The endothelin system:a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease

Bibliography

• YANAGISAWA M, KURIHARA H, KIMURA S, et al.: A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature (1988) 332:411–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAYNES WG, FERRO CJ, O'KANE KPJ, et al.: Systemic endothelin receptor blockade decreases peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure in man. Circulation (1996) 93:1860–1870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Demonstrates systemic vasodilator effects of combined ETA/B receptor antagonism.
   Google Scholar
• CLARKE JG, BENJAMIN N, LARKIN SW, et al.: Endothelin is a potent long-lasting vasoconstrictor in men. Am. J. Physiol. (1989) 257:H2033–2035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG Z, RICHARD V, VON SEGESSER L: Threshold concentrations of endothelin-1 potentiate contractions to norepinephrine and serotonin in human arteries: a new mechanism for vasospasm Circulation (1990) 82:188–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG Y, ROSE MP, WEBB ML, et al.: Endothelins stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade through either ETA or ETB. Am. J. Physiol. (1994) 267:C1130–C1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PACHER R, BERGLER-KLEIN J, GLOBITS S, et al.: Plasma big endothelin-1 concentrations in congestive heart failure patients with or without systemic hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. (1993) 71:1293–1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEI C-M, LERMAN A, RODEHEFFER R, et al.: Endothelin in human congestive heart failure. Circulation (1994) 89:1580–1586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOYAMA H, NISHIZAWA Y, MORII H, et al.: Plasma endothelin levels in patients with uraemia. Lancet (1989) 8645:991.
   Google Scholar
• WARRENS AN, CASSIDY MJD, TAKAHASHI K, et al.: Endothelin in renal failure. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. (1990) 5:418–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OMLAND T, LIE RT, AAKVAAG A: Plasma endothelin determination as a prognostic indicator of 1-year mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation (1994) 89:1573–1579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMORI T, HIRATA Y, OHTA K, et al.: Cellular mechanism of endothelin-1 release by angiotensin and vasopressin. Hypertension (1991) 18:165–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOULANGER C, LOS CHER TF: Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta: inhibition by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. J. Clin. Invest. (1990) 85:587–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARAI H, HORI S, ARAMORI I, et al.: Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor. Nature (1990) 348:730–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAKURAI T, YANAGISAWA M, TAKUWA Y, et al.: Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non-isopeptide-selective subtype of the endothelin receptor. Nature (1990) 348:732–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE NUCCI G, THOMAS R, D'ORLEANS JUSTE P, et al.: Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1988) 85:9797–9800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TSUKAHARA H, ENDE H, MAGAZINE HI, BAHOU WF, GOLIGORSKY MS: Molecularand functional characterization of the non-isopeptide-selective ETB receptor in endothelial cells: receptor coupling to nitric oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269:21778–21785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVENPORT AP, O'REILLY G, MOLENAAR P, et al.: Human endothelin receptorscharacterized using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and subtype-selective ligands BQ123 and BQ3020: evidence for expression of ETB receptors in human vascular smooth muscle. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1993) 22\(Suppl. 8):S22–S25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLOZEL M, GRAY GA, BREU V, LOFFLER B, OSTERWALDER R: The endothelin ETB receptor mediates both vasodilatation and vasoconstriction in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1992) 186:867–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAYNES WG, STRACHAN FE, WEBB DJ: Endothelin ETA and ETB receptors cause vasoconstriction of human resistance and capacitance vessels in vivo. Circulation (1995) 92:357–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VERHAAR MC, STRACHAN FE, NEWBY DE, et al.: Endothelin-A receptor antagonist mediated vasodilatation is attenuated by inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis and by endothelin-B receptor blockade. Circulation (In press).
   Google Scholar
• •Important investigation of the mechanisms involved in ETA antagonist-mediated vasodilatation and the role of the ETB receptor in healthy human vasculature.
   Google Scholar
• LOVE MP, FERRO CJ, HAYNES WG, WEBB DJ, MCMURRAY JJ: Selective or non-selective endothelin receptor blockade in chronic heart failure Circulation (1996) 94(Suppl. I):2899–2900.
   Google Scholar
• FUKURODA T, FUJIKAWA T, OZAKI S, et al.: Clearance of circulating endothelin-1 by ETB receptors in rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1994) 199:1461–1465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUPUIS J, STEWART DJ, CERNACEK P, GOSSELIN G: Human pulmonary circulation is an important site for both clearance and production of endothelin-1. Circulation (1996) 94:1578–1584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUKURODA T, OZAKI M, IHARA K, et al.: Necessity of dual blockade of endothelin ETA and ETB receptor subtypes for antagonism of endothelin- 1 -induced contraction in human bronchi. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1996) 117:995–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NELSON JB, HEDICAN SP, GEORGE DJ, et al.: Identification of endothelin-1 in the pathophysiology of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Nature Med. (1995) 9:944–949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GONAL O, YEGEN C, AKTAN 0, YALIN R, YEGEN B: Gastric functions in portal hypertension: role of endothelin. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1996) 41:585–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UOSAKI Y, YOSHIDA M, OGAWA T, SAITOH YJ: RES 1149-1 and -2, novel non-peptidic endothelin B receptor antagonists produced by Aspergillus sp. II. Structure derivation. Antibiotics (1996) 49:6–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHN J, BRISTOW M, CHIEN D, et al.: Report of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Special Emphasis Panel on Heart Failure Research. Circulation (1997) 95:766–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DARGIE HJ, MCMURRAY JJV: Diagnosis and management of heart failure. Br. Med. J. (1994) 308:321–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEVER P, BEEVERS G, BULPITT C, et al.: Management guidelines in essential hypertension: report of the second working party of the British Hypertension Society. Br. Med. J. (1993) 306:983–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IHARA M, NOGUCHI K, SAEKI T, et al.: Biological profiles of highly potent novel endothelin antagonists selective for the ETA receptor. Life Sci. (1992) 50:247–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAYNES WG, WEBB DJ: Contribution of endogenous generation of endothelin-1 to basal vascular tone. Lancet (1994) 344:852–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates vasodilatation to ECE inhibition and selective ETA antagonism in vivo.
   Google Scholar
• FERRO CJ, HAYNES WG, HAND MF, WEBB DJ: The vascular endothelin and nitric oxide systems in essential hypertension. J. Hypertens. (1996) 14\(Suppl. 1):S50. Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• WATANABE T, FUJIN° M: TAK-044: an endothelin receptor antagonist. Cardiovasc. Drug Rev. (1996) 14:36–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHMITT R, BELZ GG, FELL D, et al.: Effects of the novel endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan in hypertensive patients. Proceedings of the Seventh Meeting of the European Hypertension Society. Milan, Italy (June 1995).
   Google Scholar
• BENEDICT C: Neurohumoral aspects of heart failure. Cardiology Clinics (1994) 12:9–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NICHOLLS DP, ONUOHA GN, MCDOWELL G, et al.: Neuroendocrine changes in chronic cardiac failure. Basic Res. Cardiol. (1996) 91\(Suppl. 1):13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THE SOLVD INVESTIGATORS: Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. New Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:293–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHN J: The management of chronic heart failure. New Engl. J. Med. (1996) 335:490–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IKEGAWA R, MATSUMURA, TSUKAHARA Y, TAKAOKA M, MORIMOTO S: Phosphoramidon inhibits the generation of endothelin-1 from exogenously applied big endothelin-1 in cultured vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. (1991) 293:45–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOVE MP, HAYNES WG, GRAY GA, WEBB DJ, MCMURRAY JJV: Vasodilator effects of endothelin-converting enzyme inhibition and endothelin ETA receptor blockade in chronic heart failure patients treated with ACE inhibitors. Circulation (1996) 94:2131–2137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates local vasodilatation in response to ETA selective antagonism in heart failure patients treated with ACE inhibitors.
   Google Scholar
• KIOWSKI W, SOTSCH G, HUNZIKER P, et al.: Evidence for endothelin-1 mediated vasoconstriction in severe chronic heart failure. Lancet (1995) 346:732–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Demonstrates potential benefits of endothelin antagonism in chronic heart failure.
   Google Scholar
• ISHIKAWA K, IHARA M, NOGUCHI K, et al.: Biochemical and pharmacological profile of a potent and selective endothelin B-receptor antagonist, BQ-788. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:4892–4896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOOD V, GENNARI F: End-stage renal disease: measures to prevent it or slow its progression. Postgrad. Med. (1996) 100:163–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BECKER G, WHITWORTH J, IHLE B, et al.: Prevention of progression in non-diabetic chronic renal failure. Kidney mt. (1994) 45 (Suppl. 45):S167–S170.
   Google Scholar
• STRIKER GE: Report on a workshop to develop management recommendations for the prevention of progression in chronic renal disease, Bethesda (MA) April 1994. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. (1995) 10:290–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLLENBERG N, RAIJ L: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and renal protection: an assessment of implications for therapy. Arch. Int. Med. (1993) 8:2426–2435.
   Google Scholar
• BENIGNI A: Defining the role of endothelins in renal pathophysiology on the basis of selective and unselective endothelin receptor antagonist studies. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. (1995) 4:349–353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ORISIO S, BENIGNI A, BRUZZI I, et al.: Renal endothelin gene expression is increased in remnant kidney and correlates with disease progression. Kidney. Int. (1993) 43:354–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARET FE, KUC RE, DAVENPORT AP: Novel ligands BQ123 and BQ3020 characterize endothelin receptor subtypes ETA and ETB in human kidney. Kidney Int. (1993) 44:36–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVENPORT A, KUC R, HOSKINS S, KARET F, FITZGERALD F: [1251]-PD151242: a selective ligand for endothelin ETA receptors in human kidney which localizes to renal vasculature. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1994) 113:1303–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENIGNI A, ZOJA C, CORNA D, et al.: A specific endothelin subtype A receptor antagonist protects against injury in renal disease progression. Kidney. mt. (1993) 44:440–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RABELINK TJ, KAASJAGER KA, STROES ES, KOOMANS HA: Endothelin in renal pathophysiology: from experimental to therapeutic application. Kidney Int. (1996) 50:1827–1833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Review of potential of endothelin antagonists in renal disease.
   Google Scholar
• THADHANI R, PASCUAL M, BONVENTRE JV: Acute renal failure. New Engl. J. Med. (1996) 332:1448–1459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUMES HD: Acute renal failure: the promise of new therapies. New Engl. J. Med. (1997)336:870–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CANTLEY L, SPOKES K, CLARK B, et al.: Role of endothelin and prostaglandins in radiocontrast induced renal artery constriction. Kidney Int. (1993) 44:1217–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEYMAN S, CLARK B, KAISER N, et al.: Radiocontrast agents induce endothelin release in vivo and in vitro. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (1992) 3:58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIRD JE, GIANCARLI MR, MEGILL JR, DURHAM SK: Effects of endothelin in radiocontrast-induced nephropathy in rats are mediated through endothelin-A receptors. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (1996) 7:1153–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLOZEL M, BREU V, BURRI K, et al.: Pathophysiological role of endothelin revealed by the first orally active endothelin receptor antagonist. Nature (1993) 365:759–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POLLOCK DM, OPGENORTH TJ: ETA receptor-mediated responses to endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 in the rat kidney. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1994) 111:729–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MINO N, KOYABASHI M, NAKAJIMA A, et al.: Protective effect of a selective endothelinreceptor antagonist, BQ-123, in ischemic acute renal failure in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1992) 221:77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROOKS D, DEPALMA P, GELLAI M, et al.: Nonpeptide endothelin receptor antagonists. III. Effect of SB209670 and BQ-123 on acute renal failure in anesthetized dogs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1994) 271:769–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIRD JE, WEBB ML, WASSERMAN AJ, et al.: Comparison of a novel ETA receptor antagonist and phosphoramidon in renal ischaemia. Pharmacology (1995) 50:9–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MERTZ TE, MCLANAHAN TB, FLYNN MA, et al.: EndothelinA receptor antagonism by PD 156707 does not reduce infarct size after coronary artery occlusion/reperfusion in pigs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1996) 278:42–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAKAI S, MIYAUCHI T, KOBAYASHI M, et al.: Inhibition of myocardial endothelin pathway improves long-term survival in heart failure. Nature (1996) 384:353–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROUX S, LOFFLER B-M, GRAY GA, et al.: The role of endothelin in cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery (1995) 37:78–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZUCCARELLO M, SOATTIN GB, LEWIS Al et al.: Prevention of subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm by oral administration of endothelin receptor antagonists. J. Neurosurg. (1996) 84:503–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ITOH S, SASAKI T, IDE K, et al.: A novel endothelin ETA receptor antgonist, BQ-485, and its preventative effect on experimental cerebral vasospasm in dogs. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1993) 195:969–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BREU V, ROUX S, GILLER T, et al.: Ro 61-1790, a new hydro soluble ET antagonist: pharmacology and effects on cerebral vasospasm. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Endothelin. Kyoto, Japan (September 1997).
   Google Scholar
• FREIS E, PAPADEMETRIOU V: Current drug treatment and treatment patterns with antihypertensive drugs. Drugs (1996) 52:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEWIS EL, HUNSICKER LG, PAIN RP, et al.: The effect of converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. New Engl. J. Med. (1993) 329:1456–1462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIANCHI S, BIGAZZI R, BALDERI G, et al.: Microalbuminuria in patients with essential hypertension: effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and of a calcium channel blocker. Am. J. Hypertens. (1991) 4:291–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STAESSON JA, FAGARD R, THUS L, et al.: Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet (1997) 350:757–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWN M: The causes of essential hypertension. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1996) 42:21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCMURRAY J, HART W: The economic impact of heart failure on the UK National Health Service. Eur. Heart. J. (1993) 14 (Suppl.):S133.
   Google Scholar
• ALLISON M, SHILLIDAY I: Loop diuretic therapy in acute and chronic renal failure. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1993) 22:S59–S70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DENTON M, CHERTOW G, BRADY H: 'Renal-dose' dopamine for the treatment of acute renal failure: scientific rationale, experimental studies and clinical trials. Kidney Int. (1996) 49:4–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VALSSON F, RICKSTEN S-E, HEDNER, LUNCIN S: Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on acute renal impairment in patients with heart failure after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med. (1996) 22:230–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLGREN R, MARBURY T, RAHMAN SN, et al.: Anaritide in acute tubular necrosis. New Engl. J. Med. (1997) 336:828–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLIGORSKY M, NOIRI E, KESSLER H, ROMANOV V: Therapeutic potential of RGD peptides in acute renal injury. Kidney mt. (1997) 51:1487–1492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRANGER CB: Adenosine for myocardial protection in acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. (1997) 79(12A):44–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFEFFER MA, BRAUNWALD E, MOYE LA, et al.: Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. New Engl. J. Med. (1992) 327:669–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLELAND JG: The clinical course of heart failure and its modification by ACE inhibitors: insights from recent clinical trials. Eur. Heart J. (1994) 15:125–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PICKARD JD, MURRAY GD, ILLINGWORTH R, et al.: Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British Aneurysm Nimodipine Trial. Br. Med. J. (1989) 298:636–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEBB DJ, MONGE JC, RABELINK TR, YANAGISAWA M: Endothelin: new discoveries and rapid progress in the clinic. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (In press).
   Google Scholar
• CASINO PR, KILCOYNE CM, CANNON RO, III, QUYYUMI AA, PANZA JA: Impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with hypercholesterolemia extends beyond the muscarinic receptor. Am. J. Cardiol. (1995) 75:40–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PANZA JA, GARCIA CE, KILCOYNE CM, QUYYUMI AA, CANNON RO, III: Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with essential hypertension: evidence that nitric oxide abnormality is not localized to a single signal transduction pathway. Circulation (1995) 91:1732–1738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INOUE A, YANAGISAWA M, KIMURA S: The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1989) 86:2863–2867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XU D, EMOTO N, GIAID A: ECE-1: a membrane-bound metalloprotease that catalyses the proteolytic activation of big endothelin-1. Cell (1994) 78:473–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMOTO N, YANAGISAWA M: Endothelin-converting enzyme-2 is a membrane-bound phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloprotease with acidic pH optimum. J. Biol. Chem. (1995) 270:15262–15268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TURNER AJ, MURPHY LJ: Molecular pharmacology of endothelin converting enzymes.Biochem. Pharmacol. (1996) 51:91–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Review of the molecular pharmacology of ECE.
   Google Scholar
• GRATTON J-P, COURNOYER G, LOFFLER B-M, SIROIS P, D' ORLEANS-JUSTE P: ETB receptor and nitric oxide synthase blockade induce BQ-123-sensitive pressor effects in the rabbit. Circulation (1997) 30:1204–1209.
   Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates systemic vasoconstriction to ETB receptor antagonism.
   Google Scholar
• PLUMPTON C, FERRO CJ, HAYNES WG, WEBB DJ, DAVENPORT AP: The increase in human plasma immunoreactive endothelin but not big endothelin-1 or its C-terminal fragment induced by systemic administration of the endothelin antagonist TAK-044. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1996) 119:311–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEBER C, SCHMITT R, BIRNBOECK H, et al.: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in healthy human subjects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1996) 60:124–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Review of the clinical pharmacology of bosentan, with results from Phase I clinical trials.
   Google Scholar
• BRUNNER F, DOHERTY A: Role of ETB receptors in local clearance of endothelin-1 in rat heart studies with the antagonists PD 155080 and BQ -788. FEBS Lett. (1996) 396:238–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DESCOMBES J-J, MENNECIER P, VERSLUYS D, et al.: S 17162 is a novel selective inhibitor of Big ET-1 responses in the rat. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1995) 26 (Suppl. 3) :S61–S64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VEMULAPALLI S, FAWZI AB, CHINTALA M, et al.: SCH-54470, a dual inhibitor of endothelin- and angiotensin-converting enzymes attenuates chronic renal failure (CRF) in remnant kidney rats. Pharmacologist (1997) 39:1–26.
   Google Scholar
• WALSH TF, FITCH KJ, WILLIAMS DL, et al.: Potent dual antagonists of endothelin and angiotensin II receptors derived from alpha-phenoxyphenylacetic acids (Part 3). Bioorg. Med. Chem. (1995) 511:1155–1158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOTSCH G, BERTEL 0, KIOWSKI W: Acute and short-term effects of the nonpeptide endothelin-1 receptor antagonist bosentan in humans. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. (1996) 10:717–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar