Emerging drugs to treat Crohn's disease

Bibliography

• Abraham C, Cho JH. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2066-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus EV Jr. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1504-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder V. Epidemiology of IBD during the twentieth century: an integrated view. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2004;18:463-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thia KT, Loftus EV Jr, Sandborn WJ, Yang SK. An update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:3167-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanahan F, Bernstein CN. The evolving epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2009;25:301-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuster W, Pascoe L, Purrmann J, The genetics of Crohn disease: complex segregation analysis of a family study with 265 patients with Crohn disease and 5,387 relatives. Am J Med Genet 1989;32:105-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugot JP, Cezard JP, Colombel JF, Clustering of Crohn's disease within affected sibships. Eur J Hum Genet 2003;11:179-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 2001;411:599-603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 2001;411:603-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampe J, Grebe J, Nikolaus S, Association of NOD2 (CARD 15) genotype with clinical course of Crohn's disease: a cohort study. Lancet 2002;359:1661-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstiel P, Sina C, Franke A, Schreiber S. Towards a molecular risk map–recent advances on the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Semin Immunol 2009;21:334-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho JH. Inflammatory bowel disease: genetic and epidemiologic considerations. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:338-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henckaerts L, Van Steen K, Verstreken I, Genetic risk profiling and prediction of disease course in Crohn's disease patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:972-80, e972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imielinski M, Baldassano RN, Griffiths A, Common variants at five new loci associated with early-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Genet 2009;41:1335-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett JC, Hansoul S, Nicolae DL, Genome-wide association defines more than 30 distinct susceptibility loci for Crohn's disease. Nat Genet 2008;40:955-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugot JP, Zaccaria I, Cavanaugh J, Prevalence of CARD15/NOD2 mutations in Caucasian healthy people. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:1259-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rioux JD, Xavier RJ, Taylor KD, Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis. Nat Genet 2007;39:596-604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Munoz F, Dominguez-Lopez A, Yamamoto-Furusho JK. Role of cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:4280-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xavier RJ, Podolsky DK. Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2007;448:427-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiff C, Kelly D. Inflammatory bowel disease, gut bacteria and probiotic therapy. Int J Med Microbiol 2010;300:25-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilpern D, Szilagyi A. Manipulation of intestinal microbial flora for therapeutic benefit in inflammatory bowel diseases: review of clinical trials of probiotics, pre-biotics and synbiotics. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2008;3:167-84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hong J, Leung E, Fraser AG, TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 polymorphisms and Crohn's disease in a New Zealand Caucasian cohort. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;22:1760-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazouli M, Mantzaris G, Kotsinas A, Association between polymorphisms in the toll-like receptor 4, CD14, and CARD15/NOD2 and inflammatory bowel disease in the Greek population. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:681-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouburg S, Mallant-Hent R, Crusius JB, The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) Asp299Gly polymorphism is associated with colonic localisation of Crohn's disease without a major role for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan-LBP-CD14-TLR4 pathway. Gut 2005;54:439-440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierik M, Joossens S, Van Steen K, Toll-like receptor-1, -2, and -6 polymorphisms influence disease extension in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12:1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehkamp J, Stange EF. Paneth cells and the innate immune response. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2006;22:644-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einerhand AW, Renes IB, Makkink MK, Role of mucins in inflammatory bowel disease: important lessons from experimental models. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14:757-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehkamp J, Koslowski M, Wang G, Stange EF. Barrier dysfunction due to distinct defensin deficiencies in small intestinal and colonic Crohn's disease. Mucosal Immunol 2008;1(Suppl 1):S67-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis SP, Stange EF, Lemann M, European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: current management. Gut 2006;55(Suppl 1):i16-35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stange EF. The case against using 5-aminosalicyclates in Crohn's disease: con. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:613-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer SB. The case for using 5-aminosalicyclates in Crohn's disease: pro. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:609-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camma C, Giunta M, Rosselli M, Cottone M. Mesalamine in the maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis adjusted for confounding variables. Gastroenterology 1997;113:1465-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akobeng AK, Gardener E. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically-induced remission in Crohn's Disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(1):CD003715
   Google Scholar
• Steinhart AH, Forbes A, Mills EC, Systematic review: the potential influence of mesalazine formulation on maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:1389-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty G, Bennett G, Patil S, Interventions for prevention of post-operative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(4):CD006873
   Google Scholar
• Faubion WA Jr, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 2001;121:255-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munkholm P, Langholz E, Davidsen M, Binder V. Frequency of glucocorticoid resistance and dependency in Crohn's disease. Gut 1994;35:360-362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I, Clinical course in Crohn's disease: results of a five-year population-based follow-up study (the IBSEN study). Scand J Gastroenterol 2007;42:602-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candy S, Wright J, Gerber M, A controlled double blind study of azathioprine in the management of Crohn's disease. Gut 1995;37:674-678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz J, Grancher K, Kohn N, A multicenter trial of 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone in children with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2000;119:895-902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Fedorak RN, Irvine EJ, ; North American Crohn's Study Group Investigators. A comparison of methotrexate with placebo for the maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1627-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM, Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet 2009;374:1617-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treton X, Bouhnik Y, Mary JY, Azathioprine withdrawal in patients with Crohn's disease maintained on prolonged remission: a high risk of relapse. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:80-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemann M, Mary JY, Colombel JF, A randomized, double-blind, controlled withdrawal trial in Crohn's disease patients in long-term remission on azathioprine. Gastroenterology 2005;128:1812-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1541-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN, Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350:876-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baert F, Noman M, Vermeire S, Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacy of infliximab in Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:601-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Adalimumab for maintenance of clinical response and remission in patients with Crohn's disease: the CHARM trial. Gastroenterology 2007;132:52-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody (adalimumab) in Crohn's disease: the CLASSIC-I trial. Gastroenterology 2006;130:323-333; quiz 591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber S, Rutgeerts P, Fedorak RN, A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of certolizumab pegol (CDP870) for treatment of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2005;129:807-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Hanauer S, Loftus EV Jr, An open-label study of the human anti-TNF monoclonal antibody adalimumab in subjects with prior loss of response or intolerance to infliximab for Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:1984-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allez M, Vermeire S, Mozziconacci N, The efficacy and safety of a third anti-TNF monoclonal antibody in Crohn's disease after failure of two other anti-TNF antibodies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31:92-101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Laclotte C, Bigard MA. Adalimumab maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease with intolerance or lost response to infliximab: an open-label study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:675-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgeerts P, Van Assche G, Vermeire S. Optimizing anti-TNF treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1593-610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ, The safety profile of infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease: the Mayo clinic experience in 500 patients. Gastroenterology 2004;126:19-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel CA, Hur C, Korzenik JR, Risks and benefits of infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:1017-1024; quiz 1976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, Serious infections and mortality in association with therapies for Crohn's disease: TREAT registry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:621-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholmerich J. Balancing the risks and benefits of prolonged use of infliximab. Gut 2009;58:477-478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blonski W, Lichtenstein GR. Complications of biological therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2006;22:30-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen RD. The quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:1603-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longobardi T, Jacobs P, Wu L, Bernstein CN. Work losses related to inflammatory bowel disease in Canada: results from a National Population Health Survey. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:844-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappelman MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Porter CQ, Direct health care costs of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in US children and adults. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1907-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Vreeland MG, Larson LR, Bala MV. Annual cost of care for Crohn's disease: a payor perspective. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1955-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odes S, Vardi H, Friger M, Cost analysis and cost determinants in a European inflammatory bowel disease inception cohort with 10 years of follow-up evaluation. Gastroenterology 2006;131:719-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi A, Dodd S, Williamson P, Bodger K. Cost of illness of inflammatory bowel disease in the UK: a single centre retrospective study. Gut 2004;53:1471-1478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynes RO. Integrins: bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines. Cell 2002;110:673-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuss IJ, Becker C, Yang Z, Both IL-12p70 and IL-23 are synthesized during active Crohn's disease and are down-regulated by treatment with anti-IL-12 p40 monoclonal antibody. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12:9-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgart DC, Carding SR. Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology. Lancet 2007;369:1627-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langrish CL, Chen Y, Blumenschein WM, IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med 2005;201:233-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman L. A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med 2007;13:139-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen D, Cheung J, Scheerens H, IL-23 is essential for T cell-mediated colitis and promotes inflammation via IL-17 and IL-6. J Clin Invest 2006;116:1310-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polese L, Angriman I, Scarpa M, Role of CD40 and B7 costimulators in inflammatory bowel diseases. Acta Biomed 2003;74(Suppl 2):65-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu Z, Geboes K, Colpaert S, Prevention of experimental colitis in SCID mice reconstituted with CD45RBhigh CD4+ T cells by blocking the CD40-CD154 interactions. J Immunol 2000;164:6005-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selsted ME, Ouellette AJ. Mammalian defensins in the antimicrobial immune response. Nat Immunol 2005;6:551-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderholm JD, Olaison G, Peterson KH, Augmented increase in tight junction permeability by luminal stimuli in the non-inflamed ileum of Crohn's disease. Gut 2002;50:307-313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvine EJ, Marshall JK. Increased intestinal permeability precedes the onset of Crohn's disease in a subject with familial risk. Gastroenterology 2000;119:1740-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buisine MP, Desreumaux P, Leteurtre E, Mucin gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells in Crohn's disease. Gut 2001;49:544-551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehkamp J, Stange EF. A new look at Crohn's disease: breakdown of the mucosal antibacterial defense. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1072:321-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper LV, Gordon JI. Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut. Science 2001;292:1115-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shida K, Nanno M. Probiotics and immunology: separating the wheat from the chaff. Trends Immunol 2008;29:565-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacs K, Herfarth H. Role of probiotic therapy in IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:1597-605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Rahimi F, A meta-analysis on the efficacy of probiotics for maintenance of remission and prevention of clinical and endoscopic relapse in Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53:2524-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arranz A, Androulidaki A, Zacharioudaki V, Vasoactive intestinal peptide suppresses toll-like receptor 4 expression in macrophages via Akt1 reducing their responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide. Mol Immunol 2008;45:2970-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin J, Cohen B. An overview of the immune system. Lancet 2001;357:1777-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targan SR, Feagan BG, Fedorak RN, Natalizumab for the treatment of active Crohn's disease: results of the ENCORE Trial. Gastroenterology 2007;132:1672-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, Goldin E, Gordon FH, Natalizumab for active Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:24-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Enns R, Natalizumab induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1912-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SC, Banks RE, Haidar A, Adhesion molecules in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1995;36:724-730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yacyshyn BR, Bowen-Yacyshyn MB, Jewell L, A placebo-controlled trial of ICAM-1 antisense oligonucleotide in the treatment of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1998;114:1133-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber S, Nikolaus S, Malchow H, Absence of efficacy of subcutaneous antisense ICAM-1 treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2001;120:1339-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yacyshyn BR, Barish C, Goff J, Dose ranging pharmacokinetic trial of high-dose alicaforsen (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide) (ISIS 2302) in active Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:1761-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Deventer SJ, Wedel MK, Baker BF, A phase II dose ranging, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of alicaforsen enema in subjects with acute exacerbation of mild to moderate left-sided ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;23:1415-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miner PB Jr, Geary RS, Matson J, Bioavailability and therapeutic activity of alicaforsen (ISIS 2302) administered as a rectal retention enema to subjects with active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;23:1427-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Greenberg GR, Wild G, Treatment of active Crohn's disease with MLN0002, a humanized antibody to the alpha4beta7 integrin. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:1370-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obermeier F, Kojouharoff G, Hans W, Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)- and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced nitric oxide as toxic effector molecule in chronic dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1999;116:238-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brod SA, Marshall GD Jr, Henninger EM, Interferon-beta 1b treatment decreases tumor necrosis factor-alpha and increases interleukin-6 production in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1996;46:1633-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinisch W, Hommes DW, Van Assche G, A dose escalating, placebo controlled, double blind, single dose and multidose, safety and tolerability study of fontolizumab, a humanised anti-interferon gamma antibody, in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Gut 2006;55:1138-1144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hommes DW, Mikhajlova TL, Stoinov S, Fontolizumab, a humanised anti-interferon gamma antibody, demonstrates safety and clinical activity in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Gut 2006;55:1131-1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinisch W, de Villiers W, Bene L, Fontolizumab in moderate to severe Crohn's disease: A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;16:233-42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannon PJ, Fuss IJ, Mayer L, Anti-interleukin-12 antibody for active Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2069-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolls JK, Linden A. Interleukin-17 family members and inflammation. Immunity 2004;21:467-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duerr RH, Taylor KD, Brant SR, A genome-wide association study identifies IL23R as an inflammatory bowel disease gene. Science 2006;314:1461-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands BE, Jacobson EW, Sylwestrowicz T, Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the oral interleukin-12/23 inhibitor apilimod mesylate for treatment of active Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Burakoff R, Barish CF, Riff D, A phase 1/2A trial of STA 5326, an oral interleukin-12/23 inhibitor, in patients with active moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12:558-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Fedorak RN, A randomized trial of Ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1130-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chau LA, Tso JY, Melrose J, Madrenas J. HuM291(Nuvion), a humanized Fc receptor-nonbinding antibody against CD3, anergizes peripheral blood T cells as partial agonist of the T cell receptor. Transplantation 2001;71:941-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgart DC, Targan SR, Dignass AU, Prospective randomized open-label multicenter phase I/II dose escalation trial of visilizumab (HuM291) in severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;16(4):620-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plevy S, Salzberg B, Van Assche G, A phase I study of visilizumab, a humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, in severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2007;133:1414-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Woude CJ, Stokkers PC, van Bodegraven AA, Safety Profile and signal of efficacy of a non-Fcr-binding, fully human anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in patients with moderate to severe Crohn´s disease- results of a phase I/Iia, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, dose escalation study. Gastroenterology 2008;134(4): A-67
   Google Scholar
• Fukuda Y, Takazoe M, Sugita A, Oral spherical adsorptive carbon for the treatment of intractable anal fistulas in Crohn's disease: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1721-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Present DH, Rutgeerts P, Targan S, Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1398-405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Schwartz DA, Sandborn WJ, Adalimumab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. Gut 2009;58:940-948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafran I, Johnson LK. An open-label evaluation of rifaximin in the treatment of active Crohn's disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:1165-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prantera C, Lochs H, Campieri M, Antibiotic treatment of Crohn's disease: results of a multicentre, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with rifaximin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;23:1117-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchman AL, Katz S, Fang JC, Teduglutide, a novel mucosally active analog of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Van Montfrans C, Hooijberg E, Rodriguez Pena MS, Generation of regulatory gut-homing human T lymphocytes using ex vivo interleukin 10 gene transfer. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1877-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su C, Lichtenstein GR, Krok K, A meta-analysis of the placebo rates of remission and response in clinical trials of active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1257-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Hanauer SB, A review of activity indices and efficacy endpoints for clinical trials of medical therapy in adults with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2002;122:512-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JD. C-reactive protein: anti-placebo or predictor of response. Gastroenterology 2005;129:1114-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineton de Chambrun G, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Lemann M, Colombel JF. Clinical implications of mucosal healing for the management of IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;7:15-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgeerts P, Vermeire S, Van Assche G. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: impossible ideal or therapeutic target? Gut 2007;56:453-455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froslie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, Vatn MH. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology 2007;133:412-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M, Mucosal healing predicts long-term outcome of maintenance therapy with infliximab in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:1295-301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baert F, Moortgat L, Van Assche G, Mucosal healing predicts sustained clinical remission in patients with early-stage Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2010;138:463-468; quiz e410-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer SB. Clinical perspectives in Crohn's disease. Turning traditional treatment strategies on their heads: current evidence for “step-up” versus “top-down”. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2007;7(Suppl 2):S17-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy SI, Friedman S, Telford JJ, Are patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving optimal care? Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1357-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen G, Keegan D, Mulcahy HE, O'Donoghue DP. A 5-year prospective observational study of the outcomes of international treatment guidelines for Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:323-328; quiz 252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin SM, Panaccione R. Evolving inflammatory bowel disease treatment paradigms: top-down versus step-up. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2009;38:577-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar