Bibliography
- Maas AI, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Lancet Neurol 2008;7(8):728-41
- Faul M, Xu L, Wald MM, Coronado VG. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths 2002 – 2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; Atlanta (GA): 2010
- Loane DJ, Faden AI. Neuroprotection for traumatic brain injury: translational challenges and emerging therapeutic strategies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010;31(12):596-604
- Esposito E, Cordaro M, Cuzzocrea S. Roles of fatty acid ethanolamides (FAE) in traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Pharmacol Res 2014;86:26-31
- Cordaro M, Impellizzeri D, Paterniti I, et al. Neuroprotective effects of Co-ultraPEALut on secondary inflammatory process and autophagy involved in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
- Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Progressive damage after brain and spinal cord injury: pathomechanisms and treatment strategies. Prog Brain Res 2007;161:125-41
- Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Palmitoylethanolamide in homeostatic and traumatic central nervous system injuries. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2013;12(1):55-61
- Kornblum RN, Fisher RS. Pituitary lesions in craniocerebral injuries. Arch Pathol 1969;88(3):242-8
- Ceballos R. Pituitary changes in head trauma (analysis of 102 consecutive cases of head injury). Ala J Med Sci 1966;3(2):185-98
- Crompton MR. Hypothalamic lesions following closed head injury. Brain 1971;94(1):165-72
- Edwards OM, Clark JD. Post-traumatic hypopituitarism. Six cases and a review of the literature. Medicine 1986;65(5):281-90
- Benvenga S, Campenni A, Ruggeri RM, Trimarchi F. Clinical review 113: hypopituitarism secondary to head trauma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(4):1353-61
- Hannon MJ, Sherlock M, Thompson CJ. Pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage - in “Endocrine Management in the Intensive Care Unit”. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25(5):783-98
- Tanriverdi F, De Bellis A, Ulutabanca H, et al. A five year prospective investigation of anterior pituitary function after traumatic brain injury: is hypopituitarism long-term after head trauma associated with autoimmunity? J Neurotrauma 2013;30(16):1426-33
- Nandoe RD, Scheltens P, Eikelenboom P. Head trauma and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis 2002;4(4):303-8
- Byrnes KR, Stoica BA, Fricke S, et al. Cell cycle activation contributes to post-mitotic cell death and secondary damage after spinal cord injury. Brain 2007;130(Pt 11):2977-92
- Byrnes KR, Loane DJ, Stoica BA, et al. Delayed mGluR5 activation limits neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2012;9:43
- Zhang D, Hu X, Qian L, et al. Astrogliosis in CNS pathologies: is there a role for microglia? Mol Neurobiol 2010;41(2-3):232-41
- Myer DJ, Gurkoff GG, Lee SM, et al. Essential protective roles of reactive astrocytes in traumatic brain injury. Brain 2006;129(Pt 10):2761-72
- Powner DJ, Boccalandro C, Alp MS, Vollmer DG. Endocrine failure after traumatic brain injury in adults. Neurocrit Care 2006;5(1):61-70
- Tanriverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Kelestrimur F. Persistent neuroinflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced hypopituitarism: potential genetic and autoimmune factors. J Neurotrauma 2010;27(2):301-2
- Aberg ND, Brywe KG, Isgaard J. Aspects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I related to neuroprotection, regeneration, and functional plasticity in the adult brain. ScientificWorldJournal 2006;6:53-80
- Goodman JC, Robertson CS, Grossman RG, Narayan RK. Elevation of tumor necrosis factor in head injury. J Neuroimmunol 1990;30(2-3):213-17
- Ross SA, Halliday MI, Campbell GC, et al. The presence of tumour necrosis factor in CSF and plasma after severe head injury. Br J Neurosurg 1994;8(4):419-25
- Scherbel U, Raghupathi R, Nakamura M, et al. Differential acute and chronic responses of tumor necrosis factor-deficient mice to experimental brain injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96(15):8721-6
- Sullivan PG, Bruce-Keller AJ, Rabchevsky AG, et al. Exacerbation of damage and altered NF-kappaB activation in mice lacking tumor necrosis factor receptors after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci 1999;19(15):6248-56
- Cryan E. Pituitary damage due to skull base fracture. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1918
- Sam S, Frohman LA. Normal physiology of hypothalamic pituitary regulation. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008;37(1):1-22; vii
- Yuan XQ, Wade CE. Neuroendocrine abnormalities in patients with traumatic brain injury. Front Neuroendocrinol 1991;12(3):209-30
- Kelly DF, Gonzalo IT, Cohan P, et al. Hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary report. J Neurosurg 2000;93(5):743-52
- Lieberman SA, Oberoi AL, Gilkison CR, et al. Prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in patients recovering from traumatic brain injury. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(6):2752-6
- Aimaretti G, Ambrosio MR, Di Somma C, et al. Traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage are conditions at high risk for hypopituitarism: screening study at 3 months after the brain injury. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004;61(3):320-6
- Vermes I, Beishuizen A. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to critical illness. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;15(4):495-511
- Pilkis SJ, Granner DK. Molecular physiology of the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Annu Rev Physiol 1992;54:885-909
- Pearson A, de Vries A, Middleton SD, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid cortisol levels are higher in patients with delirium versus controls. BMC Res Notes 2010;3:33
- Santarsieri M, Niyonkuru C, McCullough EH, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid cortisol and progesterone profiles and outcomes prognostication after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2014;31(8):699-712
- Yeager MP, Pioli PA, Guyre PM. Cortisol exerts bi-phasic regulation of inflammation in humans. Dose Response 2011;9(3):332-47
- Catalano RD, Parameswaran V, Ramachandran J, Trunkey DD. Mechanisms of adrenocortical depression during Escherichia coli shock. Arch Surg 1984;119(2):145-50
- Docter R, Krenning EP, de Jong M, Hennemann G. The sick euthyroid syndrome: changes in thyroid hormone serum parameters and hormone metabolism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993;39(5):499-518
- Wartofsky L, Burman KD. Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: the “euthyroid sick syndrome”. Endocr Rev 1982;3(2):164-217
- Rothwell PM, Lawler PG. Prediction of outcome in intensive care patients using endocrine parameters. Crit Care Med 1995;23(1):78-83
- Bianco AC, Salvatore D, Gereben B, et al. Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocr Rev 2002;23(1):38-89
- McIver B, Gorman CA. Euthyroid sick syndrome: an overview. Thyroid 1997;7(1):125-32
- De Groot LJ. Dangerous dogmas in medicine: the nonthyroidal illness syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(1):151-64
- Bettendorf M, Schmidt KG, Grulich-Henn J, et al. Tri-iodothyronine treatment in children after cardiac surgery: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2000;356(9229):529-34
- Weekers F, Michalaki M, Coopmans W, et al. Endocrine and metabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) compared with GH-releasing peptide, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and insulin infusion in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness. Endocrinology 2004;145(1):205-13
- Tanriverdi F, Senyurek H, Unluhizarci K, et al. High risk of hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury: a prospective investigation of anterior pituitary function in the acute phase and 12 months after trauma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(6):2105-11
- Annegers JF, Grabow JD, Groover RV, et al. Seizures after head trauma: a population study. Neurology 1980;30(7 Pt 1):683-9
- Kelestimur F. Chronic trauma in sports as a cause of hypopituitarism. Pituitary 2005;8(3-4):259-62
- Tanriverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Coksevim B, et al. Kickboxing sport as a new cause of traumatic brain injury-mediated hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;66(3):360-6
- Servadei F, Verlicchi A, Soldano F, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of head injury in Romagna and Trentino. Comparison between two geographically different Italian regions. Neuroepidemiology 2002;21(6):297-304
- Powell JW. Cerebral concussion: causes, effects, and risks in sports. J Athl Train 2001;36(3):307-11
- Kelestimur F, Tanriverdi F, Atmaca H, et al. Boxing as a sport activity associated with isolated GH deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest 2004;27(11):RC28-32
- Zazryn TR, Finch CF, McCrory P. A 16 year study of injuries to professional kickboxers in the state of Victoria, Australia. Br J Sports Med 2003;37(5):448-51
- Tanriverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Kocyigit I, et al. Brief communication: pituitary volume and function in competing and retired male boxers. Ann Intern Med 2008;148(11):827-31
- Regal M, Paramo C, Sierra SM, Garcia-Mayor RV. Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;55(6):735-40
- Prins M, Greco T, Alexander D, Giza CC. The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury at a glance. Dis Models Mech 2013;6(6):1307-15
- Lu J, Gary KW, Neimeier JP, et al. Randomized controlled trials in adult traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2012;26(13-14):1523-48
- Hu J, Ugiliweneza B, Meyer K, et al. Trend and geographic analysis for traumatic brain injury mortality and cost based on MarketScan database. J Neurotrauma 2013;30(20):1755-61
- Dams-O’Connor K, Cuthbert JP, Whyte J, et al. Traumatic brain injury among older adults at level I and II trauma centers. J Neurotrauma 2013;30(24):2001-13
- Baxter D, Sharp DJ, Feeney C, et al. Pituitary dysfunction after blast traumatic brain injury: The UK BIOSAP study. Ann Neurol 2013;74(4):527-36
- Schneider HJ, Schneider M, Saller B, et al. Prevalence of anterior pituitary insufficiency 3 and 12 months after traumatic brain injury. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154(2):259-65
- Agha A, Thornton E, O’Kelly P, et al. Posterior pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(12):5987-92
- Kasturi BS, Stein DG. Traumatic brain injury causes long-term reduction in serum growth hormone and persistent astrocytosis in the cortico-hypothalamo-pituitary axis of adult male rats. J Neurotrauma 2009;26(8):1315-24
- Blennow K, Hardy J, Zetterberg H. The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury. Neuron 2012;76(5):886-99
- Sahler CS, Greenwald BD. Traumatic brain injury in sports: a review. Rehabil Res Pract 2012;2012:659652
- Grotta J. Neuroprotection is unlikely to be effective in humans using current trial designs. Stroke 2002;33(1):306-7
- Faden AI. Neuroprotection and traumatic brain injury: theoretical option or realistic proposition. Curr Opin Neurol 2002;15(6):707-12
- Faden AI, Stoica B. Neuroprotection: challenges and opportunities. Arch Neurol 2007;64(6):794-800
- Faden AI. Comparison of single and combination drug treatment strategies in experimental brain trauma. J Neurotrauma 1993;10(2):91-100
- Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Lopez Costa JJ, Gonzalez SL, et al. Basis of progesterone protection in spinal cord neurodegeneration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002;83(1-5):199-209
- Roof RL, Hall ED. Gender differences in acute CNS trauma and stroke: neuroprotective effects of estrogen and progesterone. J Neurotrauma 2000;17(5):367-88
- Smith SS. Progesterone administration attenuates excitatory amino acid responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neuroscience 1991;42(2):309-20
- Roof RL, Hoffman SW, Stein DG. Progesterone protects against lipid peroxidation following traumatic brain injury in rats. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1997;31(1):1-11
- Djebaili M, Guo Q, Pettus EH, et al. The neurosteroids progesterone and allopregnanolone reduce cell death, gliosis, and functional deficits after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2005;22(1):106-18
- O’Connor CA, Cernak I, Johnson F, Vink R. Effects of progesterone on neurologic and morphologic outcome following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2007;205(1):145-53
- Wright DW, Ritchie JC, Mullins RE, et al. Steady-state serum concentrations of progesterone following continuous intravenous infusion in patients with acute moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. J Clin Pharmacol 2005;45(6):640-8
- Wright DW, Kellermann AL, Hertzberg VS, et al. ProTECT: a randomized clinical trial of progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury. Ann Emerg Med 2007;49(4):391-402; e1-2
- Xiao G, Wei J, Yan W, et al. Improved outcomes from the administration of progesterone for patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2008;12(2):R61
- Stein DG, Wright DW. Progesterone in the clinical treatment of acute traumatic brain injury. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010;19(7):847-57
- Wilkinson CW, Pagulayan KF, Petrie EC, et al. High prevalence of chronic pituitary and target-organ hormone abnormalities after blast-related mild traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 2012;3:11
- Schneider HJ, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Ghigo E, et al. Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. JAMA 2007;298(12):1429-38
- Becher B, Prat A, Antel JP. Brain-immune connection: immuno-regulatory properties of CNS-resident cells. Glia 2000;29(4):293-304
- Maier SF. Bi-directional immune–brain communication: implications for understanding stress, pain, and cognition. Brain Behav Immun 2003;17(2):69-85
- Pierucci G, Gherson G, Tavani M. Pituitary changes especially necrotic–following cranio-cerebral injuries. Pathologica 1971;63(917):71-88
- Crupi R, Paterniti I, Campolo M, et al. Exogenous T3 administration provides neuroprotection in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. Pharmacol Res 2013;70(1):80-9
- Kabadi SV, Faden AI. Neuroprotective strategies for traumatic brain injury: improving clinical translation. Int J Mol Sci 2014;15(1):1216-36
- Mehta A, Prabhakar M, Kumar P, et al. Excitotoxicity: bridge to various triggers in neurodegenerative disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2013;698(1-3):6-18
- Edwards P, Arango M, Balica L, et al. Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury-outcomes at 6 months. Lancet 2005;365(9475):1957-9
- Faden AI, Knoblach SM, Cernak I, et al. Novel diketopiperazine enhances motor and cognitive recovery after traumatic brain injury in rats and shows neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003;23(3):342-54
- Faden AI, Fox GB, Di X, et al. Neuroprotective and nootropic actions of a novel cyclized dipeptide after controlled cortical impact injury in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003;23(3):355-63
- Faden AI, Movsesyan VA, Knoblach SM, et al. Neuroprotective effects of novel small peptides in vitro and after brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2005;49(3):410-24
- Takala J, Ruokonen E, Webster NR, et al. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 1999;341(11):785-92
- Faden AI, Knoblach SM, Movsesyan VA, Cernak I. Novel small peptides with neuroprotective and nootropic properties. J Alzheimers Dis 2004;6(6 Suppl):S93-7