Problems and emerging approaches in HIV/AIDS vaccine development

Bibliography

• BRODY BA, HUNTER E, KLUGE JD, LASAROW R, GARDNER M, MARX PA: Protection of macaques against infection with simian type D retrovirus (SRV-1) by immunization with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the envelope glycoproteins of either SRV-1 or Mason–Pfizer monkey virus (SRV-3). J. Virol. (1992) 66(6):3950-3954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BORKOW G: Mouse models for HIV-1 infection. IUBMB Life (2005) 57(12):819-823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REID W, SADOWSKA M, DENARO F et al.: An HIV-1 transgenic rat that develops HIV-related pathology and immunologic dysfunction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98(16):9271-9276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN MAANEN M, SUTTON RE: Rodent models for HIV-1 infection and disease. Curr. HIV Res. (2003) 1(1):121-130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAN E, HEILEK-SNYDER G, CAMMACK N, SANKURATRI S, JI C: Development of a moloney murine leukemia virus-based pseudotype anti-HIV assay suitable for accurate and rapid evaluation of HIV entry inhibitors. J. Biomol. Screen. (2006) 11(6):652-663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHELPS A, GATES AJ, HILLIER M, EASTAUGH L, ULAETO DO: Comparative efficacy of replicating smallpox vaccine strains in a murine challenge model. Vaccine (2005) 23(27):3500-3507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POTASH MJ, CHAO W, BENTSMAN G et al.: A mouse model for study of systemic HIV-1 infection, antiviral immune responses, and neuroinvasiveness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102(10):3760-3765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPETZ AL, SORENSEN AS, WALTHER-JALLOW L et al.: Induction of HIV-1-specific immunity after vaccination with apoptotic HIV-1/murine leukemia virus-infected cells. J. Immunol. (2002) 169(10):5771-5779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPECK RF, PENN ML, WIMMER J et al.: Rabbit cells expressing human CD4 and human CCR5 are highly permissive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Virol. (1998) 72(7):5728-5734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOVEMBRE FJ, DE RJ, NIDTHA S et al.: Rapid CD4(+) T-cell loss induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1(NC) in uninfected and previously infected chimpanzees. J. Virol. (2001) 75(3):1533-1539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BATTEN CJ, DE RR, WILSON KM et al.: Comparative evaluation of simian, simian-human, and human immunodeficiency virus infections in the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) model. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses (2006) 22(6):580-588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOCHER CP, WITT SA, HERNDIER BG, TENNER-RACZ K, RACZ P, LEVY JA: Baboons as an animal model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and vaccine development. Immunol. Rev. (2001) 183:127-140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PANDREA I, APETREI C, DUFOUR J et al.: Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm.sab infection of Caribbean African green monkeys: a new model for the study of SIV pathogenesis in natural hosts. J. Virol. (2006) 80(10):4858-4867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAIGWOOD NL: Predictive value of primate models for AIDS. AIDS Rev. (2004) 6(4):187-198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIMATA JT: HIV-1 fitness and disease progression: insights from the SIV-macaque model. Curr. HIV. Res. (2006) 4(1):65-77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REIMANN KA, LI JT, VEAZEY R et al.: A chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus expressing a primary patient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate env causes an AIDS-like disease after in vivo passage in rhesus monkeys. J. Virol. (1996) 70(10):6922-6928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAROUSE JM, GETTIE A, ESHETU T et al.: Mucosal transmission and induction of simian AIDS by CCR5-specific simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(SF162P3). J. Virol. (2001) 75(4):1990-1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRAY RH, WAWER MJ, BROOKMEYER R et al.: Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet (2001) 357(9263):1149-1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCDERMOTT AB, MITCHEN J, PIASKOWSKI S et al.: Repeated low-dose mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 challenge results in the same viral and immunological kinetics as high-dose challenge: a model for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy in nonhuman primates. J. Virol. (2004) 78(6):3140-3144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SERNICOLA L, CORRIAS F, KOANGA-MOGTOMO ML et al.: Long-lasting protection by live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus in cynomolgus monkeys: no detection of reactivation after stimulation with a recall antigen. Virology (1999) 256(2):291-302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIBATA R, SIEMON C, CZAJAK SC, DESROSIERS RC, MARTIN MA: Live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines elicit potent resistance against a challenge with a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 chimeric virus. J. Virol. (1997) 71(11):8141-8148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BABA TW, LISKA V, KHIMANI AH et al.: Live attenuated, multiply deleted simian immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS in infant and adult macaques. Nat. Med. (1999) 5(2):194-203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHENG-MAYER C, BROWN A, HAROUSE J, LUCIW PA, MAYER AJ: Selection for neutralization resistance of the simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF33A variant in vivo by virtue of sequence changes in the extracellular envelope glycoprotein that modify N-linked glycosylation. J. Virol. (1999) 73(7):5294-5300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORI K, SUGIMOTO C, OHGIMOTO S et al.: Influence of glycosylation on the efficacy of an Env-based vaccine against simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 in a macaque AIDS model. J. Virol. (2005) 79(16):10386-10396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOOD RA, HARAGUCHI S, LORENZ E, DAY NK: In vitro immunomodulation and in vivo immunotherapy of retrovirus-induced immunosuppression. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. (1991) 13(Suppl. 1):1-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ENSOLI B, CAFARO A: Novel strategies toward the development of an effective vaccine to prevent human immunodeficiency virus infection or acquired immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Clin. Rev. (2000/2001):23-61.
   Google Scholar
• ALLEN TM, O’CONNOR DH, JING P et al.: Tat-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes select for SIV escape variants during resolution of primary viraemia. Nature (2000) 407(6802):386-390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAROUCH DH, KUNSTMAN J, KURODA MJ et al.: Eventual AIDS vaccine failure in a rhesus monkey by viral escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature (2002) 415(6869):335-339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORITA E, SUNDQUIST WI: Retrovirus budding. Ann. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (2004) 20:395-425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOLEGRAFF K, BOSTIK P, ANSARI AA: Characterization and role of lentivirus-associated host proteins. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) (2006) 231(3):252-263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TITTI F, KOANGA MOGTOMO ML, BORSETTI A et al.: Immunization of Macaca fascicularis with inactivated SIV preparations: challenge with human- or monkey-derived SIV and the effects of a longer immunization schedule. J. Med. Primatol. (1993) 22(2-3):110-118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAN WL, RODGERS A, GRIEF C et al.: Immunization with class I human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen can protect macaques against challenge infection with SIVmac-32H. AIDS (1995) 9(3):223-228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAASE AT: Perils at mucosal front lines for HIV and SIV and their hosts. Nat. Rev. Immunol. (2005) 5(10):783-792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEKKERKERKER AN, VAN KY, GEIJTENBEEK TB: Viral piracy: HIV-1 targets dendritic cells for transmission. Curr. HIV. Res. (2006) 4(2):169-176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOMSEL M, HEYMAN M, HOCINI H et al.: Intracellular neutralization of HIV transcytosis across tight epithelial barriers by anti-HIV envelope protein dIgA or IgM. Immunity (1998) 9(2):277-287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LO CAPUTO S, TRABATTONI D, VICHI F et al.: Mucosal and systemic HIV-1-specific immunity in HIV-1-exposed but uninfected heterosexual men. AIDS (2003) 17(4):531-539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURPHEY-CORB M, WILSON LA, TRICHEL AM et al.: Selective induction of protective MHC class I-restricted CTL in the intestinal lamina propria of rhesus monkeys by transient SIV infection of the colonic mucosa. J. Immunol. (1999) 162(1):540-549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELYAKOV IM, KUZNETSOV VA, KELSALL B et al.: Impact of vaccine-induced mucosal high-avidity CD8+ CTLs in delay of AIDS viral dissemination from mucosa. Blood (2006) 107(8):3258-3264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELYAKOV IM, HEL Z, KELSALL B et al.: Mucosal AIDS vaccine reduces disease and viral load in gut reservoir and blood after mucosal infection of macaques. Nat. Med. (2001) 7(12):1320-1326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAJDY M: Induction of optimal immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus at mucosal portals of entry. Curr. Drug Targets Immune Endocr. Metabol. Disord. (2003) 3(3):222-233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BELYAKOV IM, BERZOFSKY JA: Immunobiology of mucosal HIV infection and the basis for development of a new generation of mucosal AIDS vaccines. Immunity (2004) 20(3):247-253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUNKEL EJ, BUTCHER EC: Chemokines and the tissue-specific migration of lymphocytes. Immunity (2002) 16(1):1-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BATTEGAY M, NUESCH R, HIRSCHEL B, KAUFMANN GR: Immunological recovery and antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. Lancet Infect. Dis. (2006) 6(5):280-287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIKEN C, CHEN CH: Betulinic acid derivatives as HIV-1 antivirals. Trends Mol. Med. (2005) 11(1):31-36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARKOVIC I: Advances in HIV-1 entry inhibitors: strategies to interfere with receptor and coreceptor engagement. Curr. Pharm. Des. (2006) 12(9):1105-1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VEAZEY RS, KLASSE PJ, KETAS TJ et al.: Use of a small molecule CCR5 inhibitor in macaques to treat simian immunodeficiency virus infection or prevent simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Exp. Med. (2003) 198(10):1551-1562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIFSON JD, PIATAK M Jr, CLINE AN et al.: Transient early post-inoculation anti-retroviral treatment facilitates controlled infection with sparing of CD4+ T cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques, but not resistance to rechallenge. J. Med. Primatol. (2003) 32(4-5):201-210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LORI F, LEWIS MG, XU J et al.: Control of SIV rebound through structured treatment interruptions during early infection. Science (2000) 290(5496):1591-1593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AUTRAN B, CARCELAIN G, LI TS et al.: Positive effects of combined antiretroviral therapy on CD4+ T cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease. Science (1997) 277(5322):112-116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHOUGNET C, COHEN SS, KAWAMURA T et al.: Normal immune function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells from HIV-infected individuals: implications for immunotherapy. J. Immunol. (1999) 163(3):1666-1673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TRYNISZEWSKA E, NACSA J, LEWIS MG et al.: Vaccination of macaques with long-standing SIVmac251 infection lowers the viral set point after cessation of antiretroviral therapy. J. Immunol. (2002) 169(9):5347-5357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VIGANO A, TRABATTONI D, SCHNEIDER L et al.: Failure to eradicate HIV despite fully successful HAART initiated in the first days of life. J. Pediatr. (2006) 148(3):389-391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHEN J: AIDS vaccines. HIV dodges one-two punch. Science (2004) 305(5690):1545-1547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEENEY JL: Requirement of diverse T-helper responses elicited by HIV vaccines: induction of highly targeted humoral and CTL responses. Expert. Rev. Vaccines (2004) 3(4 Suppl.):S53-S64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KAECH SM, WHERRY EJ, AHMED R: Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: implications for vaccine development. Nat. Rev. Immunol. (2002) 2(4):251-262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SRIVASTAVA IK, ULMER JB, BARNETT SW: Neutralizing antibody responses to HIV: role in protective immunity and challenges for vaccine design. Expert. Rev. Vaccines (2004) 3(4 Suppl.):S33-S52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MCSHANE H: Prime-boost immunization strategies for infectious diseases. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. (2002) 4(1):23-27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHEN J: Clinical research. A setback and an advance on the AIDS vaccine front. Science (2003) 300(5616):28-29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• STOTT EJ, ALMOND N, KENT K et al.: Evaluation of a candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine in macaques: effect of vaccination with HIV-1 gp120 on subsequent challenge with heterologous simian immunodeficiency virus-HIV-1 chimeric virus. J. Gen. Virol. (1998) 79(Pt 3):423-432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MASCOLA JR, SNYDER SW, WEISLOW OS et al.: Immunization with envelope subunit vaccine products elicits neutralizing antibodies against laboratory-adapted but not primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group. J. Infect. Dis. (1996) 173(2):340-348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RICHARDSON TM Jr, STRYJEWSKI BL, BRODER CC et al.: Humoral response to oligomeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein. J. Virol. (1996) 70(2):753-762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG X, WYATT R, SODROSKI J: Improved elicitation of neutralizing antibodies against primary human immunodeficiency viruses by soluble stabilized envelope glycoprotein trimers. J. Virol. (2001) 75(3):1165-1171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUCKNER C, GINES LG, SAUNDERS CJ et al.: Priming B cell-mediated anti-HIV envelope responses by vaccination allows for the long-term control of infection in macaques exposed to a R5-tropic SHIV. Virology (2004) 320(1):167-180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHERPELIS S, SHRIVASTAVA I, GETTIE A et al.: DNA vaccination with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 SF162DeltaV2 envelope elicits immune responses that offer partial protection from simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection to CD8(+) T-cell-depleted rhesus macaques. J. Virol. (2001) 75(3):1547-1550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KWONG PD, DOYLE ML, CASPER DJ et al.: HIV-1 evades antibody-mediated neutralization through conformational masking of receptor-binding sites. Nature (2002) 420(6916):678-682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WYATT R, SODROSKI J: The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens. Science (1998) 280(5371):1884-1888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZOLLA-PAZNER S: Improving on nature: focusing the immune response on the V3 loop. Hum. Antibodies (2005) 14(3-4):69-72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EDA Y, MURAKAMI T, AMI Y et al.: Anti-V3 humanized antibody KD-247 effectively suppresses ex vivo generation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and affords sterile protection of monkeys against a heterologous simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Virol. (2006) 80(11):5563-5570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURTON DR, STANFIELD RL, WILSON IA: Antibody versus HIV in a clash of evolutionary titans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102(42):14943-14948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHO MW, KIM YB, LEE MK et al.: Polyvalent envelope glycoprotein vaccine elicits a broader neutralizing antibody response but is unable to provide sterilizing protection against heterologous Simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection in pigtailed macaques. J. Virol. (2001) 75(5):2224-2234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEDDOWS S, SCHULKE N, KIRSCHNER M et al.: Evaluating the immunogenicity of a disulfide-stabilized, cleaved, trimeric form of the envelope glycoprotein complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. (2005) 79(14):8812-8827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOUTS T, GODFREY K, BOBB K et al.: Crosslinked HIV-1 envelope-CD4 receptor complexes elicit broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in rhesus macaques. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(18):11842-11847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARNETT SW, LU S, SRIVASTAVA I et al.: The ability of an oligomeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope antigen to elicit neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV-1 isolates is improved following partial deletion of the second hypervariable region. J. Virol. (2001) 75(12):5526-5540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SRIVASTAVA IK, STAMATATOS L, KAN E et al.: Purification, characterization, and immunogenicity of a soluble trimeric envelope protein containing a partial deletion of the V2 loop derived from SF162, an R5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate 2. J. Virol. (2003) 77(20):11244-11259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SRIVASTAVA IK, VANDORSTEN K, VOJTECH L, BARNETT SW, STAMATATOS L: Changes in the immunogenic properties of soluble gp140 human immunodeficiency virus envelope constructs upon partial deletion of the second hypervariable region. J. Virol. (2003) 77(4):2310-2320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERRANTELLI F, CAFARO A, ENSOLI B: Nonstructural HIV proteins as targets for prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. (2004) 15(6):543-556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUTTO S, FIORELLI V, TRIPICIANO A et al.: Sequence conservation and antibody cross-recognition of clade B human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 Tat protein in HIV-1-infected Italians, Ugandans, and South Africans. J. Infect. Dis. (2003) 188(8):1171-1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VARDAS E, BUTTO S, GLASHOFF R, MALNATI MS, POLI G, CLERICI M: Preparing for Phase II/III HIV vaccine trials in Africa. Microbes Infect. (2005) 7(14):1436-1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STITTELAAR KJ, GRUTERS RA, SCHUTTEN M et al.: Comparison of the efficacy of early versus late viral proteins in vaccination against SIV. Vaccine (2002) 20(23-24):2921-2927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSTERHAUS AD, VAN BAALEN CA, GRUTERS RA et al.: Vaccination with Rev and Tat against AIDS. Vaccine (1999) 17(20-21):2713-2714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEL Z, JOHNSON JM, TRYNISZEWSKA E et al.: A novel chimeric Rev, Tat, and Nef (Retanef) antigen as a component of an SIV/HIV vaccine. Vaccine (2002) 20(25-26):3171-3186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAFARO A, CAPUTO A, FRACASSO C et al.: Control of SHIV-89.6P-infection of cynomolgus monkeys by HIV-1 Tat protein vaccine. Nat. Med. (1999) 5(6):643-650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAFARO A, TITTI F, FRACASSO C et al.: Vaccination with DNA containing tat coding sequences and unmethylated CpG motifs protects cynomolgus monkeys upon infection with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV89.6P). Vaccine (2001) 19(20-22):2862-2877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAGGIORELLA MT, BARONCELLI S, MICHELINI Z et al.: Long-term protection against SHIV89.6P replication in HIV-1 Tat vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys. Vaccine (2004) 22(25-26):3258-3269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATKINS JD, LANCELOT S, CAMPBELL GR et al.: Reservoir cells no longer detectable after a heterologous SHIV challenge with the synthetic HIV-1 Tat Oyi vaccine. Retrovirology (2006) 3:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIANG X, CASIMIRO DR, SCHLEIF WA et al.: Vectored Gag and Env but not Tat show efficacy against simian-human immunodeficiency virus 89.6P challenge in Mamu-A*01-negative rhesus monkeys. J. Virol. (2005) 79(19):12321-12331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATANO T, KANO M, TAKEDA A et al.: No significant enhancement of protection by Tat-expressing Sendai viral vector-booster in a macaque AIDS model. AIDS (2003) 17(9):1392-1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SILVERA P, RICHARDSON MW, GREENHOUSE J et al.: Outcome of simian-human immunodeficiency virus strain 89.6p challenge following vaccination of rhesus macaques with human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein. J. Virol. (2002) 76(8):3800-3809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOGEL TU, REYNOLDS MR, FULLER DH et al.: Multispecific vaccine-induced mucosal cytotoxic T lymphocytes reduce acute-phase viral replication but fail in long-term control of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239. J. Virol. (2003) 77(24):13348-13360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ADDO MM, ALTFELD M, ROSENBERG ES et al.: The HIV-1 regulatory proteins Tat and Rev are frequently targeted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes derived from HIV-1-infected individuals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98(4):1781-1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAO J, MCNEVIN J, MALHOTRA U, MCELRATH MJ: Evolution of CD8+ T cell immunity and viral escape following acute HIV-1 infection. J. Immunol. (2003) 171(7):3837-3846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAPUTO A, GAVIOLI R, ENSOLI B: Recent advances in the development of HIV-1 Tat-based vaccines. Curr. HIV. Res. (2004) 2(4):357-376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REZZA G, TITTI F, PEZZOTTI P et al.: Anti-nef antibodies and other predictors of disease progression in HIV-1 seropositive injecting drug users. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents (1992) 6(1):15-20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REZZA G, FIORELLI V, DORRUCCI M et al.: The presence of anti-Tat antibodies is predictive of long-term nonprogression to AIDS or severe immunodeficiency: findings in a cohort of HIV-1 seroconverters. J. Infect. Dis. (2005) 191(8):1321-1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN BAALEN CA, PONTESILLI O, HUISMAN RC et al.: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev- and Tat-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequencies inversely correlate with rapid progression to AIDS. J. Gen. Virol. (1997) 78(Pt 8):1913-1918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RODRIGUEZ SK, SARR AD, OLORUNNIPA O et al.: The absence of anti-Tat antibodies is associated with risk of disease progression in HIV-2 infection. J. Infect. Dis. (2006) 194(6):760-763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEJDEMAN B, BOSTROM AC, MATSUDA R et al.: DNA immunization with HIV early genes in HIV type 1-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses (2004) 20(8):860-870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANCHEREAU J, BRIERE F, CAUX C et al.: Immunobiology of dendritic cells. Ann. Rev. Immunol. (2000) 18:767-811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SERVET C, ZITVOGEL L, HOSMALIN A: Dendritic cells in innate immune responses against HIV. Curr. Mol. Med. (2002) 2(8):739-756.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MELLMAN I, STEINMAN RM: Dendritic cells: specialized and regulated antigen processing machines. Cell (2001) 106(3):255-258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LU W, WU X, LU Y, GUO W, ANDRIEU JM: Therapeutic dendritic-cell vaccine for simian AIDS. Nat. Med. (2003) 9(1):27-32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GARCIA F, LEJEUNE M, CLIMENT N et al.: Therapeutic immunization with dendritic cells loaded with heat-inactivated autologous HIV-1 in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection. J. Infect. Dis. (2005) 191(10):1680-1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TERAMOTO K, KONTANI K, FUJITA T et al.: Successful tumor eradication was achieved by collaboration of augmented cytotoxic activity and anti-angiogenic effects following therapeutic vaccines containing helper-activating analog-loaded dendritic cells and tumor antigen DNA. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (2007) 56(3):331-342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’HAGAN DT, SINGH M, ULMER JB: Microparticle-based technologies for vaccines. Methods (2006) 40(1):10-19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAOUI-ATTARKI K, FATTAL E, PECQUET S et al.: Mucosal immunogenicity elicited in mice by oral vaccination with phosphorylcholine encapsulated in poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. Vaccine (1998) 16(7):685-691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’HAGAN DT, JEFFERY H, DAVIS SS: Long-term antibody responses in mice following subcutaneous immunization with ovalbumin entrapped in biodegradable microparticles. Vaccine (1993) 11(9):965-969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPARNACCI K, LAUS M, TONDELLI L et al.: Core-shell microspheres by dispersion polymerization as promising delivery systems for proteins. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. (2005) 16(12):1557-1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURTON DR, DESROSIERS RC, DOMS RW et al.: HIV vaccine design and the neutralizing antibody problem. Nat. Immunol. (2004) 5(3):233-236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERRANTELLI F, RASMUSSEN RA, BUCKLEY KA et al.: Complete protection of neonatal rhesus macaques against oral exposure to pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus by human anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies. J. Infect. Dis. (2004) 189(12):2167-2173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAFRIT JT, RUPRECHT R, FERRANTELLI F et al.: Immunoprophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. (2004) 35(2):169-177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOMEZ-ROMAN VR, FLORESE RH, PENG B: An adenovirus-based HIV subtype-B prime/boost vaccine regimen elicits antibodies mediatiing broad antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against non-subtype B HIV strains. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. (2006) 43(3):270-277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PENG B, WANG LR, GOMEZ-ROMAN VR et al.: Replicating rather than nonreplicating adenovirus-human immunodeficiency virus recombinant vaccines are better at eliciting potent cellular immunity and priming high-titer antibodies. J. Virol. (2005) 79(16):10200-10209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENSOLI B, BARILLARI G, SALAHUDDIN SZ, GALLO RC, WONG-STAAL F: Tat protein of HIV-1 stimulates growth of cells derived from Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions of AIDS patients. Nature (1990) 345(6270):84-86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENSOLI B, BUONAGURO L, BARILLARI G et al.: Release, uptake, and effects of extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein on cell growth and viral transactivation. J. Virol. (1993) 67(1):277-287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENSOLI B, GENDELMAN R, MARKHAM P et al.: Synergy between basic fibroblast growth factor and HIV-1 Tat protein in induction of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Nature (1994) 371(6499):674-680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERUZZI F: The multiple functions of HIV-1 Tat: proliferation versus apoptosis. Front Biosci. (2006) 11:708-717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHEN D, FONG Y, ZHOU Q: Specific interaction of Tat with the human but not rodent P-TEFb complex mediates the species-specific Tat activation of HIV-1 transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96(6):2728-2733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUIGEN MC, KAMP W, NOTTET HS: Multiple effects of HIV-1 trans-activator protein on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Eur. J. Clin. Invest (2004) 34(1):57-66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COLOMBRINO E, ROSSI E, BALLON G et al.: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein modulates cell cycle and apoptosis in Epstein–Barr virus-immortalized B cells. Exp. Cell Res. (2004) 295(2):539-548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEFEVRE EA, KRZYSIEK R, LORET EP, GALANAUD P, RICHARD Y: Cutting edge: HIV-1 Tat protein differentially modulates the B cell response of naive, memory, and germinal center B cells. J. Immunol. (1999) 163(3):1119-1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WU Y, MARSH JW: Selective transcription and modulation of resting T cell activity by preintegrated HIV DNA. Science (2001) 293(5534):1503-1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUANG L, BOSCH I, HOFMANN W, SODROSKI J, PARDEE AB: Tat protein induces human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptors and promotes infection with both macrophage-tropic and T-lymphotropic HIV-1 strains. J. Virol. (1998) 72(11):8952-8960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SECCHIERO P, ZELLA D, CAPITANI S, GALLO RC, ZAULI G: Extracellular HIV-1 tat protein up-regulates the expression of surface CXC-chemokine receptor 4 in resting CD4+ T cells. J. Immunol. (1999) 162(4):2427-2431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KATSIKIS PD, GARCIA-OJEDA ME, TORRES-ROCA JF, GREENWALD DR, HERZENBERG LA, HERZENBERG LA: HIV type 1 Tat protein enhances activation-but not Fas (CD95)-induced peripheral blood T cell apoptosis in healthy individuals. Int. Immunol. (1997) 9(6):835-841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FALLER EM, MCVEY MJ, KAKAL JA, MACPHERSON PA: Interleukin-7 receptor expression on CD8 T-cells is downregulated by the HIV Tat protein. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. (2006) 43(3):257-269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AROLD ST, BAUR AS: Dynamic Nef and Nef dynamics: how structure could explain the complex activities of this small HIV protein. Trends Biochem. Sci. (2001) 26(6):356-363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FACKLER OT, BAUR AS: Live and let die: Nef functions beyond HIV replication. Immunity (2002) 16(4):493-497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PETERLIN BM: Nef: out and in? Nat. Immunol. (2006) 7(3):229-230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QIAO X, HE B, CHIU A, KNOWLES DM, CHADBURN A, CERUTTI A: Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Nef suppresses CD40-dependent immunoglobulin class switching in bystander B cells. Nat. Immunol. (2006) 7(3):302-310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COLLINS KL, CHEN BK, KALAMS SA, WALKER BD, BALTIMORE D: HIV-1 Nef protein protects infected primary cells against killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature (1998) 391(6665):397-401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOL-FOULON N, MORIS A, NOBILE C et al.: HIV-1 Nef-induced upregulation of DC-SIGN in dendritic cells promotes lymphocyte clustering and viral spread. Immunity (2002) 16(1):145-155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUTHUMANI K, CHOO AY, HWANG DS et al.: HIV-1 Nef-induced FasL induction and bystander killing requires p38 MAPK activation. Blood (2005) 106(6):2059-2068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HODGE S, NOVEMBRE FJ, WHETTER L, GELBARD HA, DEWHURST S: Induction of fas ligand expression by an acutely lethal simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVsmmPBj14. Virology (1998) 252(2):354-363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHIAVONI I, TRAPP S, SANTARCANGELO AC et al.: HIV-1 Nef enhances both membrane expression and virion incorporation of Env products. A model for the Nef-dependent increase of HIV-1 infectivity. J. Biol. Chem. (2004) 279(22):22996-23006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MICHIENZI A, DE ANGELIS FG, BOZZONI I, ROSSI JJ: A nucleolar localizing Rev binding element inhibits HIV replication. AIDS Res. Ther. (2006) 3:13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BOBBITT KR, ADDO MM, ALTFELD M et al.: Rev activity determines sensitivity of HIV-1-infected primary T cells to CTL killing. Immunity (2003) 18(2):289-299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FANALES-BELASIO E, MORETTI S, NAPPI F et al.: Native HIV-1 Tat protein targets monocyte-derived dendritic cells and enhances their maturation, function, and antigen-specific T cell responses. J. Immunol. (2002) 168(1):197-206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REMOLI AL, MARSILI G, PERROTTI E et al.: Intracellular HIV-1 Tat protein represses constitutive LMP2 transcription increasing proteasome activity by interfering with the binding of IRF-1 to STAT1. Biochem. J. (2006) 396(2):371-380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAVIOLI R, GALLERANI E, FORTINI C et al.: HIV-1 tat protein modulates the generation of cytotoxic T cell epitopes by modifying proteasome composition and enzymatic activity. J. Immunol. (2004) 173(6):3838-3843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHAO J, VOLTAN R, PENG B et al.: Enhanced cellular immunity to SIV Gag following co-administration of adenoviruses encoding wild-type or mutant HIV Tat and SIV Gag. Virology (2005) 342(1):1-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QUARANTA MG, TRITARELLI E, GIORDANI L, VIORA M: HIV-1 Nef induces dendritic cell differentiation: a possible mechanism of uninfected CD4(+) T cell activation. Exp. Cell Res. (2002) 275(2):243-254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAMAMOTO T, ISOGAI M, OTAKE K, TSUNETSUGU-YOKOTA Y: High and inducible expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef by adenovirus vector does not disturb potent antigen presentation by monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Microbes. Infect. (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• TITTI F, SERNICOLA L, GERACI A et al.: Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus prevents super-infection by cloned SIVmac251 in cynomolgus monkeys. J. Gen. Virol. (1997) 78(Pt 10):2529-2539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENSOLI B, FIORELLI V, ENSOLI F et al.: Candidate HIV-1 Tat vaccine development: from basic science to clinical trials. AIDS (2006) 20(18):2245-2261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COSMA A, NAGARAJ R, BUHLER S et al.: Therapeutic vaccination with MVA-HIV-1 nef elicits Nef-specific T-helper cell responses in chronically HIV-1 infected individuals. Vaccine (2003) 22(1):21-29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEPPOLONI S, RUGGIERO P, CONTORNI M et al.: Mutants of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin as safe and strong adjuvants for intranasal delivery of vaccines. Expert Rev. Vaccines (2003) 2(2):285-293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DE MAGISTRIS MT: Mucosal delivery of vaccine antigens and its advantages in pediatrics. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (2006) 58(1):52-67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BECKER PD, FIORENTINI S, LINK C et al.: The HIV-1 matrix protein p17 can be efficiently delivered by intranasal route in mice using the TLR 2/6 agonist MALP-2 as mucosal adjuvant. Vaccine (2006) 24(25):5269-5276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANDERS MT, BROWN LE, DELIYANNIS G, PEARSE MJ: ISCOM-based vaccines: the second decade. Immunol. Cell Biol. (2005) 83(2):119-128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QUAN FS, COMPANS RW, CHO YK, KANG SM: Ginseng and Salviae herbs play a role as immune activators and modulate immune responses during influenza virus infection. Vaccine (2006) 25(2):272-282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARANDI AM, HOLMGREN J: CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and mobilization of innate mucosal immunity: tasks and tactics. Vaccine (2006) 24(Suppl. 2):S2-S9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELYAKOV IM, AHLERS JD, CLEMENTS JD, STROBER W, BERZOFSKY JA: Interplay of cytokines and adjuvants in the regulation of mucosal and systemic HIV-specific CTL. J. Immunol. (2000) 165(11):6454-6462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELYAKOV IM, AHLERS JD, BERZOFSKY JA: Mucosal AIDS vaccines: current status and future directions. Expert Rev. Vaccines (2004) 3(4 Suppl.):S65-S73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BERZOFSKY JA, AHLERS JD, BELYAKOV IM: Strategies for designing and optimizing new generation vaccines. Nat. Rev. Immunol. (2001) 1(3):209-219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUSSO P: HIV and the chemokine system: 10 years later. EMBO J. (2006) 25(3):447-456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MASCARELL L, BAUCHE C, FAYOLLE C et al.: Delivery of the HIV-1 Tat protein to dendritic cells by the CyaA vector induces specific TH1 responses and high affinity neutralizing antibodies in non human primates. Vaccine (2006) 24(17):3490-3499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOZAC A, BERTO E, VASQUEZ F et al.: Expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat from a replication-deficient herpes simplex type 1 vector induces antigen-specific T cell responses. Vaccine (2006) 24(49-50):7148-7158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIRARD MP, OSMANOV SK, KIENY MP: A review of vaccine research and development: the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Vaccine (2006) 24(19):4062-4081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAUR A, SANFORD HB, GARRY D et al.: Ability of herpes simplex virus vectors to boost immune responses to DNA vectors and to protect against challenge by simian immunodeficiency virus. Virology (2007) 357(2):199-214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALKEVITCH NV, PATTERSON LJ, ALDRICH MK et al.: Durable protection of rhesus macaques immunized with a replicating adenovirus-SIV multigene prime/protein boost vaccine regimen against a second SIVmac251 rectal challenge: role of SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Virology (2006) 353(1):83-98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PATTERSON LJ, MALKEVITCH N, VENZON D et al.: Protection against mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac251) challenge by using replicating adenovirus-SIV multigene vaccine priming and subunit boosting. J. Virol. (2004) 78(5):2212-2221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHANG HC, SAMANIEGO F, NAIR BC, BUONAGURO L, ENSOLI B: HIV-1 Tat protein exits from cells via a leaderless secretory pathway and binds to extracellular matrix-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans through its basic region. AIDS (1997) 11(12):1421-1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAPUTO A, GAVIOLI R, ALTAVILLA G et al.: Immunization with low doses of HIV-1 tat DNA delivered by novel cationic block copolymers induces CTL responses against Tat. Vaccine (2003) 21(11-12):1103-1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAPUTO A, BROCCA-COFANO E, CASTALDELLO A et al.: Novel biocompatible anionic polymeric microspheres for the delivery of the HIV-1 Tat protein for vaccine application. Vaccine (2004) 22(21-22):2910-2924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROLLMAN E, BRAVE A, BOBERG A et al.: The rationale behind a vaccine based on multiple HIV antigens. Microbes. Infect. (2005) 7(14):1414-1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ERFLE V, GOEBEL FD, GUZMAN CA, LE GRAND R: Vaccines based on Nef and on Nef/DeltaV2 Env. Microbes. Infect. (2005) 7(14):1400-1404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KROHN K, STANESCU I, BLAZEVIC V, VESIKARI T, RANKI A, USTAV M: A DNA HIV-1 vaccine based on a fusion gene expressing non-structural and structural genes of consensus sequence of the A-C subtypes and the ancestor sequence of the F-H subtypes. Preclinical and clinical studies. Microbes. Infect. (2005) 7(14):1405-1413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENSOLI B, CAFARO A, CAPUTO A et al.: Vaccines based on the native HIV Tat protein and on the combination of Tat and the structural HIV protein variant DeltaV2 Env. Microbes. Infect. (2005) 7(14):1392-1399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLAUSNER RD, FAUCI AS, COREY L et al.: Medicine. The need for a global HIV vaccine enterprise. Science (2003) 300(5628):2036-2039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANASTASSOPOULOU CG, KOSTRIKIS LG: The impact of human allelic variation on HIV-1 disease. Curr. HIV. Res. (2003) 1(2):185-203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEN UYL D, VAN DER HORST-BRUINSMA IE, VAN AM: Progression of HIV to AIDS: a protective role for HLA-B27? AIDS Rev. (2004) 6(2):89-96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIGUELES SA, SABBAGHIAN MS, SHUPERT WL et al.: HLA B*5701 is highly associated with restriction of virus replication in a subgroup of HIV-infected long term nonprogressors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97(6):2709-2714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUANG Y, PAXTON WA, WOLINSKY SM et al.: The role of a mutant CCR5 allele in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Nat. Med. (1996) 2(11):1240-1243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIOSZEGHY V, LHASSAN-CHAHOUR K, DELACHE B et al.: Changes in soluble factor-mediated CD8+ cell-derived antiviral activity in cynomolgus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251: relationship to biological markers of progression. J. Virol. (2006) 80(1):236-245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVY JA: The search for the CD8+ cell anti-HIV factor (CAF). Trends Immunol. (2003) 24(12):628-632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLETTI D, MACCHIA I, LEONE P et al.: Innate anti-viral immunity is associated with the protection elicited by the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) live attenuated virus vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys. Med. Sci. Monit. (2006) 12(10):BR330-BR340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YU XF: Innate cellular defenses of APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases and viral counter-defenses. Curr. Opin. HIV/AIDS (2006) 1:187-193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAO Y, QIN L, ZHANG L, SAFRIT J, HO DD: Virologic and immunologic characterization of long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 332(4):201-208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTIN MP, CARRINGTON M: Natural killer cells and HIV-1 disease. Curr. Opin. HIV/AIDS (2006) 1:226-231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAZZOLI S, TRABATTONI D, LO CS et al.: HIV-specific mucosal and cellular immunity in HIV-seronegative partners of HIV-seropositive individuals. Nat. Med. (1997) 3(11):1250-1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAZZOLI S, LOPALCO L, SALVI A et al.: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific IgA and HIV neutralizing activity in the serum of exposed seronegative partners of HIV-seropositive persons. J. Infect. Dis. (1999) 180(3):871-875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUSEY L, HU Y, ECKERT L, CHRISTENSEN M, KARCHMER T, MCELRATH MJ: HIV-1 induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the cervix of infected women. J. Exp. Med. (1997) 185(2):293-303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CONNOR RI, HO DD: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased replicative capacity develop during the asymptomatic stage before disease progression. J. Virol. (1994) 68(7):4400-4408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCARLATTI G, TRESOLDI E, BJORNDAL A et al.: In vivo evolution of HIV-1 co-receptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression. Nat. Med. (1997) 3(11):1259-1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZAITSEVA M, BLAUVELT A, LEE S et al.: Expression and function of CCR5 and CXCR4 on human Langerhans cells and macrophages: implications for HIV primary infection. Nat. Med. (1997) 3(12):1369-1375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLEN TM, YU XG, KALIFE ET et al.: De novo generation of escape variant-specific CD8+ T-cell responses following cytotoxic T-lymphocyte escape in chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Virol. (2005) 79(20):12952-12960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DA SILVA J: The evolutionary adaptation of HIV-1 to specific immunity. Curr. HIV. Res. (2003) 1(3):363-371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XU XN, SCREATON GR, GOTCH FM et al.: Evasion of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses by nef-dependent induction of Fas ligand (CD95L) expression on simian immunodeficiency virus-infected cells. J. Exp. Med. (1997) 186(1):7-16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEARMONT JC, GECZY AF, MILLS J et al.: Immunologic and virologic status after 14 to 18 years of infection with an attenuated strain of HIV-1. A report from the Sydney Blood Bank Cohort. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340(22):1715-1722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUNANUSONT C, FOY HM, KREISS JK et al.: HIV-1 subtypes and male-to-female transmission in Thailand. Lancet (1995) 345(8957):1078-1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THOMSON MM, NAJERA R: Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 variants in the global AIDS pandemic: an update. AIDS Rev. (2005) 7(4):210-224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEGRI DR, BARONCELLI S, MICHELINI Z et al.: Effect of vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing structural and regulatory genes of SIV(macJ5) on the kinetics of SIV replication in cynomolgus monkeys. J. Med. Primatol. (2001) 30(4):197-206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIM JJ, YANG JS, NOTTINGHAM LK et al.: Protection from immunodeficiency virus challenges in rhesus macaques by multicomponent DNA immunization. Virology (2001) 285(2):204-217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMARA RR, VILLINGER F, ALTMAN JD et al.: Control of a mucosal challenge and prevention of AIDS by a multiprotein DNA/MVA vaccine. Science (2001) 292(5514):69-74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHAO J, PINCZEWSKI J, GOMEZ-ROMAN VR et al.: Improved protection of rhesus macaques against intrarectal simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac251) challenge by a replication-competent Ad5hr-SIVenv/rev and Ad5hr-SIVgag recombinant priming/gp120 boosting regimen. J. Virol. (2003) 77(15):8354-8365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOSS G, MANSON K, MONTEFIORI D et al.: Prevention of disease induced by a partially heterologous AIDS virus in rhesus monkeys by using an adjuvanted multicomponent protein vaccine. J. Virol. (2003) 77(2):1049-1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEGRI DR, BARONCELLI S, CATONE S et al.: Protective efficacy of a multicomponent vector vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys after intrarectal simian immunodeficiency virus challenge. J. Gen. Virol. (2004) 85(Pt 5):1191-1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DALE CJ, DE RR, STRATOV I et al.: Efficacy of DNA and fowlpox virus priming/boosting vaccines for simian/human immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol. (2004) 78(24):13819-13828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KENT SJ, DALE CJ, RANASINGHE C et al.: Mucosally-administered human-simian immunodeficiency virus DNA and fowlpoxvirus-based recombinant vaccines reduce acute phase viral replication in macaques following vaginal challenge with CCR5-tropic SHIVSF162P3. Vaccine (2005) 23(42):5009-5021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILSON NA, REED J, NAPOE GS et al.: Vaccine-induced cellular immune responses reduce plasma viral concentrations after repeated low-dose challenge with pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239. J. Virol. (2006) 80(12):5875-5885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAUZA CD, TRIVEDI P, WALLACE M et al.: Vaccination with tat toxoid attenuates disease in simian/HIV-challenged macaques. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97(7):3515-3519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLDSTEIN G, MANSON K, TRIBBICK G, SMITH R: Minimization of chronic plasma viremia in rhesus macaques immunized with synthetic HIV-1 Tat peptides and infected with a chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV33). Vaccine (2000) 18(25):2789-2795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VERRIER B, LE GRAND R, TAMAN-ONAL Y et al.: Evaluation in rhesus macaques of Tat and rev-targeted immunization as a preventive vaccine against mucosal challenge with SHIV-BX08. DNA Cell Biol. (2002) 21(9):653-658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUTHUMANI K, BAGARAZZI M, CONWAY D et al.: Inclusion of Vpr accessory gene in a plasmid vaccine cocktail markedly reduces Nef vaccine effectiveness in vivo resulting in CD4 cell loss and increased viral loads in rhesus macaques. J. Med. Primatol. (2002) 31(4-5):179-185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOOIJ P, NIEUWENHUIS IG, KNOOP CJ et al.: Qualitative T-helper responses to multiple viral antigens correlate with vaccine-induced immunity to simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Virol. (2004) 78(7):3333-3342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUH YS, PARK KS, SAUERMANN U et al.: Reduction of viral loads by multigenic DNA priming and adenovirus boosting in the SIVmac-macaque model. Vaccine (2006) 24(11):1811-1820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRINGERI A, SANTAGOSTINO E, MUCA-PERJA M et al.: Safety and immunogenicity of HIV-1 Tat toxoid in immunocompromised HIV-1-infected patients. J. Hum. Virol. (1998) 1(4):293-298.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CALAROTA S, BRATT G, NORDLUND S et al.: Cellular cytotoxic response induced by DNA vaccination in HIV-1-infected patients. Lancet (1998) 351(9112):1320-1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACGREGOR RR, GINSBERG R, UGEN KE et al.: T-cell responses induced in normal volunteers immunized with a DNA-based vaccine containing HIV-1 env and rev. AIDS (2002) 16(16):2137-2143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MWAU M, CEBERE I, SUTTON J et al.: A human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) clade A vaccine in clinical trials: stimulation of HIV-specific T-cell responses by DNA and recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccines in humans. J. Gen. Virol. (2004) 85(Pt 4):911-919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOHNSON DC, MCFARLAND EJ, MURESAN P et al.: Safety and immunogenicity of an HIV-1 recombinant canarypox vaccine in newborns and infants of HIV-1-infected women. J. Infect. Dis. (2005) 192(12):2129-2133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARRER E, BAUERLE M, FERSTL B et al.: Therapeutic vaccination of HIV-1-infected patients on HAART with a recombinant HIV-1 nef-expressing MVA: safety, immunogenicity and influence on viral load during treatment interruption. Antivir. Ther. (2005) 10(2):285-300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOONETILLEKE N, MOORE S, DALLY L et al.: Induction of multifunctional human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific T cells capable of proliferation in healthy subjects by using a prime-boost regimen of DNA- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored vaccines expressing HIV-1 Gag coupled to CD8+ T-cell epitopes. J. Virol. (2006) 80(10):4717-4728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar