Emerging drugs for major depressive disorder

Bibliography

• WHO (2004). The world health report 2004: Changing history. Geneva, World Health Organization
   Google Scholar
• Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2004;420:21-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 2003;289:3095-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, et al. Cost of lost productive work time among US workers with depression. JAMA 2003;289:3135-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003;301:386-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Sa C, Duman RS. Antidepressants and neuroplasticity. Bipolar Disord 2002;4:183-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop BS, Nemeroff CB. The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:327-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, et al. Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:28-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warden D, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, et al. The STAR*D Project results: a comprehensive review of findings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007;9:449-59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenberg PE, Kessler RC, Birnbaum HG, et al. The economic burden of depression in the United States: how did it change between 1990 and 2000? J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:1465-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frasure-Smith N, Lespérance F, Talajic M. Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995;91:999-1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce TO. Comorbid depression in rheumatoid arthritis: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2008;10:258-64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickens C, McGowan L, Percival C, et al. New onset depression following myocardial infarction predicts cardiac mortality. Psychosom Med 2008;70:450-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams LS, Ghose SS, Swindle RW. Depression and other mental health diagnoses increase mortality risk after ischemic stroke. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:1090-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson IM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. J Affect Disord 2000;58:19-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes JR, Freemantle N, Mason J, et al. SSRIs versus other antidepressants for depressive disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD001851
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papakostas GI, Fava M. A metaanalysis of clinical trials comparing moclobemide with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2006;51:783-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Tharmanathan P, Volz HP, et al. The effect of venlafaxine compared with other antidepressants and placebo in the treatment of major depression: a meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009 [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Nemeroff CB, Entsuah R, Benattia I, et al. Comprehensive analysis of remission (COMPARE) with venlafaxine versus SSRIs. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:424-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell IJ, Mease PJ, Smith TR, et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine for treatment of fibromyalgia in patients with or without major depressive disorder: results from a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose trial. Pain 2008;136:432-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy SH, Andersen HF, Thase ME. Escitalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:161-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;373:746-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman M, Posternak M, Friedman M, et al. Which factors influence psychiatrists' selection of antidepressants? Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:1285-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava M, Judge R, Hoog SL, et al. Fluoxetine versus sertraline and paroxetine in major depressive disorder: changes in weight with long-term treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:863-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy SH, Lam RW, Nutt DJ, Thase ME. Treating depression effectively: applying clinical guidelines. 2nd edition. Informa, London; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Montejo AL, Pieto N, Matias J, et al. Better sexual acceptability of agomelatine compared to paroxetine in healthy male volunteers using the PRSexDQ Scale. J Eur Neuopsychopharmacol 2007;17:S349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menaster MJ. Weight gain, sexual dysfunction, and bupropion. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:1335-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ereshefsky L, Jhee S, Grothe D. Antidepressant drug-drug interaction profile update. Drugs R D 2005;6:323-36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papakostas GI, Shelton RC, Smith J, Fava M. Augmentation of antidepressants with atypical antipsychotic medications for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:826-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton RC, Tollefson GD, Tohen M, et al. A novel augmentation strategy for treating resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:131-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler AJ, Montgomery SA, Feifel D, et al. Extended release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) monotherapy in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD): results from a double-blind, randomized Phase III study. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;In press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman RM, Marcus RN, Swanink R, et al. The efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:843-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schüle C, Baghai TC, Eser D, et al. Mirtazapine monotherapy versus combination therapy with mirtazapine and aripiprazole in depressed patients without psychotic features: a 4-week open-label parallel-group study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2007;8:112-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards R, Peet M, Shay J, Horrobin D. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients. J Affect Disord 1998;48:149-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker G, Gibson NA, Brotchie H, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and mood disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:969-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor MJ, Carney SM, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Folate for depressive disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol 2004;18:251-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin PY, Su KP. A meta-analytic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:1056-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey PS, Toone BK, Carney MW, et al. Enhancement of recovery from psychiatric illness by methylfolate. Lancet 1990;336:392-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jazayeri S, Tehrani-Doost M, Keshavarz SA, et al. Comparison of therapeutic effects of omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid and fluoxetine, separately and in combination, in major depressive disorder. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2008;42:192-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papakostas GI, Petersen T, Lebowitz BD, et al. The relationship between serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine levels in major depressive disorder and the timing of improvement with fluoxetine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2005;8:523-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemets H, Nemets B, Apter A, et al. Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: a controlled, double-blind pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:1098-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu TH, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for major depressive disorder during pregnancy: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:644-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman MP, Hibbeln JR, Wisner KL, et al. Randomized dose-ranging pilot trial of omega-3 fatty acids for postpartum depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006;113:31-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenyer BF, Crowe T, Meyer B, et al. Fish oil supplementation in the treatment of major depression: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:1393-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marangell LB, Martinez JM, Zboyan HA, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:996-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck CA, Patten SB, Williams JV, et al. Antidepressant utilization in Canada. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40:799-807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Kelton CM, Jing Y, et al. Utilization, price, and spending trends for antidepressants in the US Medicaid Program. Res Social Adm Pharm 2008;4:244-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman SC, Schopflocher D. Trends in antidepressant prescriptions among the elderly in Alberta during 1997 to 2004. Can J Psychiatry 2008;53:704-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan CH, Shinfuku N, Sim K. Psychotropic prescription practices in east Asia: looking back and peering ahead. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2008;21:645-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Pharmaceutical Council, Inc. Pharmaceutical Benefits Under State Medical Assistance Programs, 2004. Reston, VA: National Pharmaceutical Council, Inc.; 2005
   Google Scholar
• Papakostas GI. Tolerability of modern antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:8-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu XH, Bull SA, Hunkeler EM. Incidence and duration of side effects and those rated as bothersome with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment for depression: patient report versus physician estimate. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:959-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiard BP, El Mansari M, Blier P. Cross-talk between dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the rat ventral tegmental area, locus ceruleus, and dorsal hippocampus. Mol Pharmacol 2008;74:1463-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan V, Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, et al. Pathophysiology of depression: role of sleep and the melatonergic system. Psychiatry Res 2009;165:201-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souetre E, Salvati E, Belugou JL, et al. Circadian rhythms in depression and recovery: evidence for blunted amplitude as the main chronobiological abnormality. Psychiatry Res 1989;28:263-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germain A, Kupfer DJ. Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008;23:571-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legros C, Chalivoix S, Gabriel C, et al. First evidence of melatonin receptors distribution in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of tree shrew brain. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007;28:267-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feyissa AM, Chandran A, Stockmeier CA, Karolewicz B. Reduced levels of NR2A and NR2B subunits of NMDA receptor and PSD-95 in the prefrontal cortex in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33:70-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapolsky RM. The possibility of neurotoxicity in the hippocampus in major depression: a primer on neuron death. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48:755-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarate CA Jr, Du J, Quiroz J, et al. Regulation of cellular plasticity cascades in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders: role of the glutamatergic system. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1003:273-91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul IA, Nowak G, Layer RT, et al. Adaptation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex following chronic antidepressant treatments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;269:95-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartanusz V, Aubry JM, Pagliusi S, et al. Stress-induced changes in messenger RNA levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate and AMPA receptor subunits in selected regions of the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus. Neuroscience 1995;66:247-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palucha A, Pilc A. Metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands as possible anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2007;115:116-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkin JM, Marek GJ, Johnson BG, Schoepp DD. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in the control of mood disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2007;6:87-100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duman RS, Monteggia LM. A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:1116-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heldt SA, Stanek L, Chhatwal JP, Ressler KJ. Hippocampus-specific deletion of BDNF in adult mice impairs spatial memory and extinction of aversive memories. Mol Psychiatry 2007;12:656-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantamäki T, Hendolin P, Kankaanpää A, et al. Pharmacologically diverse antidepressants rapidly activate brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor TrkB and induce phospholipase-Cgamma signaling pathways in mouse brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007;32:2152-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachis A, Mallei A, Cruz MI, et al. Chronic antidepressant treatments increase basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-binding protein in neurons. Neuropharmacology 2008;55:1114-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duman CH, Schlesinger L, Terwilliger R, et al. Peripheral insulin-like growth factor-I produces antidepressant-like behavior and contributes to the effect of exercise. Behav Brain Res 2009;198:366-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iga J, Ueno S, Yamauchi K, et al. Gene expression and association analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor in major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:658-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor TJ, Leonard BE. Depression, stress and immunological activation: the role of cytokines in depressive disorders. Life Sci 1998;62:583-606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2009 [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Anisman H, Merali Z, Poulter MO, Hayley S. Cytokines as a precipitant of depressive illness: animal and human studies. Curr Pharm Des 2005;11:963-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capuron L, Neurauter G, Musselman DL, et al. Interferon-alpha-induced changes in tryptophan metabolism. relationship to depression and paroxetine treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:906-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández ME, Mendieta D, Martínez-Fong D, et al. Variations in circulating cytokine levels during 52 week course of treatment with SSRI for major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;18:917-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien SM, Scully P, Fitzgerald P, et al. Plasma cytokine profiles in depressed patients who fail to respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy. J Psychiatr Res 2007;41:326-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai K, Saito A, Sudo T, Osada H. Specific regulation of cytokine-dependent p38 MAP Kinase activation by p62/SQSTM1. J Biochem 2008;143:765-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussap CJ, Geraghty DP, Burcher E. Tachykinin receptors: a radioligand binding perspective. J Neurochem 1993;60:1987-2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantyh PW. Neurobiology of substance P and the NK1 receptor. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63(Suppl 1):6-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SW, Yan YP, Satriotomo I, et al. Substance P is a promoter of adult neural progenitor cell proliferation under normal and ischemic conditions. J Neurosurg 2007;107:593-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilkei-Gorzo A, Racz I, Michel K, Zimmer A. Diminished anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in mice with selective deletion of the Tac1 gene. J Neurosci 2002;22:10046-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maubach KA, Martin K, Chicchi G, et al. Chronic substance P (NK1) receptor antagonist and conventional antidepressant treatment increases burst firing of monoamine neurones in the locus coeruleus. Neuroscience 2002;109:609-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conley RK, Cumberbatch MJ, Mason GS, et al. Substance P (neurokinin 1) receptor antagonists enhance dorsal raphe neuronal activity. J Neurosci 2002;22:7730-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirayama Y, Mitsushio H, Takashima M, et al. Reduction of substance P after chronic antidepressants treatment in the striatum, substantia nigra and amygdala of the rat. Brain Res 1996;739:70-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves R. Imaging substance P receptors (NK1) in the living human brain using positron emission tomography. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63(Suppl 11):18-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsboer F, Ising M. Central CRH system in depression and anxiety–evidence from clinical studies with CRH1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2008;583:350-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutman DA, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. CRF receptor and glucocorticoid receptor antagonists: new approaches to antidepressant treatment. In: den Boer JA, George MS, ter Horst GT, editors, Current and future developments in psychopharmacology. Benecke NI: Amsterdam; 2005. p. 133-58
   Google Scholar
• Young AH, Gallagher P, Watson S, et al. Improvements in neurocognitive function and mood following adjunctive treatment with mifepristone (RU-486) in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:1538-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belanoff JK, Rothschild AJ, Cassidy F, et al. An open label trial of C-1073 (mifepristone) for psychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2002;52:386-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilsaver SC. Pathophysiology of “cholinoceptor supersensitivity” in affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1986;21:813-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janowsky DS, Overstreet DH, Nurnberger JI Jr. Is cholinergic sensitivity a genetic marker for the affective disorders? Am J Med Genet 1994;54:335-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shytle RD, Silver AA, Lukas RJ, et al. Nicotinic acetlycholine receptors as targets for antidepressants. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7:525-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy S, Emsley R. Placebo-controlled trial of agomelatine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006;16:93-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemoine P, Guilleminault C, Alvarez E. Improvement of subjective sleep in major depressive disorder with a novel antidepressant, agomelatine: randomized, double-blind comparison with venlafaxine. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:1723-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy SH, Guilleminault C. Antidepressant efficacy of agomelatine 25–50 mg versus venlafaxine 75–150 mg: two randomized, double-blind studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006;16(Suppl 4):S319-20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper S. Superior Antidepressant Efficacy of Agomelatine vs Sertraline: a Randomized, Double-Blind Study [abstract P2c022]. Presented at the 21st Annual Conference of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Aug 30, 2008–Sep 3, 2008, Barcelona, Spain
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA, Kennedy SH, Burrows GD, et al. Absence of discontinuation symptoms with agomelatine and occurrence of discontinuation symptoms with paroxetine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled discontinuation study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;19:271-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy SH, Rizvi S, Fulton K, et al. A double-blind comparison of sexual functioning, antidepressant efficacy, and tolerability between agomelatine and venlafaxine XR. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:329-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickels K, Mathew S, Banov MD, et al. Effects of PRX-00023, a novel, selective serotonin 1A receptor agonist on measures of anxiety and depression in generalized anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:235-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickels K, Athanasiou M, Robinson DS, et al. Evidence for efficacy and tolerability of vilazodone in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:326-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyke R, Cotton D, Cunningham L, et al. Flibanserin: a novel centrally acting agent that is not an effective antidepressant but has potential to treat decreased sexual desire in women. Abstract presented at American Psychiatric Association annual meeting, 3 – 8 May 2008
   Google Scholar
• Claustre Y, Leonetti M, Santucci V, et al. Effects of the beta3-adrenoceptor (Adrb3) agonist SR58611A (amibegron) on serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission in the rodent: relevance to its antidepressant/anxiolytic-like profile. Neuroscience 2008;156:353-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan MH, Denahan AQ, Wright CE, et al. Comparison of pramipexole, fluoxetine, and placebo in patients with major depression. Depress Anxiety 2000;11:58-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassano P, Lattanzi L, Soldani F, et al. Pramipexole in treatment-resistant depression: an extended follow-up. Depress Anxiety 2004;20:131-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassano P, Lattanzi L, Fava M, et al. Ropinirole in treatment-resistant depression: a 16-week pilot study. Can J Psychiatry 2005;50:357-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporn J, Ghaemi SN, Sambur MR, et al. Pramipexole augmentation in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression: a retrospective chart review. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2000;12:137-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, et al. The slow and long-lasting blockade of dopamine transporters in human brain induced by the new antidepressant drug radafaxine predict poor reinforcing effects. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57:640-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulconbridge LF, Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, et al. Changes in symptoms of depression with weight loss: results of a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009 [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiortsis DN, Tsouli S, Filippatos TD, et al. Effects of sibutramine and orlistat on mood in obese and overweight subjects: a randomised study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18:207-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skolnick P, Popik P, Janowsky A, et al. Antidepressant-like actions of DOV 21,947: a “triple” reuptake inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;461:99-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breuer ME, Chan JS, Oosting RS, et al. The triple monoaminergic reuptake inhibitor DOV 216,303 has antidepressant effects in the rat olfactory bulbectomy model and lacks sexual side effects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;18:908-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, et al. Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 2000;47:351-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, et al. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:856-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson JM, Shingleton RN. An open-label, flexible-dose study of memantine in major depressive disorder. Clin Neuropharmacol 2007;30:136-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarate CA, Singh JB, Quiroz JA, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of memantine in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:153-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preskorn SH, Baker B, Kolluri S, et al. An innovative design to establish proof of concept of the antidepressant effects of the NR2B subunit selective N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, CP-101,606, in patients with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:631-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarate CA Jr, Payne JL, Quiroz J, et al. An open-label trial of riluzole in patients with treatment-resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:171-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanacora G, Kendell SF, Fenton L, et al. Riluzole augmentation for treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:2132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew SJ, Manji HK, Charney DS. Novel drugs and therapeutic targets for severe mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:2080-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell JM, Zhang HT. Antidepressant effects of inhibitors of cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE4). Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004;25:158-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimaki K, Morinobu S, Duman RS. Administration of a cAMP phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor enhances antidepressant-induction of BDNF mRNA in rat hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;22:42-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh T, Tokumura M, Abe K. Effects of rolipram, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in combination with imipramine on depressive behavior, CRE-binding activity and BDNF level in learned helplessness rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;498:135-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal B, Rhodus NL, Patel K. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;106:778-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey D, Klareskog L, Sasso EH, et al. Tumor necrosis factor antagonist mechanisms of action: a comprehensive review. Pharmacol Ther 2008;117:244-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan R, Cella D, Leonardi C, et al. Effects of etanercept therapy on fatigue and symptoms of depression in subjects treated for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis for up to 96 weeks. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:1275-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyring S, Gottlieb A, Papp K, et al. Etanercept and clinical outcomes, fatigue, and depression in psoriasis: double-blind placebo-controlled randomised phase III trial. Lancet 2006;367:29-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer MS, Cutler N, Feighner J, et al. Distinct mechanism for antidepressant activity by blockade of central substance P receptors. Science 1998;281:1640-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller M, Montgomery S, Ball W, et al. Lack of efficacy of the substance p (neurokinin1 receptor) antagonist aprepitant in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:216-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer MS, Winokur A, Kelsey J, et al. Demonstration of the efficacy and safety of a novel substance P (NK1) receptor antagonist in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacol 2004;29:385-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griebel G, Perrault G, Soubrié P. Effects of SR48968, a selective non-peptide NK2 receptor antagonist on emotional processes in rodents. Psychopharmacology 2001;158:241-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis C, Stemmelin J, Boulay D, et al. Additional evidence for anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like activities of saredutant (SR48968), an antagonist at the neurokinin-2 receptor in various rodent-models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008;89:36-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zobel AW, Nickel T, Künzel HE, et al. Effects of the high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: the first 20 patients treated. J Psychiatr Res 2000;34:171-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binneman B, Feltner D, Kolluri S, et al. A 6-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial of CP-316,311 (a selective CRH1 antagonist) in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:617-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ising M, Zimmermann US, Künzel HE, et al. High-affinity CRF1 receptor antagonist NBI-34041: preclinical and clinical data suggest safety and efficacy in attenuating elevated stress response. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007;32:1941-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadirian AM, Engelsmann F, Dhar V, et al. The psychotropic effects of inhibitors of steroid biosynthesis in depressed patients refractory to treatment. Biol Psychiatry 1995;37:369-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malison RT, Anand A, Pelton GH, et al. Limited efficacy of ketoconazole in treatment-refractory major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;19:466-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kling MA, Coleman VH, Schulkin J. Glucocorticoid inhibition in the treatment of depression: can we think outside the endocrine hypothalamus? Depress Anxiety 2009 [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores BH, Kenna H, Keller J, et al. Clinical and biological effects of mifepristone treatment for psychotic depression. Neuropsychopharmacol 2006;31:628-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher P, Watson S, Elizabeth Dye C, et al. Persistent effects of mifepristone (RU-486) on cortisol levels in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2008;42:1037-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George TP, Sacco KA, Vessicchio JC, et al. Nicotinic antagonist augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory major depressive disorder: a preliminary study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:340-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furey ML, Drevets WC. Antidepressant efficacy of the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:1121-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheline YI, Gado MH, Kraemer HC. Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1516-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacQueen GM, Campbell S, McEwen BS, et al. Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:1387-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, et al. Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:675-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drago A, De Ronchi D, Serretti A. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant response: an update. Hum Genomics 2009;3:257-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou SF, Di YM, Chan E, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics and potential application in personalized medicine. Curr Drug Metab 2008;9:738-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serretti A, Kato M, Kennedy JL. Pharmacogenetic studies in depression: a proposal for methodologic guidelines. Pharmacogenomics J 2008;8:90-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar