Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs Volume 11, 2006 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
122
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Emerging drugs in peripheral arterial disease

Nirman Tulsyan Fellow in Vascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Vascular Surgery, S40, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
,
Kenneth Ouriel Chairman, Division of Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Vascular Surgery, S40, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
&
Vikram S Kashyap Associate Professor of Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Vascular Surgery, S40, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. [email protected]
Pages 75-90 | Published online: 27 Feb 2006

Bibliography

  • CRIQUI MH, FRONEK A, BARRETT-CONNOR E, KLAUBER MR, GABRIEL S, GOODMAN D: The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population. Circulation (1985) 71(3):510-515.
  • HIATT WR, HOAG S, HAMMAN RF: Effect of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Circulation (1995) 91(5):1472-1479.
  • MEIJER WT HA, RUTERS D et al.: Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1998) 18:185-192.
  • FOWKES FG, HOUSLEY E, CAWOOD EH, MACINTYRE CC, RUCKLEY CV, PRESCOTT RJ: Edinburgh Artery Study: prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int. J. Epidemiol. (1991) 20(2):384-392.
  • MURABITO JM, D'AGOSTINO RB, SILBERSHATZ H, WILSON WF: Intermittent claudication: a risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation (1997) 96(1):44-49.
  • BOWLIN SJ, MEDALIE JH, FLOCKE SA, ZYZANSKI SJ, GOLDBOURT U: Epidemiology of intermittent claudication in middle-aged men. Am. J. Epidemiol. (1994) 140(5):418-430.
  • NEWMAN AB, SISCOVICK DS, MANOLIO TA et al.: Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group. Circulation (1993) 88(3):837-845.
  • GRAHAM IM, DALY LE, REFSUM HM et al.: Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA (1997) 277(22):1775-1781.
  • STOYIOGLOU A, JAFF MR: Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease: a comprehensive review. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. (2004) 15(11):1197-1207.
  • NO AUTHORS LISTED: Second European Consensus Document on chronic critical leg ischemia. Circulation (1991) 84(4 Suppl):IV1-IV26.
  • SMITH GD, SHIPLEY MJ, ROSE G: Intermittent claudication, heart disease risk factors, and mortality. The Whitehall Study. Circulation (1990) 82(6):1925-1931.
  • CRIQUI MH, LANGER RD, FRONEK A et al.: Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (1992) 326(6):381-386.
  • SMITH SC Jr, DOVE JT, JACOBS AK et al.: ACC/AHA guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention (revision of the 1993 PTCA guidelines) – executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee to revise the 1993 guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) endorsed by the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. Circulation (2001) 103(24):3019-3041.
  • NATIONAL CHOLESTEROL EDUCATION PROGRAM (NCEP) EXPERT PANEL ON DETECTION, EVALUATION, AND TREATMENT OF HIGH BLOOD CHOLESTEROL IN ADULTS (ADULT TREATMENT PANEL III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation (2002) 106(25):3143-3421.
  • BAHHAI A: The burden of coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial disease. PharmacoEconomics (2004) 22(Suppl. 4):11-18.
  • MCDERMOTT MM, HAHN EA, GREENLAND P et al.: Atherosclerotic risk factor reduction in peripheral arterial diseasea: results of a national physician survey. J. Gen. Intern. Med. (2002) 17(12):895-904.
  • BURNS P, LIMA E, BRADBURY AW: Second best medical therapy. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. (2002) 24(5):400-404.
  • REHRING TF, SANDHOFF BG, STOLCPART RS, MERENICH JA, HOLLIS HW Jr: Atherosclerotic risk factor control in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J. Vasc. Surg. (2005) 41(5):816-822.
  • NOVO S: Classification, epidemiology, risk factors, and natural history of peripheral arterial disease. Diabetes Obes. Metab. (2002) 4(Suppl 2):S1-S6.
  • STOFFERS HE, RINKENS PE, KESTER AD, KAISER V, KNOTTNERUS JA: The prevalence of asymptomatic and unrecognized peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Int. J. Epidemiol. (1996) 25(2):282-290.
  • HIRSCH AT, CRIQUI MH, TREAT-JACOBSON D et al.: Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA (2001) 286(11):1317-1324.
  • MCDERMOTT MM, KERWIN DR, LIU K et al.: Prevalence and significance of unrecognized lower extremity peripheral arterial disease in general medicine practice. J. Gen. Intern. Med. (2001) 16(6):384-390.
  • REGENSTEINER JG, HIATT WR: Current medical therapies for patients with peripheral arterial disease: a critical review. Am. J. Med. (2002) 112(1):49-57.
  • INGOLFSSON IO, SIGURDSSON G, SIGVALDASON H, THORGEIRSSON G, SIGFUSSON N: A marked decline in the prevalence and incidence of intermittent claudication in Icelandic men 1968-1986: a strong relationship to smoking and serum cholesterol – the Reykjavik Study. J. Clin. Epidemiol. (1994) 47(11):1237-1243.
  • GIROLAMI B, BERNARDI E, PRINS MH et al.: Treatment of intermittent claudication with physical training, smoking cessation, pentoxifylline, or nafronyl: a meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. (1999) 159(4):337-345.
  • KRUPSKI WC, NGUYEN HT, JONES DN, WALLACE H, WHITEHILL TA, NEHLER MR: Smoking cessation counseling: a missed opportunity for general surgery trainees. J. Vasc. Surg. (2002) 36(2):257-262; discussion 62.
  • FIORE MC: Treating tobacco use and dependence: an introduction to the US Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline. Respir. Care (2000) 45(10):1196-1199.
  • GEY DC, LESHO EP, MANNGOLD J: Management of peripheral arterial disease. Am. Fam. Physician (2004) 69(3):525-532.
  • KANNEL WB, D'AGOSTINO RB, WILSON PW, BELANGER AJ, GAGNON DR: Diabetes, fibrinogen, and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham experience. Am. Heart J. (1990) 120(3):672-676.
  • KANNEL WB, MCGEE DL: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. JAMA (1979) 241(19):2035-2038.
  • KANNEL WB, MCGEE DL: Update on some epidemiologic features of intermittent claudication: the Framingham Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. (1985) 33(1):13-18.
  • NO AUTHORS LISTED: Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with Type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet (1998) 352(9131):837-853.
  • NO AUTHORS LISTED: Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus: American Diabetes Association. Tenn. Med. (2000) 93(11):419-429.
  • VICKREY BG, RECTOR TS, WICKSTROM SL et al.: Occurrence of secondary ischemic events among persons with atherosclerotic vascular disease. Stroke (2002) 33(4):901-906.
  • MEADE T, ZUHRIE R, COOK C, COOPER J: Bezafibrate in men with lower extremity arterial disease: randomised controlled trial. BMJ (2002) 325(7373):1139.
  • DIEHM C, SCHUSTER A, ALLENBERG JR et al.: High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and co-morbidity in 6880 primary care patients: cross-sectional study. Atherosclerosis (2004) 172(1):95-105.
  • MEHLER PS, COLL JR, ESTACIO R, ESLER A, SCHRIER RW, HIATT WR: Intensive blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral arterial disease and Type 2 diabetes. Circulation (2003) 107(5):753-756.
  • YUSUF S, SLEIGHT P, POGUE J, BOSCH J, DAVIES R, DAGENAIS G: Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342(3):145-153.
  • NISSEN SE, TUZCU EM, SCHOENHAGEN P et al.: Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (2004) 291(9):1071-1080.
  • HODIS HN, MACK WJ, AZEN SP et al.: Triglyceride- and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins have a differential effect on mild/moderate and severe lesion progression as assessed by quantitative coronary angiography in a controlled trial of lovastatin. Circulation (1994) 90(1):42-49.
  • BLANKENHORN DH, HODIS HN: George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Arterial imaging and atherosclerosis reversal. Arterioscler. Thromb. (1994) 14(2):177-192.
  • HEART PROTECTION STUDY COLLABORATIVE GROUP: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (2002) 360(9326):7-22.
  • MCDERMOTT MM, GURALNIK JM, GREENLAND P et al.: Statin use and leg functioning in patients with and without lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease. Circulation (2003) 107(5):757-761.
  • ROSENSON RS, TANGNEY CC: Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins: implications for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA (1998) 279(20):1643-1650.
  • CASSAR K, BACHOO P, FORD I, GREAVES M, BRITTENDEN J: Platelet activation is increased in peripheral arterial disease. J. Vasc. Surg. (2003) 38(1):99-103.
  • LIEM TK: Hemostasis and Thrombosis. In: Vascular Surgery: A Comprehensive Review. 6 ed. WS Moore (Ed.), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, US (2002):71-89.
  • NO AUTHORS LISTED: Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy – I: prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. BMJ (1994) 308(6921):81-106.
  • QUINN MJ, FITZGERALD DJ: Ticlopidine and clopidogrel. Circulation (1999) 100(15):1667-1672.
  • JANZON L, BERGQVIST D, BOBERG J et al.: Prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients with intermittent claudication; effects of ticlopidine. Results from STIMS, the Swedish Ticlopidine Multicentre Study. J. Intern. Med. (1990) 227(5):301-308.
  • NO AUTHORS LISTED: A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet (1996) 348(9038):1329-1339.
  • GARDNER AW, POEHLMAN ET: Exercise rehabilitation programs for the treatment of claudication pain. A meta-analysis. JAMA (1995) 274(12):975-980.
  • NEHLER MR, HIATT WR: Exercise therapy for claudication. Ann. Vasc. Surg. (1999) 13(1):109-114.
  • REGENSTEINER JG, STEINER JF, HIATT WR: Exercise training improves functional status in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J. Vasc. Surg. (1996) 23(1):104-115.
  • PETERSON CM: Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on Vascular Disease and Its Complications. In: Vascular Surgery: A Comprehensive Review. 6 ed. WS Moore (Ed.), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, US (2002):157-159.
  • PORTER JM, CUTLER BS, LEE BY et al.: Pentoxifylline efficacy in the treatment of intermittent claudication: multicenter controlled double-blind trial with objective assessment of chronic occlusive arterial disease patients. Am. Heart J. (1982) 104(1):66-72.
  • DAWSON DL, CUTLER BS, MEISSNER MH, STRANDNESS DE Jr: Cilostazol has beneficial effects in treatment of intermittent claudication: results from a multicenter, randomized, prospective, double-blind trial. Circulation (1998) 98(7):678-686.
  • MONEY SR, HERD JA, ISAACSOHN JL et al.: Effect of cilostazol on walking distances in patients with intermittent claudication caused by peripheral vascular disease. J. Vasc. Surg. (1998) 27(2):267-274; discussion 74-75.
  • BEEBE HG, DAWSON DL, CUTLER BS et al.: A new pharmacological treatment for intermittent claudication: results of a randomized, multicenter trial. Arch. Intern. Med. (1999) 159(17):2041-2050.
  • PACKER M, CARVER JR, RODEHEFFER RJ et al.: Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325(21):1468-1475.
  • COHN JN, GOLDSTEIN SO, GREENBERG BH et al.: A dose-dependent increase in mortality with vesnarinone among patients with severe heart failure. Vesnarinone Trial Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339(25):1810-1816.
  • DAWSON DL, CUTLER BS, HIATT WR et al.: A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication. Am. J. Med. (2000) 109(7):523-530.
  • NO AUTHORS LISTED: Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy – II: maintenance of vascular graft or arterial patency by antiplatelet therapy. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. BMJ (1994) 308(6922):159-168.
  • MINAR E, AHMADI A, KOPPENSTEINER R et al.: Comparison of effects of high-dose and low-dose aspirin on restenosis after femoro–popliteal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Circulation (1995) 91(8):2167-2173.
  • NO AUTHORS LISTED: Efficacy of oral anticoagulants compared with aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (The Dutch Bypass Oral Anticoagulants or Aspirin Study): a randomised trial. Lancet (2000) 355(9201):346-351.
  • WHITE WF, BARLOW GH, MOZEN MM: The isolation and characterization of plasminogen activators (urokinase) from human urine. Biochemistry (1966) 5(7):2160-2169.
  • MATAS DOCAMPO M, GOMEZ PALONES F, FERNANDEZ VALENZUELA V, SEGARRA MEDRANO A, MOREIRAS BARREIRO M: Intraarterial urokinase for acute native arterial occlusion of the limbs. Ann. Vasc. Surg. (1997) 11(6):565-572; discussion 72-73.
  • SUGGS WD, CYNAMON J, MARTIN B et al.: When is urokinase treatment an effective sole or adjunctive treatment for acute limb ischemia secondary to native artery occlusion? Am. J. Surg. (1999) 178(2):103-106.
  • BARR H, LANCASHIRE MJ, TORRIE EP, GALLAND RB: Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy in the management of acute and chronic limb ischaemia. Br. J. Surg. (1991) 78(3):284-287.
  • SMITH CM, YELLIN AE, WEAVER FA, LI KM, SIEGEL AE: Thrombolytic therapy for arterial occlusion: a mixed blessing. Am. Surg. (1994) 60(5):371-375.
  • KORN P, KHILNANI NM, FELLERS JC et al.: Thrombolysis for native arterial occlusions of the lower extremities: clinical outcome and cost. J. Vasc. Surg. (2001) 33(6):1148-1157.
  • STROUGHTON J, OURIEL K, SHORTELL CK, CHO JS, MARDER VJ: Plasminogen acceleration of urokinase thrombolysis. J. Vasc. Surg. (1994) 19(2):298-303; discussion 303-305.
  • BERRIDGE DC, GREGSON RH, MAKIN GS, HOPKINSON BR: Tissue plasminogen activator in peripheral arterial thrombolysis. Br. J. Surg. (1990) 77(2):179-182.
  • WEAVER FA, COMEROTA AJ, YOUNGBLOOD M, FROEHLICH J, HOSKING JD, PAPANICOLAOU G: Surgical revascularization versus thrombolysis for nonembolic lower extremity native artery occlusions: results of a prospective randomized trial. The STILE Investigators. Surgery versus Thrombolysis for Ischemia of the Lower Extremity. J. Vasc. Surg. (1996) 24(4):513-21; discussion 21-23.
  • OURIEL K, VEITH FJ, SASAHARA AA: A comparison of recombinant urokinase with vascular surgery as initial treatment for acute arterial occlusion of the legs. Thrombolysis or Peripheral Arterial Surgery (TOPAS) Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 338(16):1105-1111.
  • NO AUTHORS LISTED: The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial: Phase I findings. TIMI Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1985) 312(14):932-936.
  • MAKINEN K, MANNINEN H, HEDMAN M et al.: Increased vascularity detected by digital subtraction angiography after VEGF gene transfer to human lower limb artery: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded Phase II study. Mol. Ther. (2002) 6(1):127-133.
  • DOR Y, DJONOV V, ABRAMOVITCH R et al.: Conditional switching of VEGF provides new insights into adult neovascularization and pro-angiogenic therapy. EMBO J (2002) 21(8):1939-1947.
  • RUEL M, LAHAM RJ, PARKER JA et al.: Long-term effects of surgical angiogenic therapy with fibroblast growth factor 2 protein. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. (2002) 124(1):28-34.

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.