251
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Emerging oral drugs for multiple sclerosis

, MD PhD, , MD, , MD, , MD, , MD & , MD PhD
Pages 465-477 | Published online: 02 Sep 2008

Bibliography

  • Wolinsky JS. The use of glatiramer acetate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Advances in Neurology;2006;98:273-92.
  • Neuhaus O, Farina C, Wekerle H, et al. Mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2001;56:702-8
  • Miller A, Shapiro S, Gershtein R, et al. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with COP 1: implicating mechanism of TH1 to TH2/TH3 immune deviation. J Neuroimmunol 1998;92:113-21
  • Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, et al. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improve disability in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter double, blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1995;45:1268-76
  • Comi G, Filippi M, Wolinksy JS, et al. European/Canadian multicenter, double blind, randomized placebo controlled study of the effect of GA on MRI measured disease activity and burden in patients with RRMS. Ann Neurol 2001;49:290-7
  • Yong VW. Differential mechanism of action of interferon-beta and glatiramer acetate in MS. Neurology 2002;59:808-902
  • Jacobs L, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, et al.; Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. A phase III trial of intramuscular recombinant interferon beta as treatment for exacerbating remitting multiple sclerosis: design and conduct of study and baseline characteristics of patients. Mult Scler 1995;1:118-35
  • The IFNβ Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993;43:655-61
  • PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon β-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998;352:1498-504
  • Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;343:898-904
  • Comi G, Filippi M, Barkhof F, et al. Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: a randomized study. Lancet 2001;357:1576-82
  • Kappos L, Polman CH, Freedman MS, et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversion to clinically definite and McDonald MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology 2006;67:1242-9
  • Bernd CK, Wiedl H, Hemmer B, Hartung HP. Treatment and treatment trials in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 2007;20:286-93
  • Rice GP, Hartung HP, Calabresi PA, et al. Antialpha 4integrin therapy for MS: mechanisms and rationale. Neurology 2005;64:1336-42
  • Steiman L. Blocking adhesion molecules as therapy for multiple sclerosis: natalizumab. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005;4:510-8
  • Nino M, Bodner C, Simard ML, et al. Natalizumab effects on immune cell responses in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2006;59:748-54
  • Polman CH, Connor PW, Havrdova E, et al. A randomized placebo controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:899-910
  • Hartung H, Gonsette R, KonigN, et al. A placebo controlled, double-bind, randomised, multicenter trial of mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 360:2018-25
  • Brinkmann V, Davis MD, Heise CE, et al. The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. J Biol Chem 2002;277:21453-73
  • Brinkmann V, Cyster JG, Hla T. FTY720: sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 in the control of lymphocyte egress and endothelial barrier function. Am J Transplant 2004;4:1019-25
  • Rosen H, Goetzel EJ. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and its receptors: an autocrine and paracrine network. Nat Rev Immunol 2005;5:560-70
  • Mandala S, Hajdu R, Bergstrom J, et al. Alteration of lymphocyte trafficking by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists. Science 2002;296:346-9
  • Kappos L, Antel J, Comi G, et al. Oral Fingolimod (FTY720) in relapsing MS: 24-month results of the phase II study. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1124-40
  • Balasubramamian P, Stevenson O, Berth-Jones J. Fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis, including experience of use in combination with other systemic modalities. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:741-6
  • Loewe R, Pillinger M, De Martin R, et al. Dimethyl fumarate inhibits tumor-necrosis factor-induced CD62E expression in an NF-kappa B-dependent manner. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117(69):1363-8
  • Ghoreschi K, Rocken M. Immune deviation strategies in the therapy of psoriasis. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 2004;3(2):193-8
  • Van Muiswinkel F, Kuiperij H. The Nrf2-ARE signalling pathway: promising drug target to combat oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 2005;4:267-81
  • Schilling S, Goelz S, Linker R, et al. Fumaric acid esters are effective in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and suppress macrophage infiltration. Clin Exp Immunol 2006;145(1):101-7
  • Schimrigk S, Brune N, Hellwig K, et al. Oral fumaric acid esters for the treatment of active multiple sclerosis: an open-label, baseline-controlled pilot study. Eur J Neurol 2006;13(6):604-10
  • Kappos L, Miller DH, MacManus DG, et al. Efficacy of a novel oral single-agent fumarate, BG00012, in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase II study. J Neurol 2006;253(S2):O108
  • Carson DA, Wasson DB, Taetle R, et al. Specific toxicity of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine toward resting and proliferating human lymphocytes. Blood 1983;62(4):737-43
  • Sipe JC, Romine JS, Koziol JA, et al. Cladribine in treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1994;344(8319):9-13
  • Beutler E, Sipe JC, Romine JS, et al. The treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis with cladribine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93(4):1716-20
  • Romine JS, Sipe JC, Koziol JA, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of cladribine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1999;111(1):35-44
  • Rice GP, Filippi M, Comi G. Cladribine and progressive MS: clinical and MRI outcomes of a multicenter controlled trial. Cladribine MRI Study Group. Neurology 2000;54(5):1145-55
  • Filippi M, Rovaris M, Rice GP, et al. The effect of cladribine on T(1) ‘black hole’ changes in progressive MS. J Neurol Sci 2000;176(1):42-4
  • Filippi M, Rovaris M, Iannucci G, et al. Whole brain volume changes in patients with progressive MS treated with cladribine. Neurology 2000;55(11):1714-8
  • Bruneau JM, Yea CM, Spinella-Jeagle S, et al. Purification of human dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase and its inhibition by A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide. Biochem J 1998;336:299-303
  • Cherwinski HM, Cohn RG, Cheugn P, et al. The immunosoppresant leflunomide inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting pyrimidine synthesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;275:1043-9
  • Zeyda M, Poglitsch M, Geyeregger R, et al. Disruption of the interaction of T cell with antigen-presenting cell by the active leflunomide metabolite teriflunomide. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(9):2730-9
  • Bartlett RR, Anagnostopulos H, Zielinski T, et al. Effects of leflunomide on immune responses and models of inflammation. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1993;14:381-94
  • Herrmann ML, Schleyerbach R, Kirschbaum BJ. Leflunomide: an immunomodulatory drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disease. Immunopharmacology 2000;47:273-89
  • O'Connor PW, Li D, Freedmann MS, et al. A phase II study of the safety and efficacy of Teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses Neurology 2006;66:894-90
  • Brunmark C, Runström A, Ohlsson L, et al. The new orally active immunoregulator laquinomid effectively inhibits development and relapses of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2002;130:163-72
  • Yang JS, Xu LY, Xiao BB, et al. Laquinomid suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis modulates the Th1/Th2 balance and induces the Th3 cytokine TGF-β in Lewis rats. J Neuroimmunol 2004;156:3-9
  • Polman C, Barkhof F, Sandeberg-Wollheim M, et al.; LAQUINIMOD MS Study Group. Treatment with laquinimod reduces development of active MRI lesions in relapsing MS. Neurology 2005;64:987-91
  • Virley DJ. Developing therapeutics for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. NeuroRx 2005;2:638-49

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.