Emerging drugs for targeted therapy of bladder cancer

• JEMAL A, SIEGEL R, WARD E et al.: Cancer Statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J. Clin. (2006) 56:106-130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAREKH DJ, BOCHNER BH, DALBAGNI G: Superficial and muscle-invasive bladder cancer: principles of management for outcomes assessments. J. Clin. Oncol. (2006) 24:5519-5527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HENEY NM, AHMED S, FLANAGAN MJ et al.: Superficial bladder cancer: progression and recurrence. J. Urol. (1983) 130:1083-1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GROSSMAN HB, NATALE RB, TANGEN CM et al.: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 349:859-66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEIN JP, LIESKOVSKY G, COTE R et al.: Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 19:666-675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INDURKHYA A, MITRA N, SCHRAG D: Using propensity scores to estimate the cost-effectiveness of medical therapies. Statist. Med. (2006) 25:1561-1576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COWAN RA, MCBAIN CA, RYDER WD et al.: Radiotherapy for muscle-invasive carcinoma of the bladder: results of a randomized trial comparing conventional whole bladder with dose-escalated partial bladder radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (2004) 59:197-207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COEN JJ, ZIETMAN AL, KAUFMAN DS et al.: Benchmarks achieved in the delivery of radiation therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol. Oncol. (2007) 25:76-84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLIKAN R, DINNEY C, SWANSON D et al.: Integrated therapy for locally advanced bladder cancer: final report of a randomized trial of cystectomy plus adjuvant M-VAC versus cystectomy with both preoperative and postoperative M-VAC. J. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 19:4005-4013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ADVANCED BLADDER CANCER (ABC) META-ANALYSIS COLLABORATION: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Eur. Urol. (2005) 48:202-206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ADVANCED BLADDER CANCER (ABC) META-ANALYSIS COLLABORATION: Adjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Eur. Urol. (2005) 48:189-201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOEHRER PJ Sr, EINHORN LH, ELSON PJ et al.: A randomized comparison of cisplatin alone or in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a cooperative group study. J. Clin. Oncol. (1992) 10:1066-1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STERNBERG CN, DE MULDER PH, SCHORNAGEL JH et al.: Randomized Phase III trial of high-dose intensity methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus classic MVAC in advanced urothelial tract tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Protocol No. 30924. J. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 19:2638-2646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VON DER MAASE H, HANSEN SW, ROBERTS JT et al.: Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, Phase III study. J. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 18:3068-3077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DINNEY CPN: Therapy of invasive bladder cancer. Urology (2006) 67:56-61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MITRA AP, DATAR RH, COTE RJ: Molecular pathways in invasive bladder cancer: new insights into mechanisms, progression, and target identification. J. Clin. Oncol. (2006) 24:5552-5564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANAHAN D, WEINBERG RA: The hallmarks of cancer. Cell (2000) 100:57-70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HYNES NE, LANE HA: ErbB receptors and cancer: the complexity of targeted inhibitors. Nat. Rev. Cancer (2005) 5:341-354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YARDEN Y, SLIWKOWSKI MX: Untangling the ErbB signalling network. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. (2001) 2:127-137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ULLRICH A, COUSSENS L, HAYFLICK JS et al.: Human epidermal growth factor cDNA sequence and aberrant expression of the amplified gene in A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. Nature (1984) 309:418-425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHENURAM M, SAIF MW: Panitumumab the first fully human monoclonal antibody: from the bench to the clinic. Anticancer Drugs (2007) 18:7-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHOW NH, LIU HS, LEE EI et al.: Significance of urinary epidermal growth factor and its receptor expression in human bladder cancer. Anticancer Res. (1997) 17:1293-1296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MELLON K, WRIGHT C, KELLY P et al.: Long-term outcome related to epidermal growth factor receptor status in bladder cancer. J. Urol. (1995) 153:919-925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MESSING EM: Clinical implications of the expression of epidermal growth factor receptors in human transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. (1990) 50:2530-2537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KASSOUF W, DINNEY CPN, BROWN G et al.: Uncoupling between epidermal growth factor receptor and downstream signals defines resistance to the antiproliferative effect of gefinitib in bladder cancer cells. Cancer Res. (2005) 65:10524-10535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KASSOUF W, LUONGO T, BROWN G et al.: Schedule dependent efficacy of gefitinib and docetaxel for bladder cancer. J. Urol. (2006) 176:787-792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SLAMON DJ, GODOLPHIN W, JONES LA et al.: Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science (1989) 244:707-712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHOW NH, CHAN SH, TZAI TS et al.: Expression profiles of ErbB family receptors and prognosis in primary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7:1957-1962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRUGER S, WEITSCH G, BUTTNER H et al.: HER2 overexpression in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: prognostic implications. Int. J. Cancer (2002) 102:514-518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GANDOUR-EDWARDS R, LARA PN Jr, FOLKINS AK et al.: Does HER2/neu expression provide prognostic information in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma? Cancer (2002) 95:1009-1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JIMENEZ RE, HUSSAIN M, BIANCO FJ Jr et al.: HER-2/neu overexpression in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: prognostic significance and comparative analysis in primary and metastatic tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7:2440-2447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KASSOUF W et al.: In press.
   Google Scholar
• YAO HQ, PENG Y, ZHONG ZZ et al.: Association of the expressions of platelet-derived growth factor receptor and c-Fos with the biological characteristics of bladder cancer. Di. Yi. Jun. Yi. Da. Xue. Xue. Bao. (2004) 23:177-179.
   Google Scholar
• BROWN G, BLACK PC, KASSOUF W et al.: Blockade of the platelet derived growth factor receptor may be beneficial in dual therapy of urothelial carcinoma. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research. Washington, DC, USA (2006) (Abstract #1646).
   Google Scholar
• CREW JP, O'BRIEN T, BICKNELL R et al.: Urinary vascular endothelial growth factor and its correlation with bladder cancer recurrence rates. J. Urol. (1999) 161:799-804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUZUKI K, MORITA T, TOKUE A: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression predicts lymph node metastasis of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Int. J. Urol. (2005) 12:152-158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SLATON JW, MILLIKAN R, INOUE K et al.: Correlation of metastasis related gene expression and relapse-free survival in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer treated with cystectomy and chemotherapy. J. Urol. (2004) 171:570-574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVIS DW, INOUE K, DINNEY CPN et al.: Regional effects of an antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody on receptor phosphorylation and apoptosis in human 253J B-V bladder cancer xenografts. Cancer Res. (2004) 64:4601-4610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOMEZ-ROMAN JJ, SAENZ P, MOLINA M et al.: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is overexpressed in urinary tract carcinomas and modulates the neoplastic cell growth. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11:459-465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HERNANDEZ S, LOPEZ-KNOWLES E, LLORETA J et al.: Prospective study of FGFR3 mutations as a prognostic factor in nonmuscle invasive urothelial bladder carcinomas. J. Clin. Oncol. (2006) 24:3664-3671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BILLEREY C, CHOPIN D, AUBRIOT-LORTON MH et al.: Frequent FGFR3 mutations in papillary non-invasive bladder (pTa) tumors. Am. J. Pathol. (2001) 158:1955-1959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JUNTTILA TT, LAATO M, VAHLBERG T et al.: Identification of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder overexpressing ErbB2, ErbB3, or specific ErbB4 isoforms: real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis in estimation of ErbB receptor status from cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. (2003) 9:5346-5357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SALOMON DS, BRANDT R, CIARDIELLO F et al.: Epidermal growth factor-related peptides and their receptors in human malignancies. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. (1995) 19:183-232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIM J, ADAM RM, FREEMAN MR: Trafficking of nuclear heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor into an epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent autocrine loop in response to oxidative stress. Cancer Res. (2005) 65:8242-8249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BATRA SK, CASTELINO-PRABHU S, WIKSTRAND CJ et al.: Epidermal growth factor ligand-independent, unregulated, cell-tranforming potential of a naturally occurring human mutant EGFRvIII gene. Cell Growth Differ. (1995) 6:1251-1259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LYNCH TJ, BELL DW, SORDELLA R et al.: Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N. Engl. J. Med. (2004) 350:2129-2139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLEHM KN, SPIESS PE, BONDARUK JE et al.: Mutations within the kinase domain and truncations of the epidermal growth factor receptor are rare events in bladder cancer: implications for therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. (2006) 12:4671-4677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIU D, AGUIRRE GHISO JA, ESTRADA Y et al.: EGFR is a transducer of the urokinase receptor initiated signal that is required for in vivo growth of a human carcinoma. Cancer Cell (2002) 1:445-457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SATO JD, KAWAMOTO T, LE AD et al.: Biological effects in vitro of monoclonal antibodies to human epidermal growth factor receptors. Mol. Biol. Med. (1983) 1:511-529.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SUNADA H, MAGUN BE, MENDELSOHN J et al.: Monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor is internalized without stimulating receptor phosphorylation. PNAS (1986) 83:3825-3829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLYNES RA, TOWERS TL, PRESTA LG et al.: Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytoxicity against tumor targets. Nat. Med. (2000) 6:443-446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERROTTE P, MATSUMOTO T, INOUE K et al.: Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody C225 inhibits angiogenesis in human transitional cell carcinoma growing orthotopically in nude mice. Clin. Cancer Res. (1999) 5:257-265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INOUE K, SLATON JW, PERROTTE P et al.: Paclitaxel enhances the effects of the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody ImClone C225 in mice with metastatic human bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6:4874-4884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BASELGA J, PFISTER D, COOPER MR et al.: Phase I studies of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor chimeric antibody C225 alone and in combination with cisplatin. J. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 18:904-914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BASELGA J: The EGFR as a target for anticancer therapy – focus on cetuximab. Eur. J. Cancer (2001) 37:S16-S22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KHAZAELI MB, LOBUGLIO AF, FALCEY JW et al.: Low immunogenicity of a chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb), IMC-C225, used to treat epidermal growth factor receptor-positive tumors. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2000) (Abstract #808).
   Google Scholar
• LYNCH DH, YANG XD: Therapeutic potential of ABX-EGF: a fully human anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody for cancer treatment. Semin. Oncol. (2002) 29:47-50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG XD, JIA XC, CORVALAN JR et al.: Eradication of established tumors by a fully human monoclonal antibody to the epidermal growth factor receptor without concomitant chemotherapy. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:1236-1243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROWINSKY E, SCHWARTZ GH, GOLLOB JA et al.: Safety, pharmacokinetics, and activity of ABX-EGF, a fully human anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2004) 22:3003-3015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEETERS M, VAN CUTSEM E, SIENA S et al.: A Phase III, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care (BSC) vs. BSC alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. (2006) (Abstract # A CP-1).
   Google Scholar
• LYALL RM, ZILBERSTEIN A, GAZIT A et al.: Tyrphostins inhibit epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor tyrosine kinase activity in living cells and EGF-stimulated cell proliferation. J. Biol. Chem. (1989) 264:14503-14509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARARI PM: Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition strategies in oncology. Endocr. Relat. Cancer (2004) 11:689-670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NUTT JE, LAZAROWICZ HP, MELLON JK et al.: Gefitinib (‘Iressa,’ ZD1839) inhibits the growth response of bladder tumor cell lines to epidermal growth factor and induces TIMP2. Br. J. Cancer (2004) 90:1679-1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HERBST RS, FUKUOKA M, BASELGA J: Gefitinib – a novel targeted approach to treating cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer (2004) 4:956-965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BASELGA J: Targeting tyrosine kinases in cancer: the second wave. Science (2006) 312:1175-1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHEPHERD FA, RODRIGUES PEREIRA J, CIULEANU T et al.: Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 353:123-132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THATCHER N, CHANG A, PARIKH P et al.: Gefitinib plus best supportive care in previously treated patients with refractory advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentre study (Iressa Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer). Lancet (2005) 366:1527-1537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BASELGA J, ARTEAGA CL: Critical update and emerging trends in epidermal growth factor receptor targeting in cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23:2445-2459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHILIPS G, SANFORD B, HALABI S et al.: Phase II study of cisplatin (C), gemcitabine (G), and gefitinib for advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC): analysis of the second cohort of CALGB 90102. J. Clin. Oncol. (2006) 24(18 Suppl.):4578 (Absract).
   Google Scholar
• KLAPPER LN, WATERMAN H, SELA M et al.: Tumor-inhibitory antibodies to HER-2/ErbB-2 may act by recruiting c-Cbl and enhancing ubiquitination of HER-2. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:3384-3388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SLIWKOWSKI MX, LOFGREN JA, LEWIS GD et al.: Nonclinical studies addressing the mechanism of action of trastuzumab (Herceptin). Semin. Oncol. (1999) 26:60-70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROMOND EH, PEREZ EA, BRYANT J et al.: Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 353:1673-1684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUSSAIN MH, MACVICAR GR, PETRYLAK DP et al.: Trastuzumab, paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor-2/neu-positive urothelial carcinoma: results of a multi-center Phase II National Cancer Institute trial. J. Clin. Oncol. (2007) 25:2218-2224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOGEL CL, COBLEIGH MA, TRIPATHY D et al.: Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent in first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2002) 20:719-726, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOTOYAMA AB, HYNES NE, LANE HA: The efficacy of ErbB receptor-targeted anticancer therapeutics is influenced by the availability of epidermal growth factor-related peptides. Cancer Res. (2002) 62:3151-3158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARSLAN MA, KUTUK O, BASAGA H: Protein kinases as drug targets in cancer. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets (2006) 6:623-634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOARD R, JAYSON GC: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR): a target for anticancer therapeutics. Drug Resist. Updat. (2005) 8:75-83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KISELYOV A, BALAKIN KV, TKACHENKO SE: VEGF/VEGFR signaling as a target for inhibiting angiogenesis. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2007) 16:83-107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HURWITZ H, FEHRENBACHER L, NOVOTNY W et al.: Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leukovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (2004) 350:2335-2342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TRUDEL S, STEWART AK, ROM E et al.: The inhibitory anti-FGFR3 antibody, PRO-001, is cytotoxic to t(4;14) multiple myeloma cells. Blood (2006) 107:4039-4046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PATERSON JL, LI Z, WEN XY et al.: Preclinical studies of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. (2004) 124:595-603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESCUDIER B, EISEN T, STADLER WM et al.: Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. (2007) 356:125-134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURRIS HA III, HURWITZ HI, DEES EC et al.: Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity study of lapatinib (GW572016), a reversible dual inhibitor of epidemeral growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic carcinomas. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23:5303-5313.
   Google Scholar
• HERBST RS, HEYMACH JV, O'REILLY MS et al.: Vandetanib (ZD6474): an orally available receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively targets pathways critical for tumor growth and angiogenesis. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2007) 16:239-249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCALTRITI M, BASELGA J: The epidermal growth factor receptor pathway: a model for targeted therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. (2006) 12:5268-5272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIACCONE G, RODRIGUEZ JA: EGFR inhibitors: what have we learned from the treatment of lung cancer? Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. (2005) 2:554-561.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KOBAYASHI S, JI H, YUZA Y et al.: An alternative inhibitor overcomes resistance caused by a mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res. (2005) 65:7096-7101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIANCO R, SHIN I, RITTER CA et al.: Loss of PTEN/MMAC1/TEP in EGF receptor-expressing tumor cells counteracts the antitumor action of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Oncogene (2003) 22:2812-2822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WU X, OBATA T, KHAN O et al.: The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathway regulates bladder cancer cell invasion. BJU Int. (2004) 93:143-150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAO W, WANG TY, RIELY GJ et al.: KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib. PLoS Med. (2005) 2(E17):0057-0061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHRADER M, PINO MS, BROWN G et al.: Molecular correlates of gefitinib responsiveness in human bladder cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2007) 6:277-285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATAR P, ROJO F, CASSIA R et al.: Combined epidermal growth factor receptor targeting with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (ZD1839) and the monoclonal antibody cetuximab (IMC-C225): superiority over single-agent receptor targeting. Clin. Cancer Res. (2004) 10:6487-6501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAMIRAND A, LU Y, POLLACK M: Co-targeting HER2/ErbB2 and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors causes synergistic inhibition of growth in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Med. Sci. Monit. (2002) 8:BR521-BR526.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DI COSIMO S, MATAR P, ROJO F et al.: Schedule-dependent effects of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib in combination with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus (RAD001). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2004) (Abstract # 3074).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar

Websites

• http://www.dep.iarc.fr Globocan 2002 database (2003).
   Google Scholar
• http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials National Cancer Institute website of ongoing clinical trials (2007).
   Google Scholar