-points (ECLIPSE). Eur Respir J 2008;31(4):869-73
  • Massaro GD, Massaro D. Retinoic acid treatment abrogates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats. Nat Med 1997;3(6):675-7
  • March TH, Cossey PY, Esparza DC, et al. Inhalation administration of all-trans-retinoic acid for treatment of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in Fischer 344 rats. Exp Lung Res 2004;30(5):383-404
  • March TH, Bowen LE, Finch GL, et al. Effects of strain and treatment with inhaled aII-trans-retinoic acid on cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice. Copd 2005;2(3):289-302
  • Fujita M, Ye Q, Ouchi H, et al. Retinoic acid fails to reverse emphysema in adult mouse models. Thorax 2004;59(3):224-30
  • Lucey EC, Goldstein RH, Breuer R, et al. Retinoic acid does not affect alveolar septation in adult FVB mice with elastase-induced emphysema. Respiration 2003;70(2):200-5
  • Connors AF Jr, Dawson NV, Thomas C, et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154(4 Pt 1):959-67
  • Ai-Ping C, Lee KH, Lim TK. In-hospital and 5-year mortality of patients treated in the ICU for acute exacerbation of COPD: a retrospective study. Chest 2005;128(2):518-24
  • Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994;272(19):1497-505
  • Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163(5):1256-76
  • Anthonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, et al. The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005;142(4):233-9
  • Fiore M, Bailey W, Cohen S, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence. Clinical practice guideline. Rockville MD: US department of health and human services, public health service 2000
  • Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, et al. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1999;340(9):685-91
  • Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, et al. Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296(1):47-55
  • Hieda Y, Keyler DE, Vandevoort JT, et al. Active immunization alters the plasma nicotine concentration in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;283(3):1076-81
  • Pentel PR, Malin DH, Ennifar S, et al. A nicotine conjugate vaccine reduces nicotine distribution to brain and attenuates its behavioral and cardiovascular effects in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000;65(1):191-8
  • Maurer P, Bachmann MF. Vaccination against nicotine: an emerging therapy for tobacco dependence. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007;16(11):1775-83
  • Cornuz J, Zwahlen S, Jungi WF, et al. A vaccine against nicotine for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2008;3(6):e2547
  • Roiko SA, Harris AC, Keyler DE, et al. Combined active and passive immunization enhances the efficacy of immunotherapy against nicotine in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008;325(3):985-93
  • Hanania NA, Kalberg C, Yates J, et al. The bronchodilator response to salmeterol is maintained with regular, long-term use in patients with COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005;18(1):19-22
  • Koumis T, Samuel S. Tiotropium bromide: a new long-acting bronchodilator for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Ther 2005;27(4):377-92
  • Kikkawa H, Naito K, Ikezawa K. Tracheal relaxing effects and beta 2-selectivity of TA-2005, a newly developed bronchodilating agent, in isolated guinea pig tissues. Jpn J Pharmacol 1991;57(2):175-85
  • Voss HP, Donnell D, Bast A. A typical molecular pharmacology of a new long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, TA 2005. Eur J Pharmacol 1992;227(4):403-9
  • Kikkawa H, Kanno K, Ikezawa K. TA-2005, a novel, long-acting, and selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist: characterization of its in vivo bronchodilating action in guinea pigs and cats in comparison with other beta 2-agonists. Biol Pharm Bull 1994;17(8):1047-52
  • Haeussermann S, Acerbi A, Brand P, et al. Lung deposition of carmoterol in healthy subjects, patients with asthma and patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2006;28:211s
  • Acerbi D, Brambilla G, Kottakis I. Advances in asthma and COPD management: delivering CFC-free inhaled therapy using Modulite technology. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007;20(3):290-303
  • Nandeuil A, Kottakis I, Raptis H, et al. Safety and tolerability of the novel very long acting β2-agonist carmoterol given as a 2μg qd dose; 8days comparison with formoterol and placebo in patients with persistent asthma. Eur Respir J 2006;28:665s
  • Kottakis I, Nandeuil A, Raptis H, et al. Efficacy of the novel very long-acting β2-agonist carmoterol following 7 days once daily dosing: comparison with twice daily formoterol in patient with persistent asthma. Eur Respir J 2006;28:665s
  • Battram C, Charlton SJ, Cuenoud B, et al. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of 5-[(R)-2-(5,6-diethyl-indan-2-ylamino)-1-hydroxy-ethyl]-8-hydroxy-1H-quino lin-2-one (indacaterol), a novel inhaled beta(2) adrenoceptor agonist with a 24-h duration of action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;317(2):762-70
  • Beeh KM, Derom E, Kanniess F, et al. Indacaterol, a novel inhaled beta2-agonist, provides sustained 24-h bronchodilation in asthma. Eur Respir J 2007;29(5):871-8
  • Brookman LJ, Knowles LJ, Barbier M, et al. Efficacy and safety of single therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of indacaterol versus salmeterol and salbutamol in patients with asthma. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23(12):3113-22
  • LaForce C, Alexander M, Deckelmann R, et al. Indacaterol provides sustained 24 h bronchodilation on once-daily dosing in asthma: a 7-day dose-ranging study. Allergy 2008;63(1):103-11
  • Aubier M, Duval X, Knight H, et al. Indacaterol, a novel once-daily β2-agonist, is effective and well tolerated on multiple dosing in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD. Eur Respir J 2005;26:287s
  • Rennard S, Bantje T, Centanni S, et al. A dose-ranging study of indacaterol in obstructive airways disease, with a tiotropium comparison. Respir Med 2008;102(7):1033-44
  • Beier J, Chanez P, Martinot J, et al. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of indacaterol, a novel once daily β2-agonist, in patients with CPD: a 28-day randomized, placebo controlled clinical trail. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007;(20):740-9
  • Cazzola M, Matera MG, Lotvall J. Ultra long-acting beta 2-agonists in development for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005;14(7):775-83
  • Cazzola M, Matera MG. Novel long-acting bronchodilators for COPD and asthma. Br J Pharmacol 2008;155(3):291-9
  • Miralpeix M, Gavalda A, Morcillo E, et al. Assesement of the potency and duration of action of aclidinium bromide in guinea pig isolated trachea in vitro. Eur Respir J 2007;30:359s
  • Gavalda A, Miralpeix M, Ramos I, et al. Aclidinium bromide, a novel muscarinic receptor antagonist combining long residence at M3 receptors and rapid plasma clearance. Eur Respir J 2007;30:209s
  • Joos G, Schelfhout V, Kanniess F, et al. Bronchodilator effects of aclidinium bromide, a novel long-acting cholinergic, in COPD patients: a phase II study. Eur Respir J 2007;30:210s
  • Schelfhout V, Joos G, Garcia GIL, et al. Bronchodilator/bronchoprotective effects of aclidinium bromide, a novel long-acting anticholinergic: a phase I study. Eur Respir J 2007;30:356s
  • Thomas R, Eltringham E, Tansley R, Snape S. Low systemic exposure of NVA 237, a once daily antimuscarinic bronchodilator, in healthy human volunteers. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:A725
  • Cooper C, Walker I, Knowles I. NVA237 and tiotropium bromide demonstrate similar efficacy in an anesthetized rabbit model of metacholine induced bronchoconstriction. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:A117
  • Kuna P, Vinkler I, Overend T, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of NVA 237, a once daily long acting muscarinic antagonist, in COPD patients. Eur Respir J 2007;30:354s
  • Singh D, Corris P, Snape S. NVA237, a once-daily inhaled antimuscarinic, provides 24-hour bronchodilator efficacy in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:A113
  • Gunawardena K, Wild R, Kirkpatrick J, Snape S. NVA 237, a once daily antimuscarinic, demonstrates sustained bronchodilation and is well tolerated in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:A117
  • Lu S, Parekh D, Kuznetsowa O, et al. An oral selective M3 anticholinergic receptor antagonist in COPD. Eur Respir J 2006;28:772-80
  • Patacchini R, Bergamaschi M, Harrison S, et al. In vitro pharmacological profile of CHF 5407, a potent, long acting and selective muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist. Eur Respir J 2007;30:25s
  • Villetti G, Bassani F, Bergamaschi M, et al. In vivo potent and long-lasting bronchodilator activity of muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist CHF5407. Eur Respir J 2007;30:26s
  • Tashkin D, Littner M, Andrews C, et al. Concomitant treatment with nebulized formoterol and tiotropium in subjects with COPD: a placebo-controlled trial. Respir Med 2008;102(4):479-87
  • Vogelmeier C, Harari S, Fonay K, et al. Formoterol and tiotropium both improve lung function in stable COPD patients, with some additional benefit when given together. Eur Respir J 2006;28:429s
  • Rabe KF, Timmer W, Sagkriotis A, Viel K. Comparison of a combination of tiotropium plus formoterol to salmeterol plus fluticasone in moderate COPD. Chest 2008;134(2):255-62
  • Arievich H, Potena A, Fonay K, et al. Formoterol given eitehr alone or together with tiotropium, reduces the rates of exacerbations in stable COPD patients. Eur Respir J 2006;28:287s
  • Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Fergusson D, et al. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;146(8):545-55
  • Cazzola M, Matera MG. The effective treatment of COPD: anticholinergics and what else? Drug Discov Today 2006;3:277-86
  • Rossoni G, Manfredi B, Razzetti R, et al. Positive interaction of the novel beta2-agonist carmoterol and tiotropium bromide in the control of airway changes induced by different challenges in guinea-pigs. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007;20(3):250-7
  • Fitzgerald MF, Fox JC. Emerging trends in the therapy of COPD: bronchodilators as mono- and combination therapies. Drug Discov Today 2007;12(11-12):472-8
  • Saetta M, Turato G, Maestrelli P, et al. Cellular and structural bases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163(6):1304-9
  • Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, et al. The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350(26):2645-53
  • Majo J, Ghezzo H, Cosio MG. Lymphocyte population and apoptosis in the lungs of smokers and their relation to emphysema. Eur Respir J 2001;17(5):946-53
  • Keddissi JI, Younis WG, Chbeir EA, et al. The use of statins and lung function in current and former smokers. Chest 2007;132(6):1764-71
  • Mancini GB, Etminan M, Zhang B, et al. Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47(12):2554-60
  • Soyseth V, Brekke P, Smith P, Omland T. Statin use is associated with reduced mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2006;(29):279-83
  • Liao JK, Laufs U. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005;45:89-118
  • Hothersall E, McSharry C, Thomson NC. Potential therapeutic role for statins in respiratory disease. Thorax 2006;61(8):729-34
  • Dandona P, Dhindsa S, Ghanim H, Chaudhuri A. Angiotensin II and inflammation: the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade. J Hum Hypertens 2007;21(1):20-7
  • Fan Chung K. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in airways disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;533(1-3):110-7
  • Barber R, Baillie GS, Bergmann R, et al. Differential expression of PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterase isoforms in inflammatory cells of smokers with COPD, smokers without COPD, and nonsmokers. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004;287(2):L332-43
  • Martorana PA, Beume R, Lucattelli M, et al. Roflumilast fully prevents emphysema in mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172(7):848-53
  • Peter D, Jin SL, Conti M, et al. Differential expression and function of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) subtypes in human primary CD4+ T cells: predominant role of PDE4D. J Immunol 2007;178(8):4820-31
  • Gamble E, Grootendorst D, Brightling C, et al. Antiinflammatory effects of the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor cilomilast (Ariflo) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:976-82
  • Rennard SI, Schachter N, Strek M, et al. Cilomilast for COPD: results of a 6-month, placebo-controlled study of a potent, selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4. Chest 2006;129(1):56-66
  • Grootendorst DC, Gauw SA, Verhoosel RM, et al. Reduction in sputum neutrophil and eosinophil numbers by the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast in patients with COPD. Thorax 2007;62(12):1081-7
  • Calverley P, Sanchez-Toril F, McIvor A, et al. Effect of 1-year treatment with roflumilast in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;176:154-61
  • Rabe K, Bateman E, O'Donnell D, et al. Roflumilast–an oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366(9485):563-71
  • Spina D. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors: current status. Br J Pharmacol 2008;(155):308-15
  • Smith S, Cieslinski L, Newton R, et al. Discovery of BRL 50481, a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 7: in vitro studies in human monocytes, lung macrophages and CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Mol Pharmacol 2004;66:1679-89
  • Bhowmik A, Seemungal TA, Sapsford RJ, Wedzicha JA. Relation of sputum inflammatory markers to symptoms and lung function changes in COPD exacerbations. Thorax 2000;55(2):114-20
  • Franciosi LG, Page CP, Celli BR, et al. Markers of disease severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006;19(3):189-99
  • Mahler DA, Huang S, Tabrizi M, Bell GM. Efficacy and safety of a monoclonal antibody recognizing interleukin-8 in COPD: a pilot study. Chest 2004;126(3):926-34
  • O'Connor B, Leaker B, Barnes P, et al. Inhibition of LPS-induced neutrophilic inflammation in healthy volunteers. Eur Respir J 2007;30(Suppl 51):1294
  • Costa C, Rufino R, Traves SL, et al. CXCR3 and CCR5 chemokines in induced sputum from patients with COPD. Chest 2008;133(1):26-33
  • Birrell MA, Wong S, Hardaker EL, et al. IkappaB kinase-2-independent and -dependent inflammation in airway disease models: relevance of IKK-2 inhibition to the clinic. Mol Pharmacol 2006;69(6):1791-800
  • Tudhope SJ, Catley MC, Fenwick PS, et al. The role of IkappaB kinase 2, but not activation of NF-kappaB, in the release of CXCR3 ligands from IFN-gamma-stimulated human bronchial epithelial cells. J Immunol 2007;179(9):6237-45
  • Renda T, Baraldo S, Pelaia G, et al. Increased activation of p38 MAPK in COPD. Eur Respir J 2008;31(1):62-9
  • Smith SJ, Fenwick PS, Nicholson AG, et al. Inhibitory effect of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors on cytokine release from human macrophages. Br J Pharmacol 2006;149(4):393-404
  • Beisswenger C, Platz J, Seifart C, et al. Exposure of differentiated airway epithelial cells to volatile smoke in vitro. Respiration 2004;71(4):402-9
  • Zu YL, Qi J, Gilchrist A, et al. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is required for human neutrophil function triggered by TNF-alpha or FMLP stimulation. J Immunol 1998;160(4):1982-9
  • Medicherla S, Fitzgerald MF, Spicer D, et al. p38alpha-selective mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SD-282 reduces inflammation in a subchronic model of tobacco smoke-induced airway inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008;324(3):921-9
  • Black P, Staykova T, Chacko E, et al. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(1):CD004105
  • Seemungal TA, Wilkinson TM, Hurst JR, et al. Long-term erythromycin therapy is associated with decreased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178(11):1139-47
  • Kunisaki KM, Niewoehner DE. Antibiotic prophylaxis for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: resurrecting an old idea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178(11):1098-9
  • Sethi S, the PULSE study group. Determinants of exacerbation frequency in the PULSE study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:A140
  • Churg A, Wang R, Wang X, et al. Effect of an MMP-9/MMP-12 inhibitor on smoke-induced emphysema and airway remodelling in guinea pigs. Thorax 2007;62(8):706-13
  • Barnes PJ. Frontrunners in novel pharmacotherapy of COPD. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008;8(3):300-7
  • Pemberton P, Kobayashi D, Wilk B, et al. Inhaled recombinant 1-antitrypsin ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in the mouse. COPD 2006;3:101-8
  • Belloni PN, Garvin L, Mao CP, et al. Effects of all-trans-retinoic acid in promoting alveolar repair. Chest 2000;117(5 Suppl 1):235S-41S
  • Roth MD, Connett JE, D'Armiento JM, et al. Feasibility of retinoids for the treatment of emphysema study. Chest 2006;130(5):1334-45
  • Wang D, Haviland DL, Burns AR, et al. A pure population of lung alveolar epithelial type II cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104(11):4449-54
  • Vestbo J, Anderson J, Willits J, et al. The towards a revolution in COPD health (TORCH) study: the effects of compliance on mortality over 3 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:A962

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.